Smooth Shells: Multi-Scale Shape Registration with Functional Maps
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Abstract (arXiv)
We propose a novel 3D shape correspondence method based on the iterative alignment of so-called smooth shells. Smooth shells define a series of coarse-to-fine shape approximations designed to work well with multiscale algorithms. The main idea is to first align rough approximations of the geometry and then add more and more details to refine the correspondence. We fuse classical shape registration with Functional Maps by embedding the input shapes into an intrinsic-extrinsic product space. Moreover, we disambiguate intrinsic symmetries by applying a surrogate based Markov chain Monte Carlo initialization. Our method naturally handles various types of noise that commonly occur in real scans, like non-isometry or incompatible meshing. Finally, we demonstrate state-of-the-art quantitative results on several datasets and show that our pipeline produces smoother, more realistic results than other automatic matching methods in real world applications.
Key facts. Cited by 72 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026). First posted on arXiv 29 May 2019.
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Citing papers per year: 2021: 8; 2022: 13; 2023: 14; 2024: 11; 2025: 16; 2026: 10.
72 papers.
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- 2021Neural Scene Flow Priorcited by 91
- 2021NeuroMorph: Unsupervised Shape Interpolation and Correspondence in One Gocited by 81
- 2022A Survey of Non-Rigid 3D Registrationcited by 59
- 2023Unsupervised Learning of Robust Spectral Shape Matchingcited by 57
- 2021Shape registration in the time of transformerscited by 51
- 2022Unsupervised Deep Multi-Shape Matchingcited by 39
- 2022Smooth Non-Rigid Shape Matching via Effective Dirichlet Energy Optimizationcited by 37
- 2022Learning Multi-resolution Functional Maps with Spectral Attention for Robust Shape Matchingcited by 35
- 2023Spatially and Spectrally Consistent Deep Functional Mapscited by 30
- 2024Spectral Meets Spatial: Harmonising 3D Shape Matching and Interpolationcited by 26
- 2023Self-Supervised Learning for Multimodal Non-Rigid 3D Shape Matchingcited by 23
- 2022Intrinsic Neural Fields: Learning Functions on Manifoldscited by 20
38 more
- 2023Understanding and Improving Features Learned in Deep Functional Mapscited by 20
- 2022A Scalable Combinatorial Solver for Elastic Geometrically Consistent 3D Shape Matchingcited by 19
- 2023NCP: Neural Correspondence Prior for Effective Unsupervised Shape Matchingcited by 18
- 2023Hybrid Functional Maps for Crease-Aware Non-Isometric Shape Matchingcited by 18
- 2021Complex Functional Maps : a Conformal Link Between Tangent Bundlescited by 17
- 2023Re-Evaluating LiDAR Scene Flow for Autonomous Drivingcited by 17
- 2024Partial-to-Partial Shape Matching with Geometric Consistencycited by 16
- 2023ZeroFlow: Scalable Scene Flow via Distillationcited by 14
- 2024Memory-Scalable and Simplified Functional Map Learningcited by 14
- 2025Denoising Functional Maps: Diffusion Models for Shape Correspondencecited by 14
- 2025Hierarchical Neural Semantic Representation for 3D Semantic Correspondencecited by 14
- 2022Implicit field supervision for robust non-rigid shape matchingcited by 13
- 2022SRFeat: Learning Locally Accurate and Globally Consistent Non-Rigid Shape Correspondencecited by 13
- 2023Neural Semantic Surface Mapscited by 13
- 2023Geometrically Consistent Partial Shape Matchingcited by 13
- 2023Non-Rigid Shape Registration via Deep Functional Maps Priorcited by 12
- 2024Integrating Efficient Optimal Transport and Functional Maps For Unsupervised Shape Correspondence Learningcited by 12
- 2024SRIF: Semantic Shape Registration Empowered by Diffusion-based Image Morphing and Flow Estimationcited by 12
- 2023GenCorres: Consistent Shape Matching via Coupled Implicit-Explicit Shape Generative Modelscited by 11
- 2024NeRF Analogies: Example-Based Visual Attribute Transfer for NeRFscited by 11
- 2024Beyond Complete Shapes: A Benchmark for Quantitative Evaluation of 3D Shape Surface Matching Algorithmscited by 11
- 2022Neural Vector Fields for Implicit Surface Representation and Inferencecited by 10
- 2025DiffuMatch: Category-Agnostic Spectral Diffusion Priors for Robust Non-rigid Shape Matchingcited by 10
- 2022Reduced Representation of Deformation Fields for Effective Non-rigid Shape Matchingcited by 8
- 2022G-MSM: Unsupervised Multi-Shape Matching with Graph-based Affinity Priorscited by 8
- 2023Revisiting Map Relations for Unsupervised Non-Rigid Shape Matchingcited by 8
- 2021Deep Virtual Markers for Articulated 3D Shapescited by 7
- 2024Shape Non-rigid Kinematics (SNK): A Zero-Shot Method for Non-Rigid Shape Matching via Unsupervised Functional Map Regularized Reconstructioncited by 7
- 2024Synchronous Diffusion for Unsupervised Smooth Non-Rigid 3D Shape Matchingcited by 7
- 2025Stable-SCore: A Stable Registration-based Framework for 3D Shape Correspondencecited by 7
- 2022Garment Avatars: Realistic Cloth Driving using Pattern Registrationcited by 6
- 2023Leveraging Intrinsic Properties for Non-Rigid Garment Alignmentcited by 6
- 2025Textured 3D Regenerative Morphing with 3D Diffusion Priorcited by 6
- 2025Surface-Aware Distilled 3D Semantic Featurescited by 5
- 2021Mesh Draping: Parametrization-Free Neural Mesh Transfercited by 4
- 2025ARMO: Autoregressive Rigging for Multi-Category Objectscited by 4
- 2025Fast Globally Optimal and Geometrically Consistent 3D Shape Matchingcited by 4
- 2025FRIDU: Functional Map Refinement with Guided Image Diffusioncited by 4
50 most cited of 72 All 72 (JSON)
- 2026TokenMatch: 3D Mesh Correspondence Transformer with Curvature-Guided Tokenisation3 Sep 2026
- 2026Intrinsic and Triangulation-Agnostic Attention: A Simple and Powerful Approach for Learning on Meshes27 Jul 2026
- 2026MDND: Unsupervised Learning Guided by Non-Differentiable Refinement for Shape Correspondence17 Jul 2026
- 2026Hyper-Network Neural Functional Maps for Unsupervised Robust 3D Shape Matching29 Jun 2026
- 2026SGSoft: Learning Fused Semantic-Geometric Features for 3D Shape Correspondence via Template-Guided Soft Signals18 May 2026
- 2026DeepShapeMatchingKit: Accelerated Functional Map Solver and Shape Matching Pipelines Revisited11 Apr 2026
- 2026SGMatch: Semantic-Guided Non-Rigid Shape Matching with Flow Regularization13 Mar 2026
- 2026GLASS: Graph and Vision-Language Assisted Semantic Shape Correspondence8 Mar 2026
- 2026Universal 3D Shape Matching via Coarse-to-Fine Language Guidance22 Feb 2026
- 2026MorphAny3D: Unleashing the Power of Structured Latent in 3D Morphing1 Jan 2026
- 2025Wukong's 72 Transformations: High-fidelity Textured 3D Morphing via Flow Models27 Nov 2025
- 2025Hierarchical Neural Semantic Representation for 3D Semantic Correspondence22 Sep 2025
38 more
- 2025Matching Shapes Under Different Topologies: A Topology-Adaptive Deformation Guided Approach8 Sep 2025
- 2025DcMatch: Unsupervised Multi-Shape Matching with Dual-Level Consistency1 Sep 2025
- 2025DiffuMatch: Category-Agnostic Spectral Diffusion Priors for Robust Non-rigid Shape Matching31 Jul 2025
- 2025FRIDU: Functional Map Refinement with Guided Image Diffusion17 Jun 2025
- 2025Deformable registration and generative modelling of aortic anatomies by auto-decoders and neural ODEs1 Jun 2025
- 2025NFR: Neural Feature-Guided Non-Rigid Shape Registration28 May 2025
- 2025Fast Globally Optimal and Geometrically Consistent 3D Shape Matching8 Apr 2025
- 2025Stable-SCore: A Stable Registration-based Framework for 3D Shape Correspondence27 Mar 2025
- 2025ARMO: Autoregressive Rigging for Multi-Category Objects26 Mar 2025
- 2025Surface-Aware Distilled 3D Semantic Features24 Mar 2025
- 2025AI-Powered Automated Model Construction for Patient-Specific CFD Simulations of Aortic Flows16 Mar 2025
- 2025ARC-Flow : Articulated, Resolution-Agnostic, Correspondence-Free Matching and Interpolation of 3D Shapes Under Flow Fields4 Mar 2025
- 2025Denoising Functional Maps: Diffusion Models for Shape Correspondence3 Mar 2025
- 2025Textured 3D Regenerative Morphing with 3D Diffusion Prior20 Feb 2025
- 2024Beyond Complete Shapes: A Benchmark for Quantitative Evaluation of 3D Shape Surface Matching Algorithms5 Nov 2024
- 2024SRIF: Semantic Shape Registration Empowered by Diffusion-based Image Morphing and Flow Estimation18 Sep 2024
- 2024Synchronous Diffusion for Unsupervised Smooth Non-Rigid 3D Shape Matching11 Jul 2024
- 2024Partial-to-Partial Shape Matching with Geometric Consistency18 Apr 2024
- 2024Equivariant Local Reference Frames for Unsupervised Non-rigid Point Cloud Shape Correspondence1 Apr 2024
- 2024Memory-Scalable and Simplified Functional Map Learning30 Mar 2024
- 2024Shape Non-rigid Kinematics (SNK): A Zero-Shot Method for Non-Rigid Shape Matching via Unsupervised Functional Map Regularized Reconstruction11 Mar 2024
- 2024Integrating Efficient Optimal Transport and Functional Maps For Unsupervised Shape Correspondence Learning4 Mar 2024
- 2024Spectral Meets Spatial: Harmonising 3D Shape Matching and Interpolation29 Feb 2024
- 2024NeRF Analogies: Example-Based Visual Attribute Transfer for NeRFs13 Feb 2024
- 2024Deep Frequency-Aware Functional Maps for Robust Shape Matching6 Feb 2024
- 2023Hybrid Functional Maps for Crease-Aware Non-Isometric Shape Matching6 Dec 2023
- 2023Non-Rigid Shape Registration via Deep Functional Maps Prior8 Nov 2023
- 2023Revisiting Map Relations for Unsupervised Non-Rigid Shape Matching17 Oct 2023
- 2023Geometrically Consistent Partial Shape Matching10 Sep 2023
- 2023Neural Semantic Surface Maps9 Sep 2023
- 2023Leveraging Intrinsic Properties for Non-Rigid Garment Alignment18 Aug 2023
- 2023Spatially and Spectrally Consistent Deep Functional Maps17 Aug 2023
- 2023ZeroFlow: Scalable Scene Flow via Distillation17 May 2023
- 2023Unsupervised Learning of Robust Spectral Shape Matching27 Apr 2023
- 2023GenCorres: Consistent Shape Matching via Coupled Implicit-Explicit Shape Generative Models20 Apr 2023
- 2023Re-Evaluating LiDAR Scene Flow for Autonomous Driving4 Apr 2023
- 2023Understanding and Improving Features Learned in Deep Functional Maps29 Mar 2023
- 2023Self-Supervised Learning for Multimodal Non-Rigid 3D Shape Matching20 Mar 2023
50 newest of 72 All 72 (JSON)
- 2025Denoising Functional Maps: Diffusion Models for Shape Correspondencecited by 14
- 2024SRIF: Semantic Shape Registration Empowered by Diffusion-based Image Morphing and Flow Estimationcited by 12
- 2025DiffuMatch: Category-Agnostic Spectral Diffusion Priors for Robust Non-rigid Shape Matchingcited by 10
- 2025Textured 3D Regenerative Morphing with 3D Diffusion Priorcited by 6
- 2025FRIDU: Functional Map Refinement with Guided Image Diffusioncited by 4
- 2025DiffuMatch: Category-Agnostic Spectral Diffusion Priors for Robust Non-rigid Shape Matching31 Jul 2025
- 2025FRIDU: Functional Map Refinement with Guided Image Diffusion17 Jun 2025
- 2025Denoising Functional Maps: Diffusion Models for Shape Correspondence3 Mar 2025
- 2025Textured 3D Regenerative Morphing with 3D Diffusion Prior20 Feb 2025
- 2024SRIF: Semantic Shape Registration Empowered by Diffusion-based Image Morphing and Flow Estimation18 Sep 2024
- 2021Neural Scene Flow Priorcited by 91
- 2021NeuroMorph: Unsupervised Shape Interpolation and Correspondence in One Gocited by 81
- 2022A Survey of Non-Rigid 3D Registrationcited by 59
- 2023Unsupervised Learning of Robust Spectral Shape Matchingcited by 57
- 2021Shape registration in the time of transformerscited by 51
- 2022Unsupervised Deep Multi-Shape Matchingcited by 39
- 2022Smooth Non-Rigid Shape Matching via Effective Dirichlet Energy Optimizationcited by 37
- 2022Learning Multi-resolution Functional Maps with Spectral Attention for Robust Shape Matchingcited by 35
- 2023Spatially and Spectrally Consistent Deep Functional Mapscited by 30
- 2024Spectral Meets Spatial: Harmonising 3D Shape Matching and Interpolationcited by 26
- 2023Self-Supervised Learning for Multimodal Non-Rigid 3D Shape Matchingcited by 23
- 2022Intrinsic Neural Fields: Learning Functions on Manifoldscited by 20
12 most cited of 66 All 66 (JSON)
- 2026TokenMatch: 3D Mesh Correspondence Transformer with Curvature-Guided Tokenisation3 Sep 2026
- 2026Intrinsic and Triangulation-Agnostic Attention: A Simple and Powerful Approach for Learning on Meshes27 Jul 2026
- 2026MDND: Unsupervised Learning Guided by Non-Differentiable Refinement for Shape Correspondence17 Jul 2026
- 2026Hyper-Network Neural Functional Maps for Unsupervised Robust 3D Shape Matching29 Jun 2026
- 2026SGSoft: Learning Fused Semantic-Geometric Features for 3D Shape Correspondence via Template-Guided Soft Signals18 May 2026
- 2026DeepShapeMatchingKit: Accelerated Functional Map Solver and Shape Matching Pipelines Revisited11 Apr 2026
- 2026SGMatch: Semantic-Guided Non-Rigid Shape Matching with Flow Regularization13 Mar 2026
- 2026GLASS: Graph and Vision-Language Assisted Semantic Shape Correspondence8 Mar 2026
- 2026MorphAny3D: Unleashing the Power of Structured Latent in 3D Morphing1 Jan 2026
- 2025Wukong's 72 Transformations: High-fidelity Textured 3D Morphing via Flow Models27 Nov 2025
- 2025Hierarchical Neural Semantic Representation for 3D Semantic Correspondence22 Sep 2025
- 2025Matching Shapes Under Different Topologies: A Topology-Adaptive Deformation Guided Approach8 Sep 2025
12 newest of 66 All 66 (JSON)