mlsanityData to 7 Oct 2026

Customized Segment Anything Model for Medical Image Segmentation

arXiv 2304.13785 ↗First posted 26 Apr 2023cs.CVcited by 277

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Abstract (arXiv)

We propose SAMed, a general solution for medical image segmentation. Different from the previous methods, SAMed is built upon the large-scale image segmentation model, Segment Anything Model (SAM), to explore the new research paradigm of customizing large-scale models for medical image segmentation. SAMed applies the low-rank-based (LoRA) finetuning strategy to the SAM image encoder and finetunes it together with the prompt encoder and the mask decoder on labeled medical image segmentation datasets. We also observe the warmup finetuning strategy and the AdamW optimizer lead SAMed to successful convergence and lower loss. Different from SAM, SAMed could perform semantic segmentation on medical images. Our trained SAMed model achieves 81.88 DSC and 20.64 HD on the Synapse multi-organ segmentation dataset, which is on par with the state-of-the-art methods. We conduct extensive experiments to validate the effectiveness of our design. Since SAMed only updates a small fraction of the SAM parameters, its deployment cost and storage cost are quite marginal in practical usage. The code of SAMed is available at https://github.com/hitachinsk/SAMed.

Key facts. Cited by 277 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). Builds on 28 of its 38 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 26 Apr 2023.

Builds on

28 of 38 references.

References · 28

  1. 2017Attention Is All You Needcited by 59,932
  2. 2015Deep Residual Learning for Image Recognitioncited by 51,809
  3. 2018BERT: Pre-training of Deep Bidirectional Transformers for Language Understandingcited by 40,204
  4. 2020An Image is Worth 16x16 Words: Transformers for Image Recognition at Scalecited by 29,915
  5. 2015U-Net: Convolutional Networks for Biomedical Image Segmentationcited by 19,604
  6. 2022Training language models to follow instructions with human feedbackcited by 15,712
  7. 2021LoRA: Low-Rank Adaptation of Large Language Modelscited by 14,084
  8. 2023LLaMA: Open and Efficient Foundation Language Modelscited by 13,958
  9. 2021Swin Transformer: Hierarchical Vision Transformer using Shifted Windowscited by 12,082
  10. 2023Segment Anythingcited by 8,158
  11. 2021Zero-Shot Text-to-Image Generationcited by 4,276
  12. 2022Visual Prompt Tuningcited by 1,674
16 more
  1. 2021TransUNet: Transformers Make Strong Encoders for Medical Image Segmentationcited by 1,552
  2. 20163D U-Net: Learning Dense Volumetric Segmentation from Sparse Annotationcited by 1,471
  3. 2018Attention U-Net: Learning Where to Look for the Pancreascited by 1,420
  4. 2021Swin-Unet: Unet-like Pure Transformer for Medical Image Segmentationcited by 1,218
  5. 2020On Layer Normalization in the Transformer Architecturecited by 906
  6. 2019UNet++: Redesigning Skip Connections to Exploit Multiscale Features in Image Segmentationcited by 583
  7. 2018Attention Gated Networks: Learning to Leverage Salient Regions in Medical Imagescited by 271
  8. 2023SegGPT: Segmenting Everything In Contextcited by 193
  9. 2020Medical Image Segmentation Using Deep Learning: A Surveycited by 163
  10. 2023STU-Net: Scalable and Transferable Medical Image Segmentation Models Empowered by Large-Scale Supervised Pre-trainingcited by 96
  11. 2022HiFormer: Hierarchical Multi-scale Representations Using Transformers for Medical Image Segmentationcited by 94
  12. 2023SAM Struggles in Concealed Scenes -- Empirical Study on Segment Anythingcited by 75
  13. 2020Domain Adaptive Relational Reasoning for 3D Multi-Organ Segmentationcited by 48
  14. 2022TransDeepLab: Convolution-Free Transformer-based DeepLab v3+ for Medical Image Segmentationcited by 43
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  16. 2022DAE-Former: Dual Attention-guided Efficient Transformer for Medical Image Segmentationcited by 27

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Cited by year (2026 to 7 Oct)

Citing papers per year: 2023: 58; 2024: 112; 2025: 75; 2026: 32.

277 papers.

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  1. 2024Medical SAM 2: Segment medical images as video via Segment Anything Model 2cited by 151
  2. 2023SAM-Med2Dcited by 123
  3. 2023SurgicalSAM: Efficient Class Promptable Surgical Instrument Segmentationcited by 103
  4. 2024Segment Anything Model for Medical Image Segmentation: Current Applications and Future Directionscited by 97
  5. 2023MA-SAM: Modality-agnostic SAM Adaptation for 3D Medical Image Segmentationcited by 82
  6. 2024Foundation Model for Advancing Healthcare: Challenges, Opportunities, and Future Directionscited by 77
  7. 2023Foundational Models in Medical Imaging: A Comprehensive Survey and Future Visioncited by 74
  8. 2024Convolution Meets LoRA: Parameter Efficient Finetuning for Segment Anything Modelcited by 67
  9. 2024A Survey on LoRA of Large Language Modelscited by 67
  10. 2023A Comprehensive Survey on Segment Anything Model for Vision and Beyondcited by 64
  11. 2024SAM2-UNet: Segment Anything 2 Makes Strong Encoder for Natural and Medical Image Segmentationcited by 63
  12. 2023Parameter-Efficient Fine-Tuning for Medical Image Analysis: The Missed Opportunitycited by 54
38 more
  1. 2023SA-Med2D-20M Dataset: Segment Anything in 2D Medical Imaging with 20 Million maskscited by 54
  2. 2023How to Efficiently Adapt Large Segmentation Model(SAM) to Medical Imagescited by 53
  3. 2024Surgical-DINO: Adapter Learning of Foundation Models for Depth Estimation in Endoscopic Surgerycited by 52
  4. 2024Unleashing the Potential of SAM for Medical Adaptation via Hierarchical Decodingcited by 48
  5. 2023ScribblePrompt: Fast and Flexible Interactive Segmentation for Any Biomedical Imagecited by 47
  6. 2024FairMedFM: Fairness Benchmarking for Medical Imaging Foundation Modelscited by 47
  7. 2023A Survey on Segment Anything Model (SAM): Vision Foundation Model Meets Prompt Engineeringcited by 45
  8. 2024IRSAM: Advancing Segment Anything Model for Infrared Small Target Detectioncited by 45
  9. 2024EndoDAC: Efficient Adapting Foundation Model for Self-Supervised Depth Estimation from Any Endoscopic Cameracited by 42
  10. 2023Beyond Adapting SAM: Towards End-to-End Ultrasound Image Segmentation via Auto Promptingcited by 40
  11. 2024RobustSAM: Segment Anything Robustly on Degraded Imagescited by 36
  12. 2023Self-Prompting Large Vision Models for Few-Shot Medical Image Segmentationcited by 35
  13. 2024Image Segmentation in Foundation Model Era: A Surveycited by 35
  14. 2024Low-Rank Adaptation for Foundation Models: A Comprehensive Reviewcited by 35
  15. 2023SAM3D: Segment Anything Model in Volumetric Medical Imagescited by 34
  16. 2023Artificial General Intelligence for Medical Imaging Analysiscited by 32
  17. 2023Foundation Models for Weather and Climate Data Understanding: A Comprehensive Surveycited by 32
  18. 2024How to build the best medical image segmentation algorithm using foundation models: a comprehensive empirical study with Segment Anything Modelcited by 32
  19. 2023Improving the Generalization of Segmentation Foundation Model under Distribution Shift via Weakly Supervised Adaptationcited by 31
  20. 2023SAM Meets Robotic Surgery: An Empirical Study on Generalization, Robustness and Adaptationcited by 30
  21. 2024Hi-SAM: Marrying Segment Anything Model for Hierarchical Text Segmentationcited by 30
  22. 2024Foundation Models for Biomedical Image Segmentation: A Surveycited by 28
  23. 2024Segment Anything Model for Road Network Graph Extractioncited by 28
  24. 2024CAT-SAM: Conditional Tuning for Few-Shot Adaptation of Segment Anything Modelcited by 27
  25. 2023DeSAM: Decoupled Segment Anything Model for Generalizable Medical Image Segmentationcited by 26
  26. 2023Ladder Fine-tuning approach for SAM integrating complementary networkcited by 25
  27. 2024Test-Time Adaptation with SaLIP: A Cascade of SAM and CLIP for Zero shot Medical Image Segmentationcited by 25
  28. 2023On the Robustness of Segment Anythingcited by 24
  29. 2023RefSAM: Efficiently Adapting Segmenting Anything Model for Referring Video Object Segmentationcited by 24
  30. 2023SAM-PARSER: Fine-tuning SAM Efficiently by Parameter Space Reconstructioncited by 23
  31. 2023FairTune: Optimizing Parameter Efficient Fine Tuning for Fairness in Medical Image Analysiscited by 23
  32. 2024Fantastic Animals and Where to Find Them: Segment Any Marine Animal with Dual SAMcited by 23
  33. 2023I-MedSAM: Implicit Medical Image Segmentation with Segment Anythingcited by 22
  34. 2024UN-SAM: Universal Prompt-Free Segmentation for Generalized Nuclei Imagescited by 22
  35. 2023Towards Segment Anything Model (SAM) for Medical Image Segmentation: A Surveycited by 21
  36. 2023Cheap Lunch for Medical Image Segmentation by Fine-tuning SAM on Few Exemplarscited by 21
  37. 2024SAM 2 in Robotic Surgery: An Empirical Evaluation for Robustness and Generalization in Surgical Video Segmentationcited by 21
  38. 2025Prompt-based Adaptation in Large-scale Vision Models: A Surveycited by 21

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