ImmFusion: Robust mmWave-RGB Fusion for 3D Human Body Reconstruction in All Weather Conditions
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Abstract (arXiv)
3D human reconstruction from RGB images achieves decent results in good weather conditions but degrades dramatically in rough weather. Complementary, mmWave radars have been employed to reconstruct 3D human joints and meshes in rough weather. However, combining RGB and mmWave signals for robust all-weather 3D human reconstruction is still an open challenge, given the sparse nature of mmWave and the vulnerability of RGB images. In this paper, we present ImmFusion, the first mmWave-RGB fusion solution to reconstruct 3D human bodies in all weather conditions robustly. Specifically, our ImmFusion consists of image and point backbones for token feature extraction and a Transformer module for token fusion. The image and point backbones refine global and local features from original data, and the Fusion Transformer Module aims for effective information fusion of two modalities by dynamically selecting informative tokens. Extensive experiments on a large-scale dataset, mmBody, captured in various environments demonstrate that ImmFusion can efficiently utilize the information of two modalities to achieve a robust 3D human body reconstruction in all weather conditions. In addition, our method's accuracy is significantly superior to that of state-of-the-art Transformer-based LiDAR-camera fusion methods.
Key facts. Cited by 21 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). Builds on 22 of its 42 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 4 Oct 2022.
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22 of 42 references.
References · 22
- 2017Attention Is All You Needcited by 59,932
- 2017PointNet++: Deep Hierarchical Feature Learning on Point Sets in a Metric Spacecited by 4,384
- 2019Expressive Body Capture: 3D Hands, Face, and Body from a Single Imagecited by 1,600
- 2019Deep High-Resolution Representation Learning for Visual Recognitioncited by 1,417
- 2019VIBE: Video Inference for Human Body Pose and Shape Estimationcited by 615
- 2022TransFusion: Robust LiDAR-Camera Fusion for 3D Object Detection with Transformerscited by 464
- 2020End-to-End Human Pose and Mesh Reconstruction with Transformerscited by 417
- 2017Joint 3D Proposal Generation and Object Detection from View Aggregationcited by 325
- 2019Convolutional Mesh Regression for Single-Image Human Shape Reconstructioncited by 270
- 2021Mesh Graphormercited by 264
- 2022DeepFusion: Lidar-Camera Deep Fusion for Multi-Modal 3D Object Detectioncited by 224
- 2020CenterFusion: Center-based Radar and Camera Fusion for 3D Object Detectioncited by 159
10 more
- 2022Multimodal Token Fusion for Vision Transformerscited by 132
- 2020ImVoteNet: Boosting 3D Object Detection in Point Clouds with Image Votescited by 119
- 2021Geometry-based Distance Decomposition for Monocular 3D Object Detectioncited by 83
- 2020Human Mesh Recovery from Multiple Shotscited by 52
- 2021Radar-Camera Pixel Depth Association for Depth Completioncited by 49
- 2019Learning 3D Human Shape and Pose from Dense Body Partscited by 48
- 2019Distant Vehicle Detection Using Radar and Visioncited by 44
- 2022CAT-Det: Contrastively Augmented Transformer for Multi-modal 3D Object Detectioncited by 32
- 2022mmBody Benchmark: 3D Body Reconstruction Dataset and Analysis for Millimeter Wave Radarcited by 32
- 2021Rethinking of Radar's Role: A Camera-Radar Dataset and Systematic Annotator via Coordinate Alignmentcited by 23
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Citing papers per year: 2023: 1; 2024: 8; 2025: 7; 2026: 5.
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- 2024RELI11D: A Comprehensive Multimodal Human Motion Dataset and Methodcited by 16
- 2024X-Fi: A Modality-Invariant Foundation Model for Multimodal Human Sensingcited by 12
- 2025Towards Balanced Multi-Modal Learning in 3D Human Pose Estimationcited by 11
- 2024Radar and Camera Fusion for Object Detection and Tracking: A Comprehensive Surveycited by 9
- 2023MMBaT: A Multi-task Framework for mmWave-based Human Body Reconstruction and Translation Predictioncited by 7
- 2025mmDEAR: mmWave Point Cloud Density Enhancement for Accurate Human Body Reconstructioncited by 5
- 2024Neural Rendering and Its Hardware Acceleration: A Reviewcited by 4
- 20244D Radar Semantic Segmentation of People in Field Conditions Using Temporal Multi-View Networkscited by 4
- 2025ClimbingCap: Multi-Modal Dataset and Method for Rock Climbing in World Coordinatecited by 3
- 2025mmEgoHand: Egocentric Hand Pose Estimation and Gesture Recognition with Head-mounted Millimeter-wave Radar and IMUcited by 2
- 2024AdaptiveFusion: Adaptive Multi-Modal Multi-View Fusion for 3D Human Body Reconstructioncited by 1
- 2024MAROON: A Dataset for the Joint Characterization of Near-Field High-Resolution Radio-Frequency and Optical Depth Imaging Techniquescited by 1
9 more
- 2025Synthesizing and Identifying Noise Levels in Autonomous Vehicle Camera Radar Datasetscited by 1
- 2025HoloLLM: Multisensory Foundation Model for Language-Grounded Human Sensing and Reasoningcited by 1
- 2026FlashCap: Millisecond-Accurate Human Motion Capture via Flashing LEDs and Event-Based Visioncited by 1
- 2026A Two-Stage Motion-Aware Framework for mmWave-based Human Mesh Recoverycited by 1
- 2026Wave2Body: Rethinking mmWave Human Pose Estimation as Radar-to-Body Token Translationcited by 1
- 20243D Face Reconstruction From Radar Imagescited by 0
- 2025Wave-Former: Through-Occlusion 3D Reconstruction via Wireless Shape Completioncited by 0
- 2026UMEDA: Unified Multi-modal Efficient Data Fusion for Privacy-Preserving Graph Federated Learning via Spectral-Gated Attention and Diffusion-Based Operator Alignmentcited by 0
- 2026Contrastive Multi-Modal Hypergraph Reasoning for 3D Crowd Mesh Recoverycited by 0
- 2026Wave2Body: Rethinking mmWave Human Pose Estimation as Radar-to-Body Token Translation21 Jul 2026
- 2026A Two-Stage Motion-Aware Framework for mmWave-based Human Mesh Recovery8 May 2026
- 2026UMEDA: Unified Multi-modal Efficient Data Fusion for Privacy-Preserving Graph Federated Learning via Spectral-Gated Attention and Diffusion-Based Operator Alignment8 May 2026
- 2026Contrastive Multi-Modal Hypergraph Reasoning for 3D Crowd Mesh Recovery1 Apr 2026
- 2026FlashCap: Millisecond-Accurate Human Motion Capture via Flashing LEDs and Event-Based Vision20 Mar 2026
- 2025Wave-Former: Through-Occlusion 3D Reconstruction via Wireless Shape Completion18 Nov 2025
- 2025HoloLLM: Multisensory Foundation Model for Language-Grounded Human Sensing and Reasoning23 May 2025
- 2025Synthesizing and Identifying Noise Levels in Autonomous Vehicle Camera Radar Datasets1 May 2025
- 2025ClimbingCap: Multi-Modal Dataset and Method for Rock Climbing in World Coordinate27 Mar 2025
- 2025mmDEAR: mmWave Point Cloud Density Enhancement for Accurate Human Body Reconstruction4 Mar 2025
- 2025mmEgoHand: Egocentric Hand Pose Estimation and Gesture Recognition with Head-mounted Millimeter-wave Radar and IMU23 Jan 2025
- 2025Towards Balanced Multi-Modal Learning in 3D Human Pose Estimation9 Jan 2025
9 more
- 20243D Face Reconstruction From Radar Images3 Dec 2024
- 2024MAROON: A Dataset for the Joint Characterization of Near-Field High-Resolution Radio-Frequency and Optical Depth Imaging Techniques1 Nov 2024
- 2024Radar and Camera Fusion for Object Detection and Tracking: A Comprehensive Survey24 Oct 2024
- 2024X-Fi: A Modality-Invariant Foundation Model for Multimodal Human Sensing14 Oct 2024
- 2024AdaptiveFusion: Adaptive Multi-Modal Multi-View Fusion for 3D Human Body Reconstruction7 Sep 2024
- 20244D Radar Semantic Segmentation of People in Field Conditions Using Temporal Multi-View Networks8 Apr 2024
- 2024RELI11D: A Comprehensive Multimodal Human Motion Dataset and Method28 Mar 2024
- 2024Neural Rendering and Its Hardware Acceleration: A Review6 Jan 2024
- 2023MMBaT: A Multi-task Framework for mmWave-based Human Body Reconstruction and Translation Prediction16 Dec 2023
- 2024RELI11D: A Comprehensive Multimodal Human Motion Dataset and Methodcited by 16
- 2024X-Fi: A Modality-Invariant Foundation Model for Multimodal Human Sensingcited by 12
- 2025Towards Balanced Multi-Modal Learning in 3D Human Pose Estimationcited by 11
- 2024Radar and Camera Fusion for Object Detection and Tracking: A Comprehensive Surveycited by 9
- 2023MMBaT: A Multi-task Framework for mmWave-based Human Body Reconstruction and Translation Predictioncited by 7
- 2025mmDEAR: mmWave Point Cloud Density Enhancement for Accurate Human Body Reconstructioncited by 5
- 2024Neural Rendering and Its Hardware Acceleration: A Reviewcited by 4
- 20244D Radar Semantic Segmentation of People in Field Conditions Using Temporal Multi-View Networkscited by 4
- 2025ClimbingCap: Multi-Modal Dataset and Method for Rock Climbing in World Coordinatecited by 3
- 2025mmEgoHand: Egocentric Hand Pose Estimation and Gesture Recognition with Head-mounted Millimeter-wave Radar and IMUcited by 2
- 2024AdaptiveFusion: Adaptive Multi-Modal Multi-View Fusion for 3D Human Body Reconstructioncited by 1
- 2024MAROON: A Dataset for the Joint Characterization of Near-Field High-Resolution Radio-Frequency and Optical Depth Imaging Techniquescited by 1
12 most cited of 20 All 20 (JSON)
- 2026Wave2Body: Rethinking mmWave Human Pose Estimation as Radar-to-Body Token Translation21 Jul 2026
- 2026A Two-Stage Motion-Aware Framework for mmWave-based Human Mesh Recovery8 May 2026
- 2026UMEDA: Unified Multi-modal Efficient Data Fusion for Privacy-Preserving Graph Federated Learning via Spectral-Gated Attention and Diffusion-Based Operator Alignment8 May 2026
- 2026Contrastive Multi-Modal Hypergraph Reasoning for 3D Crowd Mesh Recovery1 Apr 2026
- 2026FlashCap: Millisecond-Accurate Human Motion Capture via Flashing LEDs and Event-Based Vision20 Mar 2026
- 2025Wave-Former: Through-Occlusion 3D Reconstruction via Wireless Shape Completion18 Nov 2025
- 2025Synthesizing and Identifying Noise Levels in Autonomous Vehicle Camera Radar Datasets1 May 2025
- 2025ClimbingCap: Multi-Modal Dataset and Method for Rock Climbing in World Coordinate27 Mar 2025
- 2025mmDEAR: mmWave Point Cloud Density Enhancement for Accurate Human Body Reconstruction4 Mar 2025
- 2025mmEgoHand: Egocentric Hand Pose Estimation and Gesture Recognition with Head-mounted Millimeter-wave Radar and IMU23 Jan 2025
- 2025Towards Balanced Multi-Modal Learning in 3D Human Pose Estimation9 Jan 2025
- 20243D Face Reconstruction From Radar Images3 Dec 2024
12 newest of 20 All 20 (JSON)