Teach LLMs to Personalize -- An Approach inspired by Writing Education
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Abstract (arXiv)
Personalized text generation is an emerging research area that has attracted much attention in recent years. Most studies in this direction focus on a particular domain by designing bespoke features or models. In this work, we propose a general approach for personalized text generation using large language models (LLMs). Inspired by the practice of writing education, we develop a multistage and multitask framework to teach LLMs for personalized generation. In writing instruction, the task of writing from sources is often decomposed into multiple steps that involve finding, evaluating, summarizing, synthesizing, and integrating information. Analogously, our approach to personalized text generation consists of multiple stages: retrieval, ranking, summarization, synthesis, and generation. In addition, we introduce a multitask setting that helps the model improve its generation ability further, which is inspired by the observation in education that a student's reading proficiency and writing ability are often correlated. We evaluate our approach on three public datasets, each of which covers a different and representative domain. Our results show significant improvements over a variety of baselines.
Key facts. Cited by 48 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). Builds on 25 of its 43 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 15 Aug 2023.
Builds on
25 of 43 references.
References · 25
- 2019Exploring the Limits of Transfer Learning with a Unified Text-to-Text Transformercited by 14,491
- 2022Chain-of-Thought Prompting Elicits Reasoning in Large Language Modelscited by 12,302
- 2022Self-Consistency Improves Chain of Thought Reasoning in Language Modelscited by 5,601
- 2017Get To The Point: Summarization with Pointer-Generator Networkscited by 1,281
- 2023PaLM 2 Technical Reportcited by 1,154
- 2018Adafactor: Adaptive Learning Rates with Sublinear Memory Costcited by 896
- 2018Personalizing Dialogue Agents: I have a dog, do you have pets too?cited by 820
- 2019Plug and Play Language Models: A Simple Approach to Controlled Text Generationcited by 793
- 2021Sentence-T5: Scalable Sentence Encoders from Pre-trained Text-to-Text Modelscited by 462
- 2021Large Dual Encoders Are Generalizable Retrieverscited by 454
- 2021DExperts: Decoding-Time Controlled Text Generation with Experts and Anti-Expertscited by 434
- 2023LaMP: When Large Language Models Meet Personalizationcited by 425
13 more
- 2020GeDi: Generative Discriminator Guided Sequence Generationcited by 377
- 2021FUDGE: Controlled Text Generation With Future Discriminatorscited by 374
- 2017Style Transfer from Non-Parallel Text by Cross-Alignmentcited by 246
- 2017Beam Search Strategies for Neural Machine Translationcited by 232
- 2018Dear Sir or Madam, May I introduce the GYAFC Dataset: Corpus, Benchmarks and Metrics for Formality Style Transfercited by 209
- 2018Delete, Retrieve, Generate: A Simple Approach to Sentiment and Style Transfercited by 191
- 2018Training Millions of Personalized Dialogue Agentscited by 126
- 2018Abstractive Summarization of Reddit Posts with Multi-level Memory Networkscited by 102
- 2022Less is More: Learning to Refine Dialogue History for Personalized Dialogue Generationcited by 47
- 2020Pchatbot: A Large-Scale Dataset for Personalized Chatbotcited by 26
- 2019Towards Controllable and Personalized Review Generationcited by 24
- 2020Knowledge-Enhanced Personalized Review Generation with Capsule Graph Neural Networkcited by 14
- 2019Personalized sentence generation using generative adversarial networks with author-specific word usagecited by 3
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Citing papers per year: 2023: 2; 2024: 18; 2025: 23; 2026: 5.
48 papers.
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- 2024A Roadmap to Pluralistic Alignmentcited by 175
- 2025Do LLMs Recognize Your Preferences? Evaluating Personalized Preference Following in LLMscited by 142
- 2024Optimization Methods for Personalizing Large Language Models through Retrieval Augmentationcited by 98
- 2024LongLaMP: A Benchmark for Personalized Long-form Text Generationcited by 91
- 2024From Matching to Generation: A Survey on Generative Information Retrievalcited by 89
- 2024Personalized Pieces: Efficient Personalized Large Language Models through Collaborative Effortscited by 71
- 2024Bridging the Preference Gap between Retrievers and LLMscited by 69
- 2025A Survey of Personalized Large Language Models: Progress and Future Directionscited by 65
- 2024HYDRA: Model Factorization Framework for Black-Box LLM Personalizationcited by 59
- 2025Measuring What Makes You Unique: Difference-Aware User Modeling for Enhancing LLM Personalizationcited by 44
- 2025A Survey on Personalized Alignment -- The Missing Piece for Large Language Models in Real-World Applicationscited by 40
- 2024AI PERSONA: Towards Life-long Personalization of LLMscited by 30
36 more
- 2025LaMP-QA: A Benchmark for Personalized Long-form Question Answeringcited by 30
- 2025Reasoning-Enhanced Self-Training for Long-Form Personalized Text Generationcited by 26
- 2025A Survey on Personalized and Pluralistic Preference Alignment in Large Language Modelscited by 25
- 2024On the Way to LLM Personalization: Learning to Remember User Conversationscited by 21
- 2024Comparing Retrieval-Augmentation and Parameter-Efficient Fine-Tuning for Privacy-Preserving Personalization of Large Language Modelscited by 20
- 2025Latent Inter-User Difference Modeling for LLM Personalizationcited by 20
- 2024Guided Profile Generation Improves Personalization with LLMscited by 19
- 2023User Modeling in the Era of Large Language Models: Current Research and Future Directionscited by 18
- 2024GhostWriter: Augmenting Collaborative Human-AI Writing Experiences Through Personalization and Agencycited by 18
- 2023Designing LLM Chains by Adapting Techniques from Crowdsourcing Workflowscited by 17
- 2025A Personalized Conversational Benchmark: Towards Simulating Personalized Conversationscited by 16
- 2025Exploring the Potential of LLMs as Personalized Assistants: Dataset, Evaluation, and Analysiscited by 16
- 2025Instant Personalized Large Language Model Adaptation via Hypernetworkcited by 15
- 2025A Cognitive Writing Perspective for Constrained Long-Form Text Generationcited by 14
- 2024Not Just Novelty: A Longitudinal Study on Utility and Customization of an AI Workflowcited by 13
- 2025PersonaFeedback: A Large-scale Human-annotated Benchmark For Personalizationcited by 13
- 2024Retrieval-Enhanced Machine Learning: Synthesis and Opportunitiescited by 11
- 2024PEFT-U: Parameter-Efficient Fine-Tuning for User Personalizationcited by 11
- 2026VitaBench 2.0: Evaluating Personalized and Proactive Agents in Long-Term User Interactionscited by 11
- 2024Understanding the Role of User Profile in the Personalization of Large Language Modelscited by 10
- 2025PrLM: Learning Explicit Reasoning for Personalized RAG via Contrastive Reward Optimizationcited by 8
- 2025SuperWriter: Reflection-Driven Long-Form Generation with Large Language Modelscited by 5
- 2026Long Context, Less Focus: A Scaling Gap in LLMs Revealed through Privacy and Personalizationcited by 5
- 2025Tuning-Free Personalized Alignment via Trial-Error-Explain In-Context Learningcited by 4
- 2025Personas within Parameters: Fine-Tuning Small Language Models with Low-Rank Adapters to Mimic User Behaviorscited by 4
- 2026P-GenRM: Personalized Generative Reward Model with Test-time User-based Scalingcited by 4
- 2025Improving RAG for Personalization with Author Features and Contrastive Examplescited by 3
- 2025Tagging the Thought: Unlocking Personalization Reasoning via Reinforcement Learningcited by 3
- 2026Beyond Retrieval: Learning Compact User Representations for Scalable LLM Personalizationcited by 3
- 2024Stylometric Watermarks for Large Language Modelscited by 2
- 2025RPM: Reasoning-Level Personalization for Black-Box Large Language Modelscited by 2
- 2025From Personal to Collective: On the Role of Local and Global Memory in LLM Personalizationcited by 2
- 2026Text as a Universal Interface for Transferable Personalizationcited by 2
- 2025Iterative Critique-Refine Framework for Enhancing LLM Personalizationcited by 1
- 2024VisualLens: Personalization through Task-Agnostic Visual Historycited by 0
- 2025Comparative Personalization for Multi-document Summarizationcited by 0
- 2026Beyond Retrieval: Learning Compact User Representations for Scalable LLM Personalization3 Jun 2026
- 2026VitaBench 2.0: Evaluating Personalized and Proactive Agents in Long-Term User Interactions26 May 2026
- 2026Long Context, Less Focus: A Scaling Gap in LLMs Revealed through Privacy and Personalization16 Feb 2026
- 2026P-GenRM: Personalized Generative Reward Model with Test-time User-based Scaling12 Feb 2026
- 2026Text as a Universal Interface for Transferable Personalization8 Jan 2026
- 2025Iterative Critique-Refine Framework for Enhancing LLM Personalization28 Oct 2025
- 2025Instant Personalized Large Language Model Adaptation via Hypernetwork18 Oct 2025
- 2025From Personal to Collective: On the Role of Local and Global Memory in LLM Personalization28 Sep 2025
- 2025Tagging the Thought: Unlocking Personalization Reasoning via Reinforcement Learning27 Sep 2025
- 2025Comparative Personalization for Multi-document Summarization25 Sep 2025
- 2025Personas within Parameters: Fine-Tuning Small Language Models with Low-Rank Adapters to Mimic User Behaviors18 Aug 2025
- 2025PrLM: Learning Explicit Reasoning for Personalized RAG via Contrastive Reward Optimization10 Aug 2025
36 more
- 2025Latent Inter-User Difference Modeling for LLM Personalization28 Jul 2025
- 2025PersonaFeedback: A Large-scale Human-annotated Benchmark For Personalization15 Jun 2025
- 2025SuperWriter: Reflection-Driven Long-Form Generation with Large Language Models4 Jun 2025
- 2025Exploring the Potential of LLMs as Personalized Assistants: Dataset, Evaluation, and Analysis2 Jun 2025
- 2025LaMP-QA: A Benchmark for Personalized Long-form Question Answering30 May 2025
- 2025RPM: Reasoning-Level Personalization for Black-Box Large Language Models27 May 2025
- 2025A Personalized Conversational Benchmark: Towards Simulating Personalized Conversations20 May 2025
- 2025A Survey on Personalized and Pluralistic Preference Alignment in Large Language Models9 Apr 2025
- 2025Improving RAG for Personalization with Author Features and Contrastive Examples24 Mar 2025
- 2025A Survey on Personalized Alignment -- The Missing Piece for Large Language Models in Real-World Applications21 Mar 2025
- 2025Measuring What Makes You Unique: Difference-Aware User Modeling for Enhancing LLM Personalization4 Mar 2025
- 2025A Cognitive Writing Perspective for Constrained Long-Form Text Generation18 Feb 2025
- 2025A Survey of Personalized Large Language Models: Progress and Future Directions17 Feb 2025
- 2025Do LLMs Recognize Your Preferences? Evaluating Personalized Preference Following in LLMs13 Feb 2025
- 2025Tuning-Free Personalized Alignment via Trial-Error-Explain In-Context Learning13 Feb 2025
- 2025Reasoning-Enhanced Self-Training for Long-Form Personalized Text Generation7 Jan 2025
- 2024AI PERSONA: Towards Life-long Personalization of LLMs17 Dec 2024
- 2024VisualLens: Personalization through Task-Agnostic Visual History25 Nov 2024
- 2024On the Way to LLM Personalization: Learning to Remember User Conversations20 Nov 2024
- 2024Guided Profile Generation Improves Personalization with LLMs19 Sep 2024
- 2024Comparing Retrieval-Augmentation and Parameter-Efficient Fine-Tuning for Privacy-Preserving Personalization of Large Language Models14 Sep 2024
- 2024PEFT-U: Parameter-Efficient Fine-Tuning for User Personalization25 Jul 2024
- 2024Retrieval-Enhanced Machine Learning: Synthesis and Opportunities17 Jul 2024
- 2024LongLaMP: A Benchmark for Personalized Long-form Text Generation27 Jun 2024
- 2024Understanding the Role of User Profile in the Personalization of Large Language Models22 Jun 2024
- 2024Personalized Pieces: Efficient Personalized Large Language Models through Collaborative Efforts15 Jun 2024
- 2024HYDRA: Model Factorization Framework for Black-Box LLM Personalization5 Jun 2024
- 2024Stylometric Watermarks for Large Language Models14 May 2024
- 2024From Matching to Generation: A Survey on Generative Information Retrieval23 Apr 2024
- 2024Optimization Methods for Personalizing Large Language Models through Retrieval Augmentation9 Apr 2024
- 2024Not Just Novelty: A Longitudinal Study on Utility and Customization of an AI Workflow15 Feb 2024
- 2024GhostWriter: Augmenting Collaborative Human-AI Writing Experiences Through Personalization and Agency13 Feb 2024
- 2024A Roadmap to Pluralistic Alignment7 Feb 2024
- 2024Bridging the Preference Gap between Retrievers and LLMs13 Jan 2024
- 2023Designing LLM Chains by Adapting Techniques from Crowdsourcing Workflows18 Dec 2023
- 2023User Modeling in the Era of Large Language Models: Current Research and Future Directions11 Dec 2023
- 2024A Roadmap to Pluralistic Alignmentcited by 175
- 2025A Survey on Personalized Alignment -- The Missing Piece for Large Language Models in Real-World Applicationscited by 40
- 2025A Survey on Personalized and Pluralistic Preference Alignment in Large Language Modelscited by 25
- 2025SuperWriter: Reflection-Driven Long-Form Generation with Large Language Modelscited by 5
- 2026P-GenRM: Personalized Generative Reward Model with Test-time User-based Scalingcited by 4
- 2026P-GenRM: Personalized Generative Reward Model with Test-time User-based Scaling12 Feb 2026
- 2025SuperWriter: Reflection-Driven Long-Form Generation with Large Language Models4 Jun 2025
- 2025A Survey on Personalized and Pluralistic Preference Alignment in Large Language Models9 Apr 2025
- 2025A Survey on Personalized Alignment -- The Missing Piece for Large Language Models in Real-World Applications21 Mar 2025
- 2024A Roadmap to Pluralistic Alignment7 Feb 2024
- 2025Reasoning-Enhanced Self-Training for Long-Form Personalized Text Generationcited by 26
- 2025PrLM: Learning Explicit Reasoning for Personalized RAG via Contrastive Reward Optimizationcited by 8
- 2025Tagging the Thought: Unlocking Personalization Reasoning via Reinforcement Learningcited by 3
- 2025RPM: Reasoning-Level Personalization for Black-Box Large Language Modelscited by 2
- 2025Tagging the Thought: Unlocking Personalization Reasoning via Reinforcement Learning27 Sep 2025
- 2025PrLM: Learning Explicit Reasoning for Personalized RAG via Contrastive Reward Optimization10 Aug 2025
- 2025RPM: Reasoning-Level Personalization for Black-Box Large Language Models27 May 2025
- 2025Reasoning-Enhanced Self-Training for Long-Form Personalized Text Generation7 Jan 2025
- 2024Stylometric Watermarks for Large Language Modelscited by 2
- 2024Stylometric Watermarks for Large Language Models14 May 2024
- 2025Do LLMs Recognize Your Preferences? Evaluating Personalized Preference Following in LLMscited by 142
- 2024LongLaMP: A Benchmark for Personalized Long-form Text Generationcited by 91
- 2024From Matching to Generation: A Survey on Generative Information Retrievalcited by 89
- 2024Personalized Pieces: Efficient Personalized Large Language Models through Collaborative Effortscited by 71
- 2025A Survey of Personalized Large Language Models: Progress and Future Directionscited by 65
- 2024HYDRA: Model Factorization Framework for Black-Box LLM Personalizationcited by 59
- 2025Measuring What Makes You Unique: Difference-Aware User Modeling for Enhancing LLM Personalizationcited by 44
- 2024AI PERSONA: Towards Life-long Personalization of LLMscited by 30
- 2025LaMP-QA: A Benchmark for Personalized Long-form Question Answeringcited by 30
- 2024On the Way to LLM Personalization: Learning to Remember User Conversationscited by 21
- 2024Comparing Retrieval-Augmentation and Parameter-Efficient Fine-Tuning for Privacy-Preserving Personalization of Large Language Modelscited by 20
- 2025Latent Inter-User Difference Modeling for LLM Personalizationcited by 20
12 most cited of 34 All 34 (JSON)
- 2026Beyond Retrieval: Learning Compact User Representations for Scalable LLM Personalization3 Jun 2026
- 2026Long Context, Less Focus: A Scaling Gap in LLMs Revealed through Privacy and Personalization16 Feb 2026
- 2026Text as a Universal Interface for Transferable Personalization8 Jan 2026
- 2025Iterative Critique-Refine Framework for Enhancing LLM Personalization28 Oct 2025
- 2025Instant Personalized Large Language Model Adaptation via Hypernetwork18 Oct 2025
- 2025From Personal to Collective: On the Role of Local and Global Memory in LLM Personalization28 Sep 2025
- 2025Comparative Personalization for Multi-document Summarization25 Sep 2025
- 2025Personas within Parameters: Fine-Tuning Small Language Models with Low-Rank Adapters to Mimic User Behaviors18 Aug 2025
- 2025Latent Inter-User Difference Modeling for LLM Personalization28 Jul 2025
- 2025PersonaFeedback: A Large-scale Human-annotated Benchmark For Personalization15 Jun 2025
- 2025Exploring the Potential of LLMs as Personalized Assistants: Dataset, Evaluation, and Analysis2 Jun 2025
- 2025LaMP-QA: A Benchmark for Personalized Long-form Question Answering30 May 2025
12 newest of 34 All 34 (JSON)