mlsanityData to 7 Oct 2026

Multimodal Token Fusion for Vision Transformers

arXiv 2204.08721 ↗First posted 19 Apr 2022cs.CVcited by 132

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Abstract (arXiv)

Many adaptations of transformers have emerged to address the single-modal vision tasks, where self-attention modules are stacked to handle input sources like images. Intuitively, feeding multiple modalities of data to vision transformers could improve the performance, yet the inner-modal attentive weights may also be diluted, which could thus undermine the final performance. In this paper, we propose a multimodal token fusion method (TokenFusion), tailored for transformer-based vision tasks. To effectively fuse multiple modalities, TokenFusion dynamically detects uninformative tokens and substitutes these tokens with projected and aggregated inter-modal features. Residual positional alignment is also adopted to enable explicit utilization of the inter-modal alignments after fusion. The design of TokenFusion allows the transformer to learn correlations among multimodal features, while the single-modal transformer architecture remains largely intact. Extensive experiments are conducted on a variety of homogeneous and heterogeneous modalities and demonstrate that TokenFusion surpasses state-of-the-art methods in three typical vision tasks: multimodal image-to-image translation, RGB-depth semantic segmentation, and 3D object detection with point cloud and images. Our code is available at https://github.com/yikaiw/TokenFusion.

Key facts. Cited by 132 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). Builds on 36 of its 47 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 19 Apr 2022.

Builds on

36 of 47 references.

References · 36

  1. 2017Attention Is All You Needcited by 59,932
  2. 2020An Image is Worth 16x16 Words: Transformers for Image Recognition at Scalecited by 29,915
  3. 2019PyTorch: An Imperative Style, High-Performance Deep Learning Librarycited by 20,160
  4. 2021Swin Transformer: Hierarchical Vision Transformer using Shifted Windowscited by 12,082
  5. 2020End-to-End Object Detection with Transformerscited by 7,384
  6. 2015Rethinking the Inception Architecture for Computer Visioncited by 5,451
  7. 2014Fully Convolutional Networks for Semantic Segmentationcited by 4,845
  8. 2017PointNet++: Deep Hierarchical Feature Learning on Point Sets in a Metric Spacecited by 4,384
  9. 2020Deformable DETR: Deformable Transformers for End-to-End Object Detectioncited by 3,410
  10. 2017ScanNet: Richly-annotated 3D Reconstructions of Indoor Scenescited by 3,088
  11. 2021SegFormer: Simple and Efficient Design for Semantic Segmentation with Transformerscited by 2,923
  12. 2020Rethinking Semantic Segmentation from a Sequence-to-Sequence Perspective with Transformerscited by 1,368
24 more
  1. 2018Demystifying MMD GANscited by 1,268
  2. 2021ViLT: Vision-and-Language Transformer Without Convolution or Region Supervisioncited by 1,224
  3. 2019VL-BERT: Pre-training of Generic Visual-Linguistic Representationscited by 954
  4. 2021DynamicViT: Efficient Vision Transformers with Dynamic Token Sparsificationcited by 849
  5. 2019Deep Hough Voting for 3D Object Detection in Point Cloudscited by 648
  6. 2018Taskonomy: Disentangling Task Transfer Learningcited by 631
  7. 2021Multi-Modal Fusion Transformer for End-to-End Autonomous Drivingcited by 372
  8. 2021Attention Bottlenecks for Multimodal Fusioncited by 361
  9. 2021Group-Free 3D Object Detection via Transformerscited by 215
  10. 2021You Only Look at One Sequence: Rethinking Transformer in Vision through Object Detectioncited by 170
  11. 2021TransGAN: Two Pure Transformers Can Make One Strong GAN, and That Can Scale Upcited by 162
  12. 20203D-MPA: Multi Proposal Aggregation for 3D Semantic Instance Segmentationcited by 140
  13. 2020H3DNet: 3D Object Detection Using Hybrid Geometric Primitivescited by 123
  14. 2020ImVoteNet: Boosting 3D Object Detection in Point Clouds with Image Votescited by 119
  15. 2020Deep Multimodal Fusion by Channel Exchangingcited by 117
  16. 2021TransformerFusion: Monocular RGB Scene Reconstruction using Transformerscited by 107
  17. 2021FuseFormer: Fusing Fine-Grained Information in Transformers for Video Inpaintingcited by 94
  18. 2020MLCVNet: Multi-Level Context VoteNet for 3D Object Detectioncited by 80
  19. 2018Self-Supervised Model Adaptation for Multimodal Semantic Segmentationcited by 73
  20. 2020Generative Sparse Detection Networks for 3D Single-shot Object Detectioncited by 69
  21. 2021Learning Deep Multimodal Feature Representation with Asymmetric Multi-layer Fusioncited by 25
  22. 2021Image Fusion Transformercited by 24
  23. 2020Modality Compensation Network: Cross-Modal Adaptation for Action Recognitioncited by 16
  24. 2021PPT Fusion: Pyramid Patch Transformerfor a Case Study in Image Fusioncited by 7

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Cited by year (2026 to 7 Oct)

Citing papers per year: 2022: 6; 2023: 32; 2024: 36; 2025: 38; 2026: 20.

132 papers.

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  1. 2022Multimodal Learning with Transformers: A Surveycited by 399
  2. 2023From Sparse to Soft Mixtures of Expertscited by 245
  3. 2023Delivering Arbitrary-Modal Semantic Segmentationcited by 115
  4. 2023Provable Dynamic Fusion for Low-Quality Multimodal Datacited by 81
  5. 2024Sigma: Siamese Mamba Network for Multi-Modal Semantic Segmentationcited by 71
  6. 2022CAGroup3D: Class-Aware Grouping for 3D Object Detection on Point Cloudscited by 58
  7. 2023DFormer: Rethinking RGBD Representation Learning for Semantic Segmentationcited by 58
  8. 2023C2Former: Calibrated and Complementary Transformer for RGB-Infrared Object Detectioncited by 57
  9. 2024UniBind: LLM-Augmented Unified and Balanced Representation Space to Bind Them Allcited by 49
  10. 2024Multimodal Fusion on Low-quality Data: A Comprehensive Surveycited by 48
  11. 2024GeminiFusion: Efficient Pixel-wise Multimodal Fusion for Vision Transformercited by 42
  12. 2024StitchFusion: Weaving Any Visual Modalities to Enhance Multimodal Semantic Segmentationcited by 38
38 more
  1. 2023TR3D: Towards Real-Time Indoor 3D Object Detectioncited by 32
  2. 2025DFormerv2: Geometry Self-Attention for RGBD Semantic Segmentationcited by 30
  3. 2024Learning Modality-agnostic Representation for Semantic Segmentation from Any Modalitiescited by 29
  4. 2023Robust Multimodal Learning with Missing Modalities via Parameter-Efficient Adaptationcited by 27
  5. 2023Uni3DETR: Unified 3D Detection Transformercited by 26
  6. 2023Efficient Multimodal Semantic Segmentation via Dual-Prompt Learningcited by 25
  7. 2023Missing Modality Robustness in Semi-Supervised Multi-Modal Semantic Segmentationcited by 24
  8. 2024GiT: Towards Generalist Vision Transformer through Universal Language Interfacecited by 23
  9. 2022ImmFusion: Robust mmWave-RGB Fusion for 3D Human Body Reconstruction in All Weather Conditionscited by 21
  10. 2024Centering the Value of Every Modality: Towards Efficient and Resilient Modality-agnostic Semantic Segmentationcited by 21
  11. 2023Unsupervised Semantic Segmentation Through Depth-Guided Feature Correlation and Samplingcited by 19
  12. 2024OV-Uni3DETR: Towards Unified Open-Vocabulary 3D Object Detection via Cycle-Modality Propagationcited by 19
  13. 2023Single Frame Semantic Segmentation Using Multi-Modal Spherical Imagescited by 18
  14. 2024AUCSeg: AUC-oriented Pixel-level Long-tail Semantic Segmentationcited by 18
  15. 2025Benchmarking Multi-modal Semantic Segmentation under Sensor Failures: Missing and Noisy Modality Robustnesscited by 18
  16. 2024SLAB: Efficient Transformers with Simplified Linear Attention and Progressive Re-parameterized Batch Normalizationcited by 17
  17. 2023AsymFormer: Asymmetrical Cross-Modal Representation Learning for Mobile Platform Real-Time RGB-D Semantic Segmentationcited by 16
  18. 2025RingMoE: Mixture-of-Modality-Experts Multi-Modal Foundation Models for Universal Remote Sensing Image Interpretationcited by 16
  19. 2023An Object SLAM Framework for Association, Mapping, and High-Level Taskscited by 15
  20. 2023Point-GCC: Universal Self-supervised 3D Scene Pre-training via Geometry-Color Contrastcited by 14
  21. 2023Joyful: Joint Modality Fusion and Graph Contrastive Learning for Multimodal Emotion Recognitioncited by 14
  22. 2024S3M-Net: Joint Learning of Semantic Segmentation and Stereo Matching for Autonomous Drivingcited by 14
  23. 2023Pixel Difference Convolutional Network for RGB-D Semantic Segmentationcited by 13
  24. 2024WaterVG: Waterway Visual Grounding based on Text-Guided Vision and mmWave Radarcited by 13
  25. 2024MICDrop: Masking Image and Depth Features via Complementary Dropout for Domain-Adaptive Semantic Segmentationcited by 13
  26. 2023Learning Unseen Modality Interactioncited by 12
  27. 2023Recent Advances in Multi-modal 3D Intelligence: A Comprehensive Survey and Evaluationcited by 12
  28. 2024MAGIC++: Efficient and Resilient Modality-Agnostic Semantic Segmentation via Hierarchical Modality Selectioncited by 12
  29. 2023ASY-VRNet: Waterway Panoptic Driving Perception Model based on Asymmetric Fair Fusion of Vision and 4D mmWave Radarcited by 11
  30. 2024HAPNet: Toward Superior RGB-Thermal Scene Parsing via Hybrid, Asymmetric, and Progressive Heterogeneous Feature Fusioncited by 10
  31. 2024PRANCE: Joint Token-Optimization and Structural Channel-Pruning for Adaptive ViT Inferencecited by 10
  32. 2024MMP: Towards Robust Multi-Modal Learning with Masked Modality Projectioncited by 10
  33. 2024Learning Robust Anymodal Segmentor with Unimodal and Cross-modal Distillationcited by 10
  34. 2025Position: Foundation Models Need Digital Twin Representationscited by 10
  35. 2022DCANet: Differential Convolution Attention Network for RGB-D Semantic Segmentationcited by 9
  36. 2024Radar and Camera Fusion for Object Detection and Tracking: A Comprehensive Surveycited by 9
  37. 2025Unveiling the Potential of Segment Anything Model 2 for RGB-Thermal Semantic Segmentation with Language Guidancecited by 9
  38. 2025Reducing Unimodal Bias in Multi-Modal Semantic Segmentation with Multi-Scale Functional Entropy Regularizationcited by 9

50 most cited of 132 All 132 (JSON)