CenterFusion: Center-based Radar and Camera Fusion for 3D Object Detection
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Abstract (arXiv)
The perception system in autonomous vehicles is responsible for detecting and tracking the surrounding objects. This is usually done by taking advantage of several sensing modalities to increase robustness and accuracy, which makes sensor fusion a crucial part of the perception system. In this paper, we focus on the problem of radar and camera sensor fusion and propose a middle-fusion approach to exploit both radar and camera data for 3D object detection. Our approach, called CenterFusion, first uses a center point detection network to detect objects by identifying their center points on the image. It then solves the key data association problem using a novel frustum-based method to associate the radar detections to their corresponding object's center point. The associated radar detections are used to generate radar-based feature maps to complement the image features, and regress to object properties such as depth, rotation and velocity. We evaluate CenterFusion on the challenging nuScenes dataset, where it improves the overall nuScenes Detection Score (NDS) of the state-of-the-art camera-based algorithm by more than 12%. We further show that CenterFusion significantly improves the velocity estimation accuracy without using any additional temporal information. The code is available at https://github.com/mrnabati/CenterFusion .
Key facts. Cited by 161 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026). First posted on arXiv 10 Nov 2020.
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Citing papers per year: 2021: 14; 2022: 30; 2023: 38; 2024: 27; 2025: 25; 2026: 27.
161 papers.
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- 2022BEVFusion: Multi-Task Multi-Sensor Fusion with Unified Bird's-Eye View Representationcited by 850
- 2021BEVDet: High-performance Multi-camera 3D Object Detection in Bird-Eye-Viewcited by 713
- 2021FCOS3D: Fully Convolutional One-Stage Monocular 3D Object Detectioncited by 447
- 2022BEVDet4D: Exploit Temporal Cues in Multi-camera 3D Object Detectioncited by 341
- 2022BEVFusion: A Simple and Robust LiDAR-Camera Fusion Frameworkcited by 336
- 2022FUTR3D: A Unified Sensor Fusion Framework for 3D Detectioncited by 194
- 2021Probabilistic and Geometric Depth: Detecting Objects in Perspectivecited by 191
- 2022BEVerse: Unified Perception and Prediction in Birds-Eye-View for Vision-Centric Autonomous Drivingcited by 191
- 20223D Object Detection for Autonomous Driving: A Comprehensive Surveycited by 132
- 2022Vision-Centric BEV Perception: A Surveycited by 126
- 2022Delving into the Devils of Bird's-eye-view Perception: A Review, Evaluation and Recipecited by 122
- 2022K-Radar: 4D Radar Object Detection for Autonomous Driving in Various Weather Conditionscited by 108
38 more
- 2023CRN: Camera Radar Net for Accurate, Robust, Efficient 3D Perceptioncited by 82
- 2024RCBEVDet: Radar-camera Fusion in Bird's Eye View for 3D Object Detectioncited by 82
- 2022CRAFT: Camera-Radar 3D Object Detection with Spatio-Contextual Fusion Transformercited by 67
- 20223D Object Detection from Images for Autonomous Driving: A Surveycited by 66
- 2021Multi-Modal 3D Object Detection in Autonomous Driving: a Surveycited by 63
- 2023Radar-Camera Fusion for Object Detection and Semantic Segmentation in Autonomous Driving: A Comprehensive Reviewcited by 58
- 2023LXL: LiDAR Excluded Lean 3D Object Detection with 4D Imaging Radar and Camera Fusioncited by 58
- 2021Radar-Camera Pixel Depth Association for Depth Completioncited by 50
- 2022Benchmarking the Robustness of LiDAR-Camera Fusion for 3D Object Detectioncited by 50
- 2022Bridging the View Disparity Between Radar and Camera Features for Multi-modal Fusion 3D Object Detectioncited by 46
- 2025Multimodal Fusion and Vision-Language Models: A Survey for Robot Visioncited by 40
- 2022X-Align: Cross-Modal Cross-View Alignment for Bird's-Eye-View Segmentationcited by 38
- 2023WaterScenes: A Multi-Task 4D Radar-Camera Fusion Dataset and Benchmarks for Autonomous Driving on Water Surfacescited by 35
- 2024Unleashing HyDRa: Hybrid Fusion, Depth Consistency and Radar for Unified 3D Perceptioncited by 35
- 2024OccFusion: Multi-Sensor Fusion Framework for 3D Semantic Occupancy Predictioncited by 32
- 2022HRFuser: A Multi-resolution Sensor Fusion Architecture for 2D Object Detectioncited by 31
- 2022CramNet: Camera-Radar Fusion with Ray-Constrained Cross-Attention for Robust 3D Object Detectioncited by 30
- 2023MVFusion: Multi-View 3D Object Detection with Semantic-aligned Radar and Camera Fusioncited by 29
- 2023Bi-LRFusion: Bi-Directional LiDAR-Radar Fusion for 3D Dynamic Object Detectioncited by 28
- 2024RadarDistill: Boosting Radar-based Object Detection Performance via Knowledge Distillation from LiDAR Featurescited by 28
- 2024CRKD: Enhanced Camera-Radar Object Detection with Cross-modality Knowledge Distillationcited by 28
- 20223D Multi-Object Tracking Using Graph Neural Networks with Cross-Edge Modality Attentioncited by 27
- 2023Echoes Beyond Points: Unleashing the Power of Raw Radar Data in Multi-modality Fusioncited by 25
- 2024SparseLIF: High-Performance Sparse LiDAR-Camera Fusion for 3D Object Detectioncited by 25
- 2023T-FFTRadNet: Object Detection with Swin Vision Transformers from Raw ADC Radar Signalscited by 24
- 2021MmWave Radar and Vision Fusion for Object Detection in Autonomous Driving: A Reviewcited by 23
- 2023RCM-Fusion: Radar-Camera Multi-Level Fusion for 3D Object Detectioncited by 23
- 2022Boosting 3D Object Detection by Simulating Multimodality on Point Cloudscited by 22
- 2023Exploring Radar Data Representations in Autonomous Driving: A Comprehensive Reviewcited by 22
- 2025Doracamom: Joint 3D Detection and Occupancy Prediction with Multi-view 4D Radars and Cameras for Omnidirectional Perceptioncited by 22
- 2022A Survey and Framework of Cooperative Perception: From Heterogeneous Singleton to Hierarchical Cooperationcited by 21
- 2022ImmFusion: Robust mmWave-RGB Fusion for 3D Human Body Reconstruction in All Weather Conditionscited by 21
- 2023MVFAN: Multi-View Feature Assisted Network for 4D Radar Object Detectioncited by 20
- 2024DPFT: Dual Perspective Fusion Transformer for Camera-Radar-based Object Detectioncited by 19
- 2024LiCROcc: Teach Radar for Accurate Semantic Occupancy Prediction using LiDAR and Cameracited by 19
- 2024RaCFormer: Towards High-Quality 3D Object Detection via Query-based Radar-Camera Fusioncited by 19
- 2023Fast-BEV: Towards Real-time On-vehicle Bird's-Eye View Perceptioncited by 18
- 2023HVDetFusion: A Simple and Robust Camera-Radar Fusion Frameworkcited by 18
50 most cited of 161 All 161 (JSON)
- 2026Resource-Efficient 3D Shape and Orientation Estimation of Road Users using Roadside RGB Camera and 3D Radar13 Oct 2026
- 2026Adversarial Robustness of Camera-Radar Sensor Fusion for Autonomous Driving12 Oct 2026
- 2026Segment Any Motion with Radar: Robust Multimodal Moving-Object Segmentation and Tracking8 Sep 2026
- 2026Stereo 4D Radar for 3D Object Detection: Integrating Geometric Alignment and Absolute Velocity Estimation2 Sep 2026
- 2026RLG-TPV: Radar- and LiDAR-Guided Tri-Perspective View Fusion for Camera-Radar 3D Object Detection29 Aug 2026
- 2026MAGneT-3D: Monocular and Domain-Generalizable Temporal 3D Detection14 Aug 2026
- 2026Accurate Localization of Road Traffic Objects on the Road Plane Using Surveillance Camera Imagery6 Aug 2026
- 2026DeeperRadar: End-to-End MIMO Radar Design and Multi-Modal Fusion for Autonomous Vehicle Perception19 Jul 2026
- 20264DR360: State Reasoning for Joint 3D Detection and Occupancy Prediction in 4D Radar-Camera Full-Scene Perception10 Jul 2026
- 2026RAF: Reliability-Aware Fusion of Camera, LiDAR, and 4D RADAR for Robust 3D Object Detection in Adverse Weather6 Jul 2026
- 2026CRISP: A Spatiotemporal Camera-Radar Backbone for Driving via Forecasting-Based World-Model Pretraining5 Jul 2026
- 2026NavEYE: Vision-Centered Multi-Sensor Fusion-Based Situational Awareness System for Intelligent Surface Vehicles4 Jul 2026
38 more
- 2026LLM-Empowered Multimodal Fusion Framework for Autonomous Driving: Semantic Enhancement and Channel-Adaptive Design2 Jul 2026
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- 2026Depth-Semantic Alignment and Affinity-Guided Fusion for Structured Radar Point Cloud Generation25 Jun 2026
- 20264D Radar Meets LiDAR and Camera: Cooperative Perception under Adverse Weather29 May 2026
- 2026Control Your Queries: Heterogeneous Query Interaction for Camera-Radar Fusion28 Apr 2026
- 2026CLLAP: Contrastive Learning-based LiDAR-Augmented Pretraining for Enhanced Radar-Camera Fusion27 Apr 2026
- 2026Radar-Informed 3D Multi-Object Tracking under Adverse Conditions15 Apr 2026
- 2026Radar-Camera BEV Multi-Task Learning with Cross-Task Attention Bridge for Joint 3D Detection and Segmentation14 Apr 2026
- 2026Multi-Modal Sensor Fusion using Hybrid Attention for Autonomous Driving6 Apr 2026
- 2026physfusion: A Transformer-based Dual-Stream Radar and Vision Fusion Framework for Open Water Surface Object Detection2 Mar 2026
- 2026RC-GeoCP: Geometric Consensus for 4D Radar-Camera Collaborative Perception28 Feb 2026
- 2026Boosting Instance Awareness via Cross-View Correlation with 4D Radar and Camera for 3D Object Detection24 Feb 2026
- 2026SDCM: Simulated Densifying and Compensatory Modeling Fusion for Radar-Vision 3-D Object Detection in Internet of Vehicles29 Jan 2026
- 2026Instance-Guided Radar Depth Estimation for 3D Object Detection27 Jan 2026
- 2025Wavelet-based Multi-View Fusion of 4D Radar Tensor and Camera for Robust 3D Object Detection28 Dec 2025
- 2025End-to-End 3-D Spatiotemporal Perception with Multimodal Fusion and V2X Collaboration26 Dec 2025
- 2025IMKD: Intensity-Aware Multi-Level Knowledge Distillation for Camera-Radar Fusion17 Dec 2025
- 2025nuScenes Revisited: Progress and Challenges in Autonomous Driving2 Dec 2025
- 2025Graph Query Networks for Object Detection with Automotive Radar19 Nov 2025
- 2025REOcc: Camera-Radar Fusion with Radar Feature Enrichment for 3D Occupancy Prediction10 Nov 2025
- 2025PAN: Pillars-Attention-Based Network for 3D Object Detection19 Sep 2025
- 2025S-LAM3D: Segmentation-Guided Monocular 3D Object Detection via Feature Space Fusion7 Sep 2025
- 2025CRAB: Camera-Radar Fusion for Reducing Depth Ambiguity in Backward Projection based View Transformation6 Sep 2025
- 2025SliceSemOcc: Vertical Slice Based Multimodal 3D Semantic Occupancy Representation4 Sep 2025
- 2025SAMFusion: Sensor-Adaptive Multimodal Fusion for 3D Object Detection in Adverse Weather22 Aug 2025
- 2025CORENet: Cross-Modal 4D Radar Denoising Network with LiDAR Supervision for Autonomous Driving19 Aug 2025
- 2025SpaRC-AD: A Baseline for Radar-Camera Fusion in End-to-End Autonomous Driving14 Aug 2025
- 2025Collaborative Perceiver: Elevating Vision-based 3D Object Detection via Local Density-Aware Spatial Occupancy28 Jul 2025
- 2025RaGS: Unleashing 3D Gaussian Splatting from 4D Radar and Monocular Cues for 3D Object Detection26 Jul 2025
- 2025GaussianFusionOcc: A Seamless Sensor Fusion Approach for 3D Occupancy Prediction Using 3D Gaussians24 Jul 2025
- 2025Integrating Multi-Modal Sensors: A Review of Fusion Techniques for Intelligent Vehicles27 Jun 2025
- 2025A Survey of Multi-sensor Fusion Perception for Embodied AI: Background, Methods, Challenges and Prospects24 Jun 2025
- 2025RESAR-BEV: An Explainable Progressive Residual Autoregressive Approach for Camera-Radar Fusion in BEV Segmentation10 May 2025
- 2025Revisiting Radar Camera Alignment by Contrastive Learning for 3D Object Detection23 Apr 2025
- 2025RADLER: Radar Object Detection Leveraging Semantic 3D City Models and Self-Supervised Radar-Image Learning16 Apr 2025
- 2025RICCARDO: Radar Hit Prediction and Convolution for Camera-Radar 3D Object Detection12 Apr 2025
- 2025Multimodal Fusion and Vision-Language Models: A Survey for Robot Vision3 Apr 2025
50 newest of 161 All 161 (JSON)
- 2024A Survey of Deep Learning Based Radar and Vision Fusion for 3D Object Detection in Autonomous Drivingcited by 3
- 2025SpaRC-AD: A Baseline for Radar-Camera Fusion in End-to-End Autonomous Drivingcited by 1
- 2026LLM-Empowered Multimodal Fusion Framework for Autonomous Driving: Semantic Enhancement and Channel-Adaptive Designcited by 0
- 2026DeeperRadar: End-to-End MIMO Radar Design and Multi-Modal Fusion for Autonomous Vehicle Perceptioncited by 0
- 2026DeeperRadar: End-to-End MIMO Radar Design and Multi-Modal Fusion for Autonomous Vehicle Perception19 Jul 2026
- 2026LLM-Empowered Multimodal Fusion Framework for Autonomous Driving: Semantic Enhancement and Channel-Adaptive Design2 Jul 2026
- 2025SpaRC-AD: A Baseline for Radar-Camera Fusion in End-to-End Autonomous Driving14 Aug 2025
- 2024A Survey of Deep Learning Based Radar and Vision Fusion for 3D Object Detection in Autonomous Driving2 Jun 2024
- 2024RadarDistill: Boosting Radar-based Object Detection Performance via Knowledge Distillation from LiDAR Featurescited by 28
- 2024CRKD: Enhanced Camera-Radar Object Detection with Cross-modality Knowledge Distillationcited by 28
- 2025IMKD: Intensity-Aware Multi-Level Knowledge Distillation for Camera-Radar Fusioncited by 0
- 2025IMKD: Intensity-Aware Multi-Level Knowledge Distillation for Camera-Radar Fusion17 Dec 2025
- 2024CRKD: Enhanced Camera-Radar Object Detection with Cross-modality Knowledge Distillation28 Mar 2024
- 2024RadarDistill: Boosting Radar-based Object Detection Performance via Knowledge Distillation from LiDAR Features8 Mar 2024
- 2022BEVFusion: Multi-Task Multi-Sensor Fusion with Unified Bird's-Eye View Representationcited by 850
- 2021BEVDet: High-performance Multi-camera 3D Object Detection in Bird-Eye-Viewcited by 713
- 2021FCOS3D: Fully Convolutional One-Stage Monocular 3D Object Detectioncited by 447
- 2022BEVDet4D: Exploit Temporal Cues in Multi-camera 3D Object Detectioncited by 341
- 2022BEVFusion: A Simple and Robust LiDAR-Camera Fusion Frameworkcited by 336
- 2022FUTR3D: A Unified Sensor Fusion Framework for 3D Detectioncited by 194
- 2021Probabilistic and Geometric Depth: Detecting Objects in Perspectivecited by 191
- 2022BEVerse: Unified Perception and Prediction in Birds-Eye-View for Vision-Centric Autonomous Drivingcited by 191
- 20223D Object Detection for Autonomous Driving: A Comprehensive Surveycited by 132
- 2022Vision-Centric BEV Perception: A Surveycited by 126
- 2022Delving into the Devils of Bird's-eye-view Perception: A Review, Evaluation and Recipecited by 122
- 2022K-Radar: 4D Radar Object Detection for Autonomous Driving in Various Weather Conditionscited by 108
12 most cited of 152 All 152 (JSON)
- 2026Resource-Efficient 3D Shape and Orientation Estimation of Road Users using Roadside RGB Camera and 3D Radar13 Oct 2026
- 2026Adversarial Robustness of Camera-Radar Sensor Fusion for Autonomous Driving12 Oct 2026
- 2026Segment Any Motion with Radar: Robust Multimodal Moving-Object Segmentation and Tracking8 Sep 2026
- 2026Stereo 4D Radar for 3D Object Detection: Integrating Geometric Alignment and Absolute Velocity Estimation2 Sep 2026
- 2026RLG-TPV: Radar- and LiDAR-Guided Tri-Perspective View Fusion for Camera-Radar 3D Object Detection29 Aug 2026
- 2026MAGneT-3D: Monocular and Domain-Generalizable Temporal 3D Detection14 Aug 2026
- 2026Accurate Localization of Road Traffic Objects on the Road Plane Using Surveillance Camera Imagery6 Aug 2026
- 20264DR360: State Reasoning for Joint 3D Detection and Occupancy Prediction in 4D Radar-Camera Full-Scene Perception10 Jul 2026
- 2026RAF: Reliability-Aware Fusion of Camera, LiDAR, and 4D RADAR for Robust 3D Object Detection in Adverse Weather6 Jul 2026
- 2026NavEYE: Vision-Centered Multi-Sensor Fusion-Based Situational Awareness System for Intelligent Surface Vehicles4 Jul 2026
- 2026GaussianMap: Learning Gaussian Representation for Multi-Sensor Online HD Map Construction30 Jun 2026
- 2026Radar Guided Camera Verification for Automatic Emergency Braking Rethinking Object Detection in Radar Camera Fusion25 Jun 2026
12 newest of 152 All 152 (JSON)