Multimodal Token Fusion for Vision Transformers
Not on the map. Why?
Abstract (arXiv)
Many adaptations of transformers have emerged to address the single-modal vision tasks, where self-attention modules are stacked to handle input sources like images. Intuitively, feeding multiple modalities of data to vision transformers could improve the performance, yet the inner-modal attentive weights may also be diluted, which could thus undermine the final performance. In this paper, we propose a multimodal token fusion method (TokenFusion), tailored for transformer-based vision tasks. To effectively fuse multiple modalities, TokenFusion dynamically detects uninformative tokens and substitutes these tokens with projected and aggregated inter-modal features. Residual positional alignment is also adopted to enable explicit utilization of the inter-modal alignments after fusion. The design of TokenFusion allows the transformer to learn correlations among multimodal features, while the single-modal transformer architecture remains largely intact. Extensive experiments are conducted on a variety of homogeneous and heterogeneous modalities and demonstrate that TokenFusion surpasses state-of-the-art methods in three typical vision tasks: multimodal image-to-image translation, RGB-depth semantic segmentation, and 3D object detection with point cloud and images. Our code is available at https://github.com/yikaiw/TokenFusion.
Key facts. Cited by 132 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). Builds on 36 of its 47 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 19 Apr 2022.
Builds on
36 of 47 references.
References · 36
- 2017Attention Is All You Needcited by 59,932
- 2020An Image is Worth 16x16 Words: Transformers for Image Recognition at Scalecited by 29,915
- 2019PyTorch: An Imperative Style, High-Performance Deep Learning Librarycited by 20,160
- 2021Swin Transformer: Hierarchical Vision Transformer using Shifted Windowscited by 12,082
- 2020End-to-End Object Detection with Transformerscited by 7,384
- 2015Rethinking the Inception Architecture for Computer Visioncited by 5,451
- 2014Fully Convolutional Networks for Semantic Segmentationcited by 4,845
- 2017PointNet++: Deep Hierarchical Feature Learning on Point Sets in a Metric Spacecited by 4,384
- 2020Deformable DETR: Deformable Transformers for End-to-End Object Detectioncited by 3,410
- 2017ScanNet: Richly-annotated 3D Reconstructions of Indoor Scenescited by 3,088
- 2021SegFormer: Simple and Efficient Design for Semantic Segmentation with Transformerscited by 2,923
- 2020Rethinking Semantic Segmentation from a Sequence-to-Sequence Perspective with Transformerscited by 1,368
24 more
- 2018Demystifying MMD GANscited by 1,268
- 2021ViLT: Vision-and-Language Transformer Without Convolution or Region Supervisioncited by 1,224
- 2019VL-BERT: Pre-training of Generic Visual-Linguistic Representationscited by 954
- 2021DynamicViT: Efficient Vision Transformers with Dynamic Token Sparsificationcited by 849
- 2019Deep Hough Voting for 3D Object Detection in Point Cloudscited by 648
- 2018Taskonomy: Disentangling Task Transfer Learningcited by 631
- 2021Multi-Modal Fusion Transformer for End-to-End Autonomous Drivingcited by 372
- 2021Attention Bottlenecks for Multimodal Fusioncited by 361
- 2021Group-Free 3D Object Detection via Transformerscited by 215
- 2021You Only Look at One Sequence: Rethinking Transformer in Vision through Object Detectioncited by 170
- 2021TransGAN: Two Pure Transformers Can Make One Strong GAN, and That Can Scale Upcited by 162
- 20203D-MPA: Multi Proposal Aggregation for 3D Semantic Instance Segmentationcited by 140
- 2020H3DNet: 3D Object Detection Using Hybrid Geometric Primitivescited by 123
- 2020ImVoteNet: Boosting 3D Object Detection in Point Clouds with Image Votescited by 119
- 2020Deep Multimodal Fusion by Channel Exchangingcited by 117
- 2021TransformerFusion: Monocular RGB Scene Reconstruction using Transformerscited by 107
- 2021FuseFormer: Fusing Fine-Grained Information in Transformers for Video Inpaintingcited by 94
- 2020MLCVNet: Multi-Level Context VoteNet for 3D Object Detectioncited by 80
- 2018Self-Supervised Model Adaptation for Multimodal Semantic Segmentationcited by 73
- 2020Generative Sparse Detection Networks for 3D Single-shot Object Detectioncited by 69
- 2021Learning Deep Multimodal Feature Representation with Asymmetric Multi-layer Fusioncited by 25
- 2021Image Fusion Transformercited by 24
- 2020Modality Compensation Network: Cross-Modal Adaptation for Action Recognitioncited by 16
- 2021PPT Fusion: Pyramid Patch Transformerfor a Case Study in Image Fusioncited by 7
Built on by
Citing papers per year: 2022: 6; 2023: 32; 2024: 36; 2025: 38; 2026: 20.
132 papers.
Sort:
By area:
- 2022Multimodal Learning with Transformers: A Surveycited by 399
- 2023From Sparse to Soft Mixtures of Expertscited by 245
- 2023Delivering Arbitrary-Modal Semantic Segmentationcited by 115
- 2023Provable Dynamic Fusion for Low-Quality Multimodal Datacited by 81
- 2024Sigma: Siamese Mamba Network for Multi-Modal Semantic Segmentationcited by 71
- 2022CAGroup3D: Class-Aware Grouping for 3D Object Detection on Point Cloudscited by 58
- 2023DFormer: Rethinking RGBD Representation Learning for Semantic Segmentationcited by 58
- 2023C2Former: Calibrated and Complementary Transformer for RGB-Infrared Object Detectioncited by 57
- 2024UniBind: LLM-Augmented Unified and Balanced Representation Space to Bind Them Allcited by 49
- 2024Multimodal Fusion on Low-quality Data: A Comprehensive Surveycited by 48
- 2024GeminiFusion: Efficient Pixel-wise Multimodal Fusion for Vision Transformercited by 42
- 2024StitchFusion: Weaving Any Visual Modalities to Enhance Multimodal Semantic Segmentationcited by 38
38 more
- 2023TR3D: Towards Real-Time Indoor 3D Object Detectioncited by 32
- 2025DFormerv2: Geometry Self-Attention for RGBD Semantic Segmentationcited by 30
- 2024Learning Modality-agnostic Representation for Semantic Segmentation from Any Modalitiescited by 29
- 2023Robust Multimodal Learning with Missing Modalities via Parameter-Efficient Adaptationcited by 27
- 2023Uni3DETR: Unified 3D Detection Transformercited by 26
- 2023Efficient Multimodal Semantic Segmentation via Dual-Prompt Learningcited by 25
- 2023Missing Modality Robustness in Semi-Supervised Multi-Modal Semantic Segmentationcited by 24
- 2024GiT: Towards Generalist Vision Transformer through Universal Language Interfacecited by 23
- 2022ImmFusion: Robust mmWave-RGB Fusion for 3D Human Body Reconstruction in All Weather Conditionscited by 21
- 2024Centering the Value of Every Modality: Towards Efficient and Resilient Modality-agnostic Semantic Segmentationcited by 21
- 2023Unsupervised Semantic Segmentation Through Depth-Guided Feature Correlation and Samplingcited by 19
- 2024OV-Uni3DETR: Towards Unified Open-Vocabulary 3D Object Detection via Cycle-Modality Propagationcited by 19
- 2023Single Frame Semantic Segmentation Using Multi-Modal Spherical Imagescited by 18
- 2024AUCSeg: AUC-oriented Pixel-level Long-tail Semantic Segmentationcited by 18
- 2025Benchmarking Multi-modal Semantic Segmentation under Sensor Failures: Missing and Noisy Modality Robustnesscited by 18
- 2024SLAB: Efficient Transformers with Simplified Linear Attention and Progressive Re-parameterized Batch Normalizationcited by 17
- 2023AsymFormer: Asymmetrical Cross-Modal Representation Learning for Mobile Platform Real-Time RGB-D Semantic Segmentationcited by 16
- 2025RingMoE: Mixture-of-Modality-Experts Multi-Modal Foundation Models for Universal Remote Sensing Image Interpretationcited by 16
- 2023An Object SLAM Framework for Association, Mapping, and High-Level Taskscited by 15
- 2023Point-GCC: Universal Self-supervised 3D Scene Pre-training via Geometry-Color Contrastcited by 14
- 2023Joyful: Joint Modality Fusion and Graph Contrastive Learning for Multimodal Emotion Recognitioncited by 14
- 2024S3M-Net: Joint Learning of Semantic Segmentation and Stereo Matching for Autonomous Drivingcited by 14
- 2023Pixel Difference Convolutional Network for RGB-D Semantic Segmentationcited by 13
- 2024WaterVG: Waterway Visual Grounding based on Text-Guided Vision and mmWave Radarcited by 13
- 2024MICDrop: Masking Image and Depth Features via Complementary Dropout for Domain-Adaptive Semantic Segmentationcited by 13
- 2023Learning Unseen Modality Interactioncited by 12
- 2023Recent Advances in Multi-modal 3D Intelligence: A Comprehensive Survey and Evaluationcited by 12
- 2024MAGIC++: Efficient and Resilient Modality-Agnostic Semantic Segmentation via Hierarchical Modality Selectioncited by 12
- 2023ASY-VRNet: Waterway Panoptic Driving Perception Model based on Asymmetric Fair Fusion of Vision and 4D mmWave Radarcited by 11
- 2024HAPNet: Toward Superior RGB-Thermal Scene Parsing via Hybrid, Asymmetric, and Progressive Heterogeneous Feature Fusioncited by 10
- 2024PRANCE: Joint Token-Optimization and Structural Channel-Pruning for Adaptive ViT Inferencecited by 10
- 2024MMP: Towards Robust Multi-Modal Learning with Masked Modality Projectioncited by 10
- 2024Learning Robust Anymodal Segmentor with Unimodal and Cross-modal Distillationcited by 10
- 2025Position: Foundation Models Need Digital Twin Representationscited by 10
- 2022DCANet: Differential Convolution Attention Network for RGB-D Semantic Segmentationcited by 9
- 2024Radar and Camera Fusion for Object Detection and Tracking: A Comprehensive Surveycited by 9
- 2025Unveiling the Potential of Segment Anything Model 2 for RGB-Thermal Semantic Segmentation with Language Guidancecited by 9
- 2025Reducing Unimodal Bias in Multi-Modal Semantic Segmentation with Multi-Scale Functional Entropy Regularizationcited by 9
50 most cited of 132 All 132 (JSON)
- 2026RGBD20K: A Large-Scale Benchmark for RGB-D Semantic Segmentation24 Sep 2026
- 2026DIFTA-3D: Depth-Consistent Instance-Level Feature Transfer and Adaptation of DINOv3 for 3D Detection22 Sep 2026
- 2026GAAT: Geometry-Aware Alignment Transformer for Multimodal UAV Perception28 Aug 2026
- 2026DINOcular: Self-Supervised Visuospatial Representations27 Aug 2026
- 2026Moving Beyond More Views: Redundancy-Aware Ego-Exo Fusion for Proficiency Estimation26 Aug 2026
- 2026A Critical Synthesis of Uncertainty Quantification and Foundation Models for Semantic Segmentation19 Aug 2026
- 2026Fusion Anything: A Generalized Multimodal Foundation Model16 Aug 2026
- 2026CRUISE: Vision-Language Model-Guided Uncertainty-Aware Cross-Modal Sensor Fusion for Robust Autonomous Driving10 Aug 2026
- 2026RegisterBridgeMM: A Register-Centric Framework for RGB-Infrared Object Detection5 Aug 2026
- 2026Compass: Degradation-Simulated Reciprocal Learning with Lightweight Needle RWKV for Multimodal Crack Segmentation under Missing Modalities4 Aug 2026
- 2026Reducing Temporal Redundancy for Efficient Vision-Language-Action Inference14 Jul 2026
- 2026Weaving Light and Time: Unified Harmonic-Geometric Representation Learning for Dense RGB-Event Parsing10 Jul 2026
38 more
- 2026ELSA3D: Elastic Semantic Anchoring for Unified 3D Understanding and Generation7 Jul 2026
- 2026RegimeVGGT: Layer-Wise Spatially Preserving Redundancy Removal for Visual Geometry Grounded Transformer16 Jun 2026
- 2026RelFlexformer: Efficient Attention 3D-Transformers for Integrable Relative Positional Encodings11 May 2026
- 2026RSGMamba: Reliability-Aware Self-Gated State Space Model for Multimodal Semantic Segmentation14 Apr 2026
- 2026CrossWeaver: Cross-modal Weaving for Arbitrary-Modality Semantic Segmentation3 Apr 2026
- 2026AlignMamba-2: Enhancing Multimodal Fusion and Sentiment Analysis with Modality-Aware Mamba19 Mar 2026
- 2026DriveXQA: Cross-modal Visual Question Answering for Adverse Driving Scene Understanding11 Mar 2026
- 2026A Mechanistic View on Video Generation as World Models: State and Dynamics22 Jan 2026
- 2025GraphFusion3D: Dynamic Graph Attention Convolution with Adaptive Cross-Modal Transformer for 3D Object Detection2 Dec 2025
- 2025Transformer-Driven Triple Fusion Framework for Enhanced Multimodal Author Intent Classification in Low-Resource Bangla28 Nov 2025
- 2025DiffPixelFormer: Differential Pixel-Aware Transformer for RGB-D Indoor Scene Segmentation17 Nov 2025
- 2025Re-coding for Uncertainties: Edge-awareness Semantic Concordance for Resilient Event-RGB Segmentation11 Nov 2025
- 2025MULTIBENCH++: A Unified and Comprehensive Multimodal Fusion Benchmarking Across Specialized Domains9 Nov 2025
- 2025Robust Multimodal Semantic Segmentation with Balanced Modality Contributions29 Sep 2025
- 2025UniMRSeg: Unified Modality-Relax Segmentation via Hierarchical Self-Supervised Compensation19 Sep 2025
- 2025OmniSegmentor: A Flexible Multi-Modal Learning Framework for Semantic Segmentation18 Sep 2025
- 2025MMMS: Multi-Modal Multi-Surface Interactive Segmentation16 Sep 2025
- 2025Multimodal SAM-adapter for Semantic Segmentation12 Sep 2025
- 2025Adaptive Point-Prompt Tuning: Fine-Tuning Heterogeneous Foundation Models for 3D Point Cloud Analysis30 Aug 2025
- 2025HiddenObject: Modality-Agnostic Fusion for Multimodal Hidden Object Detection28 Aug 2025
- 2025Multimodal Medical Endoscopic Image Analysis via Progressive Disentangle-aware Contrastive Learning23 Aug 2025
- 2025Pre-trained Transformer-models using chronic invasive electrophysiology for symptom decoding without patient-individual training13 Aug 2025
- 2025MANGO: Multimodal Attention-based Normalizing Flow Approach to Fusion Learning13 Aug 2025
- 2025DMTrack: Spatio-Temporal Multimodal Tracking via Dual-Adapter3 Aug 2025
- 2025Can3Tok: Canonical 3D Tokenization and Latent Modeling of Scene-Level 3D Gaussians2 Aug 2025
- 2025RollingQ: Reviving the Cooperation Dynamics in Multimodal Transformer13 Jun 2025
- 2025BiXFormer: A Robust Framework for Maximizing Modality Effectiveness in Multi-Modal Semantic Segmentation4 Jun 2025
- 2025EGFormer: Towards Efficient and Generalizable Multimodal Semantic Segmentation20 May 2025
- 2025A Multi-modal Fusion Network for Terrain Perception Based on Illumination Aware16 May 2025
- 2025Reducing Unimodal Bias in Multi-Modal Semantic Segmentation with Multi-Scale Functional Entropy Regularization10 May 2025
- 2025Position: Foundation Models Need Digital Twin Representations1 May 2025
- 2025PAD: Phase-Amplitude Decoupling Fusion for Multi-Modal Land Cover Classification27 Apr 2025
- 2025HDBFormer: Efficient RGB-D Semantic Segmentation with A Heterogeneous Dual-Branch Framework18 Apr 2025
- 2025RLBayes: a Bayesian Network Structure Learning Algorithm via Reinforcement Learning-Based Search Strategy7 Apr 2025
- 2025DFormerv2: Geometry Self-Attention for RGBD Semantic Segmentation7 Apr 2025
- 2025RingMoE: Mixture-of-Modality-Experts Multi-Modal Foundation Models for Universal Remote Sensing Image Interpretation4 Apr 2025
- 2025Vanishing Depth: Training Generalized Depth Adapters with Sinusoidal Depth Preprocessing for Pretrained RGB Encoders25 Mar 2025
- 2025Benchmarking Multi-modal Semantic Segmentation under Sensor Failures: Missing and Noisy Modality Robustness24 Mar 2025
50 newest of 132 All 132 (JSON)
- 2024Sigma: Siamese Mamba Network for Multi-Modal Semantic Segmentationcited by 71
- 2025Cross-Modal Interactive Perception Network with Mamba for Lung Tumor Segmentation in PET-CT Imagescited by 3
- 2025HiddenObject: Modality-Agnostic Fusion for Multimodal Hidden Object Detectioncited by 0
- 2026AlignMamba-2: Enhancing Multimodal Fusion and Sentiment Analysis with Modality-Aware Mambacited by 0
- 2026AlignMamba-2: Enhancing Multimodal Fusion and Sentiment Analysis with Modality-Aware Mamba19 Mar 2026
- 2025HiddenObject: Modality-Agnostic Fusion for Multimodal Hidden Object Detection28 Aug 2025
- 2025Cross-Modal Interactive Perception Network with Mamba for Lung Tumor Segmentation in PET-CT Images21 Mar 2025
- 2024Sigma: Siamese Mamba Network for Multi-Modal Semantic Segmentation5 Apr 2024
- 2022Multimodal Learning with Transformers: A Surveycited by 399
- 2023Delivering Arbitrary-Modal Semantic Segmentationcited by 115
- 2023Provable Dynamic Fusion for Low-Quality Multimodal Datacited by 81
- 2022CAGroup3D: Class-Aware Grouping for 3D Object Detection on Point Cloudscited by 58
- 2023DFormer: Rethinking RGBD Representation Learning for Semantic Segmentationcited by 58
- 2023C2Former: Calibrated and Complementary Transformer for RGB-Infrared Object Detectioncited by 57
- 2024UniBind: LLM-Augmented Unified and Balanced Representation Space to Bind Them Allcited by 49
- 2024Multimodal Fusion on Low-quality Data: A Comprehensive Surveycited by 48
- 2024GeminiFusion: Efficient Pixel-wise Multimodal Fusion for Vision Transformercited by 42
- 2024StitchFusion: Weaving Any Visual Modalities to Enhance Multimodal Semantic Segmentationcited by 38
- 2023TR3D: Towards Real-Time Indoor 3D Object Detectioncited by 32
- 2025DFormerv2: Geometry Self-Attention for RGBD Semantic Segmentationcited by 30
12 most cited of 120 All 120 (JSON)
- 2026RGBD20K: A Large-Scale Benchmark for RGB-D Semantic Segmentation24 Sep 2026
- 2026DIFTA-3D: Depth-Consistent Instance-Level Feature Transfer and Adaptation of DINOv3 for 3D Detection22 Sep 2026
- 2026GAAT: Geometry-Aware Alignment Transformer for Multimodal UAV Perception28 Aug 2026
- 2026DINOcular: Self-Supervised Visuospatial Representations27 Aug 2026
- 2026Moving Beyond More Views: Redundancy-Aware Ego-Exo Fusion for Proficiency Estimation26 Aug 2026
- 2026A Critical Synthesis of Uncertainty Quantification and Foundation Models for Semantic Segmentation19 Aug 2026
- 2026Fusion Anything: A Generalized Multimodal Foundation Model16 Aug 2026
- 2026RegisterBridgeMM: A Register-Centric Framework for RGB-Infrared Object Detection5 Aug 2026
- 2026Compass: Degradation-Simulated Reciprocal Learning with Lightweight Needle RWKV for Multimodal Crack Segmentation under Missing Modalities4 Aug 2026
- 2026Weaving Light and Time: Unified Harmonic-Geometric Representation Learning for Dense RGB-Event Parsing10 Jul 2026
- 2026ELSA3D: Elastic Semantic Anchoring for Unified 3D Understanding and Generation7 Jul 2026
- 2026RegimeVGGT: Layer-Wise Spatially Preserving Redundancy Removal for Visual Geometry Grounded Transformer16 Jun 2026
12 newest of 120 All 120 (JSON)