mlsanityData to 14 Oct 2026

Unsupervised Learning of Robust Spectral Shape Matching

arXiv 2304.14419 ↗First posted 27 Apr 2023cs.CV cs.AIcited by 57

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Abstract (arXiv)

We propose a novel learning-based approach for robust 3D shape matching. Our method builds upon deep functional maps and can be trained in a fully unsupervised manner. Previous deep functional map methods mainly focus on predicting optimised functional maps alone, and then rely on off-the-shelf post-processing to obtain accurate point-wise maps during inference. However, this two-stage procedure for obtaining point-wise maps often yields sub-optimal performance. In contrast, building upon recent insights about the relation between functional maps and point-wise maps, we propose a novel unsupervised loss to couple the functional maps and point-wise maps, and thereby directly obtain point-wise maps without any post-processing. Our approach obtains accurate correspondences not only for near-isometric shapes, but also for more challenging non-isometric shapes and partial shapes, as well as shapes with different discretisation or topological noise. Using a total of nine diverse datasets, we extensively evaluate the performance and demonstrate that our method substantially outperforms previous state-of-the-art methods, even compared to recent supervised methods. Our code is available at https://github.com/dongliangcao/Unsupervised-Learning-of-Robust-Spectral-Shape-Matching.

Key facts. Cited by 57 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026). Builds on 38 of its 83 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 27 Apr 2023.

Builds on

38 of 83 references.

References · 38

  1. 2014Adam: A Method for Stochastic Optimizationcited by 37,240
  2. 2017PointNet++: Deep Hierarchical Feature Learning on Point Sets in a Metric Spacecited by 4,401
  3. 2016Categorical Reparameterization with Gumbel-Softmaxcited by 2,739
  4. 2019KPConv: Flexible and Deformable Convolution for Point Cloudscited by 1,205
  5. 2017Learning from Synthetic Humanscited by 359
  6. 20163D Menagerie: Modeling the 3D shape and pose of animalscited by 312
  7. 20193D Morphable Face Models -- Past, Present and Futurecited by 270
  8. 2020DiffusionNet: Discretization Agnostic Learning on Surfacescited by 164
  9. 20183D-CODED : 3D Correspondences by Deep Deformationcited by 160
  10. 2017Deep Functional Maps: Structured Prediction for Dense Shape Correspondencecited by 134
  11. 2020Deep Geometric Functional Maps: Robust Feature Learning for Shape Correspondencecited by 125
  12. 20214DComplete: Non-Rigid Motion Estimation Beyond the Observable Surfacecited by 124
26 more
  1. 2018Unsupervised Deep Learning for Structured Shape Matchingcited by 81
  2. 2021NeuroMorph: Unsupervised Shape Interpolation and Correspondence in One Gocited by 81
  3. 2018Continuous and Orientation-preserving Correspondences via Functional Mapscited by 77
  4. 2020Deep Shells: Unsupervised Shape Correspondence with Optimal Transportcited by 74
  5. 2019Smooth Shells: Multi-Scale Shape Registration with Functional Mapscited by 72
  6. 2015Partial Functional Correspondencecited by 61
  7. 2021DPFM: Deep Partial Functional Mapscited by 58
  8. 2021Shape registration in the time of transformerscited by 51
  9. 2020Correspondence Learning via Linearly-invariant Embeddingcited by 48
  10. 2020CNNs on Surfaces using Rotation-Equivariant Featurescited by 43
  11. 2022Unsupervised Deep Multi-Shape Matchingcited by 39
  12. 2022Smooth Non-Rigid Shape Matching via Effective Dirichlet Energy Optimizationcited by 37
  13. 2022Deep Orientation-Aware Functional Maps: Tackling Symmetry Issues in Shape Matchingcited by 36
  14. 2022Learning Multi-resolution Functional Maps with Spectral Attention for Robust Shape Matchingcited by 35
  15. 2020Isometric Multi-Shape Matchingcited by 33
  16. 2017Product Manifold Filter: Non-Rigid Shape Correspondence via Kernel Density Estimation in the Product Spacecited by 30
  17. 2019ZoomOut: Spectral Upsampling for Efficient Shape Correspondencecited by 30
  18. 2020Structured Regularization of Functional Map Computationscited by 26
  19. 2018Higher-order Projected Power Iterations for Scalable Multi-Matchingcited by 24
  20. 2020MINA: Convex Mixed-Integer Programming for Non-Rigid Shape Alignmentcited by 20
  21. 2018Reversible Harmonic Maps between Discrete Surfacescited by 19
  22. 2022A Scalable Combinatorial Solver for Elastic Geometrically Consistent 3D Shape Matchingcited by 19
  23. 2023NCP: Neural Correspondence Prior for Effective Unsupervised Shape Matchingcited by 18
  24. 2021Complex Functional Maps : a Conformal Link Between Tangent Bundlescited by 17
  25. 2020MapTree: Recovering Multiple Solutions in the Space of Mapscited by 11
  26. 2015Point-wise Map Recovery and Refinement from Functional Correspondencecited by 10

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Cited by year (2026 to 14 Oct)

Citing papers per year: 2023: 7; 2024: 14; 2025: 17; 2026: 19.

57 papers.

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  1. 2023Zero-Shot 3D Shape Correspondencecited by 33
  2. 2024Spectral Meets Spatial: Harmonising 3D Shape Matching and Interpolationcited by 26
  3. 2023Hybrid Functional Maps for Crease-Aware Non-Isometric Shape Matchingcited by 18
  4. 2024Partial-to-Partial Shape Matching with Geometric Consistencycited by 16
  5. 2024Memory-Scalable and Simplified Functional Map Learningcited by 14
  6. 2025Denoising Functional Maps: Diffusion Models for Shape Correspondencecited by 14
  7. 2023Geometrically Consistent Partial Shape Matchingcited by 13
  8. 2024Integrating Efficient Optimal Transport and Functional Maps For Unsupervised Shape Correspondence Learningcited by 12
  9. 2024Wormhole Loss for Partial Shape Matchingcited by 12
  10. 2023On Unsupervised Partial Shape Correspondencecited by 11
  11. 2024Beyond Complete Shapes: A Benchmark for Quantitative Evaluation of 3D Shape Surface Matching Algorithmscited by 11
  12. 2024Finsler-Laplace-Beltrami Operators with Application to Shape Analysiscited by 10
38 more
  1. 2025DiffuMatch: Category-Agnostic Spectral Diffusion Priors for Robust Non-rigid Shape Matchingcited by 10
  2. 2023Revisiting Map Relations for Unsupervised Non-Rigid Shape Matchingcited by 8
  3. 2023DiscoMatch: Fast Discrete Optimisation for Geometrically Consistent 3D Shape Matchingcited by 7
  4. 2024Shape Non-rigid Kinematics (SNK): A Zero-Shot Method for Non-Rigid Shape Matching via Unsupervised Functional Map Regularized Reconstructioncited by 7
  5. 2024CanFields: Consolidating Diffeomorphic Flows for Non-Rigid 4D Interpolation from Arbitrary-Length Sequencescited by 7
  6. 2024Synchronous Diffusion for Unsupervised Smooth Non-Rigid 3D Shape Matchingcited by 7
  7. 20254Deform: Neural Surface Deformation for Robust Shape Interpolationcited by 7
  8. 2025Stable-SCore: A Stable Registration-based Framework for 3D Shape Correspondencecited by 7
  9. 2025Fast Globally Optimal and Geometrically Consistent 3D Shape Matchingcited by 4
  10. 2025FRIDU: Functional Map Refinement with Guided Image Diffusioncited by 4
  11. 2026Non-Rigid 3D Shape Correspondences: From Foundations to Open Challenges and Opportunitiescited by 4
  12. 2025FUSE: A Flow-based Mapping Between Shapescited by 3
  13. 2023Unsupervised Deep Graph Matching Based on Cycle Consistencycited by 2
  14. 2025Neural Descriptors: Self-Supervised Learning of Robust Local Surface Descriptors Using Polynomial Patchescited by 2
  15. 2025LiteGE: Lightweight Geodesic Embedding for Efficient Geodesics Computation and Non-Isometric Shape Correspondencecited by 2
  16. 2026Symmetry Informative and Agnostic Feature Disentanglement for 3D Shapescited by 2
  17. 2026SGMatch: Semantic-Guided Non-Rigid Shape Matching with Flow Regularizationcited by 2
  18. 2026RINO: Rotation-Invariant Non-Rigid Correspondencescited by 2
  19. 2024SPARE: Symmetrized Point-to-Plane Distance for Robust Non-Rigid 3D Registrationcited by 1
  20. 2024LBONet: Supervised Spectral Descriptors for Shape Analysiscited by 1
  21. 2025ARC-Flow : Articulated, Resolution-Agnostic, Correspondence-Free Matching and Interpolation of 3D Shapes Under Flow Fieldscited by 1
  22. 2025DcMatch: Unsupervised Multi-Shape Matching with Dual-Level Consistencycited by 1
  23. 2026An Integer Linear Programming Approach to Geometrically Consistent Partial-Partial Shape Matchingcited by 1
  24. 2026Universal 3D Shape Matching via Coarse-to-Fine Language Guidancecited by 1
  25. 2026GLASS: Graph and Vision-Language Assisted Semantic Shape Correspondencecited by 1
  26. 2026DeepShapeMatchingKit: Accelerated Functional Map Solver and Shape Matching Pipelines Revisitedcited by 1
  27. 2026SGSoft: Learning Fused Semantic-Geometric Features for 3D Shape Correspondence via Template-Guided Soft Signalscited by 1
  28. 2026From Extrinsic to Intrinsic: Geodesic-Guided Representation Learning for 3D Geometric Datacited by 1
  29. 2026Hyper-Network Neural Functional Maps for Unsupervised Robust 3D Shape Matchingcited by 1
  30. 2024Deep Frequency-Aware Functional Maps for Robust Shape Matchingcited by 0
  31. 2024Deep Learning-Based Quasi-Conformal Surface Registration for Partial 3D Faces Applied to Facial Recognitioncited by 0
  32. 2025Sinkhorn Normalization of Diffusion Kernelscited by 0
  33. 2025LUIVITON: Learned Universal Interoperable VIrtual Try-ONcited by 0
  34. 2025Matching Shapes Under Different Topologies: A Topology-Adaptive Deformation Guided Approachcited by 0
  35. 2025Densemarks: Learning Canonical Embeddings for Human Heads Images via Point Trackscited by 0
  36. 2025The Joint Gromov Wasserstein Objective for Multiple Object Matchingcited by 0
  37. 2025Unified Brain Surface and Volume Registrationcited by 0
  38. 2026Geometry-Grounded Articulation and Test-Time Adaptation for Zero-Shot, Scalable Shape Matching in the Wildcited by 0

50 most cited of 57 All 57 (JSON)