Unsupervised Deep Learning for Structured Shape Matching
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Abstract (arXiv)
We present a novel method for computing correspondences across 3D shapes using unsupervised learning. Our method computes a non-linear transformation of given descriptor functions, while optimizing for global structural properties of the resulting maps, such as their bijectivity or approximate isometry. To this end, we use the functional maps framework, and build upon the recent FMNet architecture for descriptor learning. Unlike that approach, however, we show that learning can be done in a purely unsupervised setting, without having access to any ground truth correspondences. This results in a very general shape matching method that we call SURFMNet for Spectral Unsupervised FMNet, and which can be used to establish correspondences within 3D shape collections without any prior information. We demonstrate on a wide range of challenging benchmarks, that our approach leads to state-of-the-art results compared to the existing unsupervised methods and achieves results that are comparable even to the supervised learning techniques. Moreover, our framework is an order of magnitude faster, and does not rely on geodesic distance computation or expensive post-processing.
Key facts. Cited by 81 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026). First posted on arXiv 10 Dec 2018.
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Citing papers per year: 2021: 14; 2022: 13; 2023: 22; 2024: 11; 2025: 13; 2026: 8.
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- 2021NeuroMorph: Unsupervised Shape Interpolation and Correspondence in One Gocited by 81
- 2021Subdivision-Based Mesh Convolution Networkscited by 60
- 2022A Survey of Non-Rigid 3D Registrationcited by 59
- 2021DPFM: Deep Partial Functional Mapscited by 58
- 2023Unsupervised Learning of Robust Spectral Shape Matchingcited by 57
- 2023Diffusion 3D Features (Diff3F): Decorating Untextured Shapes with Distilled Semantic Featurescited by 55
- 2022Unsupervised Deep Multi-Shape Matchingcited by 39
- 2022Deep Orientation-Aware Functional Maps: Tackling Symmetry Issues in Shape Matchingcited by 36
- 2022Learning Multi-resolution Functional Maps with Spectral Attention for Robust Shape Matchingcited by 35
- 2021Multiway Non-rigid Point Cloud Registration via Learned Functional Map Synchronizationcited by 30
- 2023Spatially and Spectrally Consistent Deep Functional Mapscited by 30
- 2024Spectral Meets Spatial: Harmonising 3D Shape Matching and Interpolationcited by 26
38 more
- 2022Bending Graphs: Hierarchical Shape Matching using Gated Optimal Transportcited by 24
- 2023Self-Supervised Learning for Multimodal Non-Rigid 3D Shape Matchingcited by 23
- 2023A Survey of Geometric Optimization for Deep Learning: From Euclidean Space to Riemannian Manifoldcited by 21
- 2023Understanding and Improving Features Learned in Deep Functional Mapscited by 20
- 2022A Scalable Combinatorial Solver for Elastic Geometrically Consistent 3D Shape Matchingcited by 19
- 2023NCP: Neural Correspondence Prior for Effective Unsupervised Shape Matchingcited by 18
- 2023Hybrid Functional Maps for Crease-Aware Non-Isometric Shape Matchingcited by 18
- 2024Memory-Scalable and Simplified Functional Map Learningcited by 14
- 2025Denoising Functional Maps: Diffusion Models for Shape Correspondencecited by 14
- 2025Hierarchical Neural Semantic Representation for 3D Semantic Correspondencecited by 14
- 2022Implicit field supervision for robust non-rigid shape matchingcited by 13
- 2022SRFeat: Learning Locally Accurate and Globally Consistent Non-Rigid Shape Correspondencecited by 13
- 2023Non-Rigid Shape Registration via Deep Functional Maps Priorcited by 12
- 2024Integrating Efficient Optimal Transport and Functional Maps For Unsupervised Shape Correspondence Learningcited by 12
- 2024SRIF: Semantic Shape Registration Empowered by Diffusion-based Image Morphing and Flow Estimationcited by 12
- 2024Wormhole Loss for Partial Shape Matchingcited by 12
- 2023S3M: Scalable Statistical Shape Modeling through Unsupervised Correspondencescited by 11
- 2023GenCorres: Consistent Shape Matching via Coupled Implicit-Explicit Shape Generative Modelscited by 11
- 2023On Unsupervised Partial Shape Correspondencecited by 11
- 2024Beyond Complete Shapes: A Benchmark for Quantitative Evaluation of 3D Shape Surface Matching Algorithmscited by 11
- 2024Zero-Shot Image Feature Consensus with Deep Functional Mapscited by 10
- 2025DiffuMatch: Category-Agnostic Spectral Diffusion Priors for Robust Non-rigid Shape Matchingcited by 10
- 2023Neural Intrinsic Embedding for Non-rigid Point Cloud Matchingcited by 9
- 2021Self-supervised 3D Human Mesh Recovery from Noisy Point Cloudscited by 8
- 2022Reduced Representation of Deformation Fields for Effective Non-rigid Shape Matchingcited by 8
- 2022G-MSM: Unsupervised Multi-Shape Matching with Graph-based Affinity Priorscited by 8
- 2023Revisiting Map Relations for Unsupervised Non-Rigid Shape Matchingcited by 8
- 2021Temporally-Coherent Surface Reconstruction via Metric-Consistent Atlasescited by 7
- 2021WSDesc: Weakly Supervised 3D Local Descriptor Learning for Point Cloud Registrationcited by 7
- 2021Deep Virtual Markers for Articulated 3D Shapescited by 7
- 2023DiscoMatch: Fast Discrete Optimisation for Geometrically Consistent 3D Shape Matchingcited by 7
- 2024Shape Non-rigid Kinematics (SNK): A Zero-Shot Method for Non-Rigid Shape Matching via Unsupervised Functional Map Regularized Reconstructioncited by 7
- 2024Unsupervised Template-assisted Point Cloud Shape Correspondence Networkcited by 7
- 2024Synchronous Diffusion for Unsupervised Smooth Non-Rigid 3D Shape Matchingcited by 7
- 20254Deform: Neural Surface Deformation for Robust Shape Interpolationcited by 7
- 2025Stable-SCore: A Stable Registration-based Framework for 3D Shape Correspondencecited by 7
- 2023Generalizable Local Feature Pre-training for Deformable Shape Analysiscited by 6
- 2023Toward Mesh-Invariant 3D Generative Deep Learning with Geometric Measurescited by 6
50 most cited of 81 All 81 (JSON)
- 2026TokenMatch: 3D Mesh Correspondence Transformer with Curvature-Guided Tokenisation3 Sep 2026
- 2026MDND: Unsupervised Learning Guided by Non-Differentiable Refinement for Shape Correspondence17 Jul 2026
- 2026Hyper-Network Neural Functional Maps for Unsupervised Robust 3D Shape Matching29 Jun 2026
- 2026Geometry-Grounded Articulation and Test-Time Adaptation for Zero-Shot, Scalable Shape Matching in the Wild28 Jun 2026
- 2026DeepShapeMatchingKit: Accelerated Functional Map Solver and Shape Matching Pipelines Revisited11 Apr 2026
- 2026RINO: Rotation-Invariant Non-Rigid Correspondences29 Mar 2026
- 2026GLASS: Graph and Vision-Language Assisted Semantic Shape Correspondence8 Mar 2026
- 2026Universal 3D Shape Matching via Coarse-to-Fine Language Guidance22 Feb 2026
- 2025PoissonNet: A Local-Global Approach for Learning on Surfaces15 Oct 2025
- 2025Hierarchical Neural Semantic Representation for 3D Semantic Correspondence22 Sep 2025
- 2025Graph Alignment via Dual-Pass Spectral Encoding and Latent Space Communication11 Sep 2025
- 2025Matching Shapes Under Different Topologies: A Topology-Adaptive Deformation Guided Approach8 Sep 2025
38 more
- 2025DcMatch: Unsupervised Multi-Shape Matching with Dual-Level Consistency1 Sep 2025
- 2025DiffuMatch: Category-Agnostic Spectral Diffusion Priors for Robust Non-rigid Shape Matching31 Jul 2025
- 2025NFR: Neural Feature-Guided Non-Rigid Shape Registration28 May 2025
- 2025Stable-SCore: A Stable Registration-based Framework for 3D Shape Correspondence27 Mar 2025
- 2025Surface-Aware Distilled 3D Semantic Features24 Mar 2025
- 2025Neural Descriptors: Self-Supervised Learning of Robust Local Surface Descriptors Using Polynomial Patches5 Mar 2025
- 2025ARC-Flow : Articulated, Resolution-Agnostic, Correspondence-Free Matching and Interpolation of 3D Shapes Under Flow Fields4 Mar 2025
- 2025Denoising Functional Maps: Diffusion Models for Shape Correspondence3 Mar 2025
- 20254Deform: Neural Surface Deformation for Robust Shape Interpolation27 Feb 2025
- 2024Beyond Complete Shapes: A Benchmark for Quantitative Evaluation of 3D Shape Surface Matching Algorithms5 Nov 2024
- 2024Wormhole Loss for Partial Shape Matching30 Oct 2024
- 2024SRIF: Semantic Shape Registration Empowered by Diffusion-based Image Morphing and Flow Estimation18 Sep 2024
- 2024Synchronous Diffusion for Unsupervised Smooth Non-Rigid 3D Shape Matching11 Jul 2024
- 2024Memory-Scalable and Simplified Functional Map Learning30 Mar 2024
- 2024Unsupervised Template-assisted Point Cloud Shape Correspondence Network25 Mar 2024
- 2024Zero-Shot Image Feature Consensus with Deep Functional Maps18 Mar 2024
- 2024Shape Non-rigid Kinematics (SNK): A Zero-Shot Method for Non-Rigid Shape Matching via Unsupervised Functional Map Regularized Reconstruction11 Mar 2024
- 2024Integrating Efficient Optimal Transport and Functional Maps For Unsupervised Shape Correspondence Learning4 Mar 2024
- 2024Spectral Meets Spatial: Harmonising 3D Shape Matching and Interpolation29 Feb 2024
- 2024Deep Frequency-Aware Functional Maps for Robust Shape Matching6 Feb 2024
- 2023Hybrid Functional Maps for Crease-Aware Non-Isometric Shape Matching6 Dec 2023
- 2023Diffusion 3D Features (Diff3F): Decorating Untextured Shapes with Distilled Semantic Features28 Nov 2023
- 2023Deformation-Guided Unsupervised Non-Rigid Shape Matching27 Nov 2023
- 2023Non-Rigid Shape Registration via Deep Functional Maps Prior8 Nov 2023
- 2023Unsupervised Representation Learning for Diverse Deformable Shape Collections27 Oct 2023
- 2023On Unsupervised Partial Shape Correspondence23 Oct 2023
- 2023Revisiting Map Relations for Unsupervised Non-Rigid Shape Matching17 Oct 2023
- 2023DiscoMatch: Fast Discrete Optimisation for Geometrically Consistent 3D Shape Matching12 Oct 2023
- 2023Leveraging Intrinsic Properties for Non-Rigid Garment Alignment18 Aug 2023
- 2023Spatially and Spectrally Consistent Deep Functional Maps17 Aug 2023
- 2023Toward Mesh-Invariant 3D Generative Deep Learning with Geometric Measures27 Jun 2023
- 2023A Task-driven Network for Mesh Classification and Semantic Part Segmentation8 Jun 2023
- 2023Unsupervised Learning of Robust Spectral Shape Matching27 Apr 2023
- 2023GenCorres: Consistent Shape Matching via Coupled Implicit-Explicit Shape Generative Models20 Apr 2023
- 2023S3M: Scalable Statistical Shape Modeling through Unsupervised Correspondences15 Apr 2023
- 2023Understanding and Improving Features Learned in Deep Functional Maps29 Mar 2023
- 2023Generalizable Local Feature Pre-training for Deformable Shape Analysis27 Mar 2023
- 2023Self-Supervised Learning for Multimodal Non-Rigid 3D Shape Matching20 Mar 2023
50 newest of 81 All 81 (JSON)
- 2025Denoising Functional Maps: Diffusion Models for Shape Correspondencecited by 14
- 2024SRIF: Semantic Shape Registration Empowered by Diffusion-based Image Morphing and Flow Estimationcited by 12
- 2025DiffuMatch: Category-Agnostic Spectral Diffusion Priors for Robust Non-rigid Shape Matchingcited by 10
- 2025DiffuMatch: Category-Agnostic Spectral Diffusion Priors for Robust Non-rigid Shape Matching31 Jul 2025
- 2025Denoising Functional Maps: Diffusion Models for Shape Correspondence3 Mar 2025
- 2024SRIF: Semantic Shape Registration Empowered by Diffusion-based Image Morphing and Flow Estimation18 Sep 2024
- 2021NeuroMorph: Unsupervised Shape Interpolation and Correspondence in One Gocited by 81
- 2021Subdivision-Based Mesh Convolution Networkscited by 60
- 2022A Survey of Non-Rigid 3D Registrationcited by 59
- 2021DPFM: Deep Partial Functional Mapscited by 58
- 2023Unsupervised Learning of Robust Spectral Shape Matchingcited by 57
- 2023Diffusion 3D Features (Diff3F): Decorating Untextured Shapes with Distilled Semantic Featurescited by 55
- 2022Unsupervised Deep Multi-Shape Matchingcited by 39
- 2022Deep Orientation-Aware Functional Maps: Tackling Symmetry Issues in Shape Matchingcited by 36
- 2022Learning Multi-resolution Functional Maps with Spectral Attention for Robust Shape Matchingcited by 35
- 2021Multiway Non-rigid Point Cloud Registration via Learned Functional Map Synchronizationcited by 30
- 2023Spatially and Spectrally Consistent Deep Functional Mapscited by 30
- 2024Spectral Meets Spatial: Harmonising 3D Shape Matching and Interpolationcited by 26
12 most cited of 77 All 77 (JSON)
- 2026TokenMatch: 3D Mesh Correspondence Transformer with Curvature-Guided Tokenisation3 Sep 2026
- 2026MDND: Unsupervised Learning Guided by Non-Differentiable Refinement for Shape Correspondence17 Jul 2026
- 2026Hyper-Network Neural Functional Maps for Unsupervised Robust 3D Shape Matching29 Jun 2026
- 2026Geometry-Grounded Articulation and Test-Time Adaptation for Zero-Shot, Scalable Shape Matching in the Wild28 Jun 2026
- 2026DeepShapeMatchingKit: Accelerated Functional Map Solver and Shape Matching Pipelines Revisited11 Apr 2026
- 2026RINO: Rotation-Invariant Non-Rigid Correspondences29 Mar 2026
- 2026GLASS: Graph and Vision-Language Assisted Semantic Shape Correspondence8 Mar 2026
- 2025PoissonNet: A Local-Global Approach for Learning on Surfaces15 Oct 2025
- 2025Hierarchical Neural Semantic Representation for 3D Semantic Correspondence22 Sep 2025
- 2025Graph Alignment via Dual-Pass Spectral Encoding and Latent Space Communication11 Sep 2025
- 2025Matching Shapes Under Different Topologies: A Topology-Adaptive Deformation Guided Approach8 Sep 2025
- 2025DcMatch: Unsupervised Multi-Shape Matching with Dual-Level Consistency1 Sep 2025
12 newest of 77 All 77 (JSON)