Customized Segment Anything Model for Medical Image Segmentation
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Abstract (arXiv)
We propose SAMed, a general solution for medical image segmentation. Different from the previous methods, SAMed is built upon the large-scale image segmentation model, Segment Anything Model (SAM), to explore the new research paradigm of customizing large-scale models for medical image segmentation. SAMed applies the low-rank-based (LoRA) finetuning strategy to the SAM image encoder and finetunes it together with the prompt encoder and the mask decoder on labeled medical image segmentation datasets. We also observe the warmup finetuning strategy and the AdamW optimizer lead SAMed to successful convergence and lower loss. Different from SAM, SAMed could perform semantic segmentation on medical images. Our trained SAMed model achieves 81.88 DSC and 20.64 HD on the Synapse multi-organ segmentation dataset, which is on par with the state-of-the-art methods. We conduct extensive experiments to validate the effectiveness of our design. Since SAMed only updates a small fraction of the SAM parameters, its deployment cost and storage cost are quite marginal in practical usage. The code of SAMed is available at https://github.com/hitachinsk/SAMed.
Key facts. Cited by 277 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). Builds on 28 of its 38 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 26 Apr 2023.
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References · 28
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- 2022Visual Prompt Tuningcited by 1,674
16 more
- 2021TransUNet: Transformers Make Strong Encoders for Medical Image Segmentationcited by 1,552
- 20163D U-Net: Learning Dense Volumetric Segmentation from Sparse Annotationcited by 1,471
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- 2023SegGPT: Segmenting Everything In Contextcited by 193
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- 2022HiFormer: Hierarchical Multi-scale Representations Using Transformers for Medical Image Segmentationcited by 94
- 2023SAM Struggles in Concealed Scenes -- Empirical Study on Segment Anythingcited by 75
- 2020Domain Adaptive Relational Reasoning for 3D Multi-Organ Segmentationcited by 48
- 2022TransDeepLab: Convolution-Free Transformer-based DeepLab v3+ for Medical Image Segmentationcited by 43
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- 2022DAE-Former: Dual Attention-guided Efficient Transformer for Medical Image Segmentationcited by 27
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Citing papers per year: 2023: 58; 2024: 112; 2025: 75; 2026: 32.
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- 2024Medical SAM 2: Segment medical images as video via Segment Anything Model 2cited by 151
- 2023SAM-Med2Dcited by 123
- 2023SurgicalSAM: Efficient Class Promptable Surgical Instrument Segmentationcited by 103
- 2024Segment Anything Model for Medical Image Segmentation: Current Applications and Future Directionscited by 97
- 2023MA-SAM: Modality-agnostic SAM Adaptation for 3D Medical Image Segmentationcited by 82
- 2024Foundation Model for Advancing Healthcare: Challenges, Opportunities, and Future Directionscited by 77
- 2023Foundational Models in Medical Imaging: A Comprehensive Survey and Future Visioncited by 74
- 2024Convolution Meets LoRA: Parameter Efficient Finetuning for Segment Anything Modelcited by 67
- 2024A Survey on LoRA of Large Language Modelscited by 67
- 2023A Comprehensive Survey on Segment Anything Model for Vision and Beyondcited by 64
- 2024SAM2-UNet: Segment Anything 2 Makes Strong Encoder for Natural and Medical Image Segmentationcited by 63
- 2023Parameter-Efficient Fine-Tuning for Medical Image Analysis: The Missed Opportunitycited by 54
38 more
- 2023SA-Med2D-20M Dataset: Segment Anything in 2D Medical Imaging with 20 Million maskscited by 54
- 2023How to Efficiently Adapt Large Segmentation Model(SAM) to Medical Imagescited by 53
- 2024Surgical-DINO: Adapter Learning of Foundation Models for Depth Estimation in Endoscopic Surgerycited by 52
- 2024Unleashing the Potential of SAM for Medical Adaptation via Hierarchical Decodingcited by 48
- 2023ScribblePrompt: Fast and Flexible Interactive Segmentation for Any Biomedical Imagecited by 47
- 2024FairMedFM: Fairness Benchmarking for Medical Imaging Foundation Modelscited by 47
- 2023A Survey on Segment Anything Model (SAM): Vision Foundation Model Meets Prompt Engineeringcited by 45
- 2024IRSAM: Advancing Segment Anything Model for Infrared Small Target Detectioncited by 45
- 2024EndoDAC: Efficient Adapting Foundation Model for Self-Supervised Depth Estimation from Any Endoscopic Cameracited by 42
- 2023Beyond Adapting SAM: Towards End-to-End Ultrasound Image Segmentation via Auto Promptingcited by 40
- 2024RobustSAM: Segment Anything Robustly on Degraded Imagescited by 36
- 2023Self-Prompting Large Vision Models for Few-Shot Medical Image Segmentationcited by 35
- 2024Image Segmentation in Foundation Model Era: A Surveycited by 35
- 2024Low-Rank Adaptation for Foundation Models: A Comprehensive Reviewcited by 35
- 2023SAM3D: Segment Anything Model in Volumetric Medical Imagescited by 34
- 2023Artificial General Intelligence for Medical Imaging Analysiscited by 32
- 2023Foundation Models for Weather and Climate Data Understanding: A Comprehensive Surveycited by 32
- 2024How to build the best medical image segmentation algorithm using foundation models: a comprehensive empirical study with Segment Anything Modelcited by 32
- 2023Improving the Generalization of Segmentation Foundation Model under Distribution Shift via Weakly Supervised Adaptationcited by 31
- 2023SAM Meets Robotic Surgery: An Empirical Study on Generalization, Robustness and Adaptationcited by 30
- 2024Hi-SAM: Marrying Segment Anything Model for Hierarchical Text Segmentationcited by 30
- 2024Foundation Models for Biomedical Image Segmentation: A Surveycited by 28
- 2024Segment Anything Model for Road Network Graph Extractioncited by 28
- 2024CAT-SAM: Conditional Tuning for Few-Shot Adaptation of Segment Anything Modelcited by 27
- 2023DeSAM: Decoupled Segment Anything Model for Generalizable Medical Image Segmentationcited by 26
- 2023Ladder Fine-tuning approach for SAM integrating complementary networkcited by 25
- 2024Test-Time Adaptation with SaLIP: A Cascade of SAM and CLIP for Zero shot Medical Image Segmentationcited by 25
- 2023On the Robustness of Segment Anythingcited by 24
- 2023RefSAM: Efficiently Adapting Segmenting Anything Model for Referring Video Object Segmentationcited by 24
- 2023SAM-PARSER: Fine-tuning SAM Efficiently by Parameter Space Reconstructioncited by 23
- 2023FairTune: Optimizing Parameter Efficient Fine Tuning for Fairness in Medical Image Analysiscited by 23
- 2024Fantastic Animals and Where to Find Them: Segment Any Marine Animal with Dual SAMcited by 23
- 2023I-MedSAM: Implicit Medical Image Segmentation with Segment Anythingcited by 22
- 2024UN-SAM: Universal Prompt-Free Segmentation for Generalized Nuclei Imagescited by 22
- 2023Towards Segment Anything Model (SAM) for Medical Image Segmentation: A Surveycited by 21
- 2023Cheap Lunch for Medical Image Segmentation by Fine-tuning SAM on Few Exemplarscited by 21
- 2024SAM 2 in Robotic Surgery: An Empirical Evaluation for Robustness and Generalization in Surgical Video Segmentationcited by 21
- 2025Prompt-based Adaptation in Large-scale Vision Models: A Surveycited by 21
50 most cited of 277 All 277 (JSON)
- 2026Multicentre Bi-atrial Segmentation from LGE-MRI for Atrial Fibrillation with a 2D and 3D Framework18 Sep 2026
- 2026SetPlanner: A Lightweight Plug-in Point-Set Planner for Frozen SAM16 Sep 2026
- 2026LeCor: Learning to Be Corrected by Meta-Learned Test-Time Training for Interactive 3D Lung-Tumour Segmentation8 Sep 2026
- 2026SAM3-LoRA: Parameter-Efficient Adaptation of a Concept-Promptable Foundation Model for Multi-Class Structural Defect Segmentation31 Aug 2026
- 2026UniFLM: United Segmentation and Measurement on Fetal Limb Ultrasonic Image27 Aug 2026
- 2026FAN-LoRA: A Fourier-Adaptive Nonlinear Low-Rank Adaptor for Medical Foundation Model Domain Adaptation27 Aug 2026
- 2026MoE-based Feature Adapter for Prompt-free Binary Coronary Artery Segmentation in X-ray Angiography25 Aug 2026
- 2026Hierarchical Prototype-Memory Adaptation of SAM for Surgical Instrument Segmentation25 Aug 2026
- 2026Toward Mask Annotation-Free Surgical Instrument Segmentation from Endoscopic Images Using Text-Prompted Segment Anything Model 3 (SAM3)9 Aug 2026
- 2026SAM+D: Parameter-Efficient Dimensional Lifting of SAM-Family Models via Depth-Routed LoRA and Depth Shifting31 Jul 2026
- 2026ViPSAM: Visual Prompting Medical Image Segmentation Using Segment Anything Model15 Jul 2026
- 2026An Edge-aware Prompt-enhanced SAM for Ultrasound Image Segmentation8 Jul 2026
38 more
- 2026HPR-SAM: Hierarchical Probabilistic Representation Learning for Prompt-free SAM-based Medical Image Segmentation8 Jul 2026
- 2026MedCAGD: Context-Aware Gated Decoder for Efficient Medical Image Segmentation1 Jul 2026
- 2026Dual-Adaptive SAM3: Hierarchical Routing over Low-Rank Expert Layers for Parameter-Efficient Medical Image Segmentation30 Jun 2026
- 2026APRIL-MedSeg: A Modular Medical Image Segmentation Toolbox Embracing Modern Paradigms29 Jun 2026
- 2026A Comprehensive Survey of Medical Image Segmentation: Challenges, Benchmarks, and Beyond15 Jun 2026
- 2026Parameter-Efficient Adaptation of SAM 3 for Automated ITV Generation from 4DCT Images14 Jun 2026
- 2026Attenuation-Resilient Alternating Optimization for Laparoscopic Liver Landmark Detection26 May 2026
- 2026Weakly Supervised Segmentation as Semantic-Based Regularization13 May 2026
- 2026Frequency Adapter with SAM for Generalized Medical Image Segmentation11 May 2026
- 2026SemiSAM-O1: Pushing the Boundary of Annotation-Efficient Medical Image Segmentation with Generalist Knowledge Fusion27 Apr 2026
- 2026Adapting SAM to Nuclei Instance Segmentation and Classification via Cooperative Fine-Grained Refinement30 Mar 2026
- 2026Prompt-Free Lightweight SAM Adaptation for Histopathology Nuclei Segmentation with Strong Cross-Dataset Generalization20 Mar 2026
- 2026Spectral Rectification for Parameter-Efficient Adaptation of Foundation Models in Colonoscopy Depth Estimation16 Mar 2026
- 2026Toward Clinically Ready Foundation Models in Medical Image Analysis: Adaptation Mechanisms and Deployment Trade-offs15 Mar 2026
- 2026HFP-SAM: Hierarchical Frequency Prompted SAM for Efficient Marine Animal Segmentation13 Mar 2026
- 2026BALD-SAM: Disagreement-based Active Prompting in Interactive Segmentation11 Mar 2026
- 2026Extending 2D foundational DINOv3 representations to 3D segmentation of neonatal brain MR images27 Feb 2026
- 2026Automated Re-Identification of Holstein-Friesian Cattle in Dense Crowds17 Feb 2026
- 2026BLO-Inst: Bi-Level Optimization Based Alignment of YOLO and SAM for Robust Instance Segmentation29 Jan 2026
- 2026Sub-Region-Aware Modality Fusion and Adaptive Prompting for Multi-Modal Brain Tumor Segmentation22 Jan 2026
- 2025Boundary-Aware Test-Time Adaptation for Zero-Shot Medical Image Segmentation4 Dec 2025
- 2025RobustSurg: Tackling domain generalisation for out-of-distribution surgical scene segmentation1 Dec 2025
- 2025Semantic-aware Random Convolution and Source Matching for Domain Generalization in Medical Image Segmentation1 Dec 2025
- 2025TAP-CT: 3D Task-Agnostic Pretraining of Computed Tomography Foundation Models30 Nov 2025
- 2025DEAP-3DSAM: Decoder Enhanced and Auto Prompt SAM for 3D Medical Image Segmentation24 Nov 2025
- 2025UniUltra: Interactive Parameter-Efficient SAM2 for Universal Ultrasound Segmentation19 Nov 2025
- 2025LiteUpdate: A Lightweight Framework for Updating AI-Generated Image Detectors10 Nov 2025
- 2025SAMora: Enhancing SAM through Hierarchical Self-Supervised Pre-Training for Medical Images9 Nov 2025
- 2025Cross-Modal Fine-Tuning of 3D Convolutional Foundation Models for ADHD Classification with Low-Rank Adaptation8 Nov 2025
- 2025MedSapiens: Taking a Pose to Rethink Medical Imaging Landmark Detection6 Nov 2025
- 2025Subsampled Randomized Fourier GaLore for Adapting Foundation Models in Depth-Driven Liver Landmark Segmentation5 Nov 2025
- 2025Adaptation of Foundation Models for Medical Image Analysis: Strategies, Challenges, and Future Directions3 Nov 2025
- 2025VesSAM: Efficient Multi-Prompting for Segmenting Complex Vessel2 Nov 2025
- 2025MapSAM2: Adapting SAM2 for Automatic Segmentation of Historical Map Images and Time Series31 Oct 2025
- 2025Intelligent Communication Mixture-of-Experts Boosted-Medical Image Segmentation Foundation Model20 Oct 2025
- 2025Reinforcement Learning for Unsupervised Domain Adaptation in Spatio-Temporal Echocardiography Segmentation16 Oct 2025
- 2025Prompt-based Adaptation in Large-scale Vision Models: A Survey15 Oct 2025
- 2025Enhancing Zero-Shot Anomaly Detection: CLIP-SAM Collaboration with Cascaded Prompts13 Oct 2025
50 newest of 277 All 277 (JSON)
- 2025Mixture-of-Shape-Experts (MoSE): End-to-End Shape Dictionary Framework to Prompt SAM for Generalizable Medical Segmentationcited by 4
- 2025Intelligent Communication Mixture-of-Experts Boosted-Medical Image Segmentation Foundation Modelcited by 0
- 2026Dual-Adaptive SAM3: Hierarchical Routing over Low-Rank Expert Layers for Parameter-Efficient Medical Image Segmentationcited by 0
- 2026Dual-Adaptive SAM3: Hierarchical Routing over Low-Rank Expert Layers for Parameter-Efficient Medical Image Segmentation30 Jun 2026
- 2025Intelligent Communication Mixture-of-Experts Boosted-Medical Image Segmentation Foundation Model20 Oct 2025
- 2025Mixture-of-Shape-Experts (MoSE): End-to-End Shape Dictionary Framework to Prompt SAM for Generalizable Medical Segmentation13 Apr 2025
- 2024Medical SAM 2: Segment medical images as video via Segment Anything Model 2cited by 151
- 2023SAM-Med2Dcited by 123
- 2023SurgicalSAM: Efficient Class Promptable Surgical Instrument Segmentationcited by 103
- 2024Segment Anything Model for Medical Image Segmentation: Current Applications and Future Directionscited by 97
- 2023MA-SAM: Modality-agnostic SAM Adaptation for 3D Medical Image Segmentationcited by 82
- 2024Foundation Model for Advancing Healthcare: Challenges, Opportunities, and Future Directionscited by 77
- 2023Foundational Models in Medical Imaging: A Comprehensive Survey and Future Visioncited by 74
- 2024Convolution Meets LoRA: Parameter Efficient Finetuning for Segment Anything Modelcited by 67
- 2024A Survey on LoRA of Large Language Modelscited by 67
- 2023A Comprehensive Survey on Segment Anything Model for Vision and Beyondcited by 64
- 2024SAM2-UNet: Segment Anything 2 Makes Strong Encoder for Natural and Medical Image Segmentationcited by 63
- 2023Parameter-Efficient Fine-Tuning for Medical Image Analysis: The Missed Opportunitycited by 54
12 most cited of 268 All 268 (JSON)
- 2026Multicentre Bi-atrial Segmentation from LGE-MRI for Atrial Fibrillation with a 2D and 3D Framework18 Sep 2026
- 2026SetPlanner: A Lightweight Plug-in Point-Set Planner for Frozen SAM16 Sep 2026
- 2026LeCor: Learning to Be Corrected by Meta-Learned Test-Time Training for Interactive 3D Lung-Tumour Segmentation8 Sep 2026
- 2026SAM3-LoRA: Parameter-Efficient Adaptation of a Concept-Promptable Foundation Model for Multi-Class Structural Defect Segmentation31 Aug 2026
- 2026UniFLM: United Segmentation and Measurement on Fetal Limb Ultrasonic Image27 Aug 2026
- 2026FAN-LoRA: A Fourier-Adaptive Nonlinear Low-Rank Adaptor for Medical Foundation Model Domain Adaptation27 Aug 2026
- 2026MoE-based Feature Adapter for Prompt-free Binary Coronary Artery Segmentation in X-ray Angiography25 Aug 2026
- 2026Hierarchical Prototype-Memory Adaptation of SAM for Surgical Instrument Segmentation25 Aug 2026
- 2026Toward Mask Annotation-Free Surgical Instrument Segmentation from Endoscopic Images Using Text-Prompted Segment Anything Model 3 (SAM3)9 Aug 2026
- 2026SAM+D: Parameter-Efficient Dimensional Lifting of SAM-Family Models via Depth-Routed LoRA and Depth Shifting31 Jul 2026
- 2026ViPSAM: Visual Prompting Medical Image Segmentation Using Segment Anything Model15 Jul 2026
- 2026An Edge-aware Prompt-enhanced SAM for Ultrasound Image Segmentation8 Jul 2026
12 newest of 268 All 268 (JSON)