DASB - Discrete Audio and Speech Benchmark
On the map: Multimodal LLMs / vision-language models → Video understanding with MLLMs
Abstract (arXiv)
Discrete audio tokens have recently gained considerable attention for their potential to bridge audio and language processing, enabling multimodal language models that can both generate and understand audio. However, preserving key information such as phonetic content, speaker identity, and paralinguistic cues remains a major challenge. Identifying the optimal tokenizer and configuration is further complicated by inconsistent evaluation settings across existing studies. To address this, we introduce the Discrete Audio and Speech Benchmark (DASB), a comprehensive framework for benchmarking discrete audio tokens across speech, general audio, and music domains on a range of discriminative and generative tasks. Our results show that discrete representations are less robust than continuous ones and require careful tuning of factors such as model architecture, data size, learning rate, and capacity. Semantic tokens generally outperform acoustic tokens, but a gap remains between discrete tokens and continuous features, highlighting the need for further research. DASB codes, evaluation setup, and leaderboards are publicly available at https://poonehmousavi.github.io/DASB-website/.
Key facts. Cited by 32 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). Placed in Video understanding with MLLMs, one of 16 directions in Multimodal LLMs / vision-language models. Builds on 94 of its 130 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 20 Jun 2024.
Builds on
94 of 130 references.
References · 94
- 2017Attention Is All You Needcited by 59,932
- 2018BERT: Pre-training of Deep Bidirectional Transformers for Language Understandingcited by 40,204
- 2023Llama 2: Open Foundation and Fine-Tuned Chat Modelscited by 12,865
- 2022PaLM: Scaling Language Modeling with Pathwayscited by 5,304
- 2017Neural Discrete Representation Learningcited by 4,650
- 2022Robust Speech Recognition via Large-Scale Weak Supervisioncited by 3,972
- 2020wav2vec 2.0: A Framework for Self-Supervised Learning of Speech Representationscited by 3,853
- 2021HuBERT: Self-Supervised Speech Representation Learning by Masked Prediction of Hidden Unitscited by 2,301
- 2020Conformer: Convolution-augmented Transformer for Speech Recognitioncited by 1,838
- 2021WavLM: Large-Scale Self-Supervised Pre-Training for Full Stack Speech Processingcited by 1,609
- 2019Common Voice: A Massively-Multilingual Speech Corpuscited by 1,358
- 2017Natural TTS Synthesis by Conditioning WaveNet on Mel Spectrogram Predictionscited by 800
38 more
- 2021SoundStream: An End-to-End Neural Audio Codeccited by 756
- 2018Speech Commands: A Dataset for Limited-Vocabulary Speech Recognitioncited by 741
- 2023Neural Codec Language Models are Zero-Shot Text to Speech Synthesizerscited by 737
- 2017VoxCeleb: a large-scale speaker identification datasetcited by 714
- 2022High Fidelity Neural Audio Compressioncited by 673
- 2021SUPERB: Speech processing Universal PERformance Benchmarkcited by 652
- 2019LibriTTS: A Corpus Derived from LibriSpeech for Text-to-Speechcited by 639
- 2022AudioLM: a Language Modeling Approach to Audio Generationcited by 611
- 2020ECAPA-TDNN: Emphasized Channel Attention, Propagation and Aggregation in TDNN Based Speaker Verificationcited by 606
- 2023Qwen-Audio: Advancing Universal Audio Understanding via Unified Large-Scale Audio-Language Modelscited by 591
- 2019PANNs: Large-Scale Pretrained Audio Neural Networks for Audio Pattern Recognitioncited by 563
- 2018ESPnet: End-to-End Speech Processing Toolkitcited by 554
- 2023SALMONN: Towards Generic Hearing Abilities for Large Language Modelscited by 492
- 2023Simple and Controllable Music Generationcited by 480
- 2023MusicLM: Generating Music From Textcited by 442
- 2023Finite Scalar Quantization: VQ-VAE Made Simplecited by 425
- 2023High-Fidelity Audio Compression with Improved RVQGANcited by 423
- 2021SpeechBrain: A General-Purpose Speech Toolkitcited by 404
- 2018Conv-TasNet: Surpassing Ideal Time-Frequency Magnitude Masking for Speech Separationcited by 400
- 2022UTMOS: UTokyo-SaruLab System for VoiceMOS Challenge 2022cited by 381
- 2022BEATs: Audio Pre-Training with Acoustic Tokenizerscited by 378
- 2021W2v-BERT: Combining Contrastive Learning and Masked Language Modeling for Self-Supervised Speech Pre-Trainingcited by 340
- 2020FSD50K: An Open Dataset of Human-Labeled Sound Eventscited by 339
- 2023AudioPaLM: A Large Language Model That Can Speak and Listencited by 333
- 2022AudioGen: Textually Guided Audio Generationcited by 292
- 2018Additive Margin Softmax for Face Verificationcited by 275
- 2022Diffsound: Discrete Diffusion Model for Text-to-sound Generationcited by 256
- 2021Speech Resynthesis from Discrete Disentangled Self-Supervised Representationscited by 243
- 2017Neural Audio Synthesis of Musical Notes with WaveNet Autoencoderscited by 222
- 2024NaturalSpeech 3: Zero-Shot Speech Synthesis with Factorized Codec and Diffusion Modelscited by 222
- 2024AnyGPT: Unified Multimodal LLM with Discrete Sequence Modelingcited by 213
- 2020SLURP: A Spoken Language Understanding Resource Packagecited by 197
- 2023MERT: Acoustic Music Understanding Model with Large-Scale Self-supervised Trainingcited by 175
- 2023Speak, Read and Prompt: High-Fidelity Text-to-Speech with Minimal Supervisioncited by 167
- 2021DNSMOS P.835: A Non-Intrusive Perceptual Objective Speech Quality Metric to Evaluate Noise Suppressorscited by 165
- 2020LibriMix: An Open-Source Dataset for Generalizable Speech Separationcited by 154
- 2023Tree-Structured Parzen Estimator: Understanding Its Algorithm Components and Their Roles for Better Empirical Performancecited by 143
- 2022Hybrid Transformers for Music Source Separationcited by 134
50 most cited of 94 All 94 (JSON)
Built on by
Citing papers per year: 2024: 5; 2025: 16; 2026: 11.
32 papers.
Sort:
By area:
- 2025On The Landscape of Spoken Language Models: A Comprehensive Surveycited by 116
- 2024Open-Source Conversational AI with SpeechBrain 1.0cited by 55
- 2025Recent Advances in Discrete Speech Tokens: A Reviewcited by 42
- 2025M-Prometheus: A Suite of Open Multilingual LLM Judgescited by 37
- 2025FocalCodec: Low-Bitrate Speech Coding via Focal Modulation Networkscited by 18
- 2025Protein Structure Tokenization: Benchmarking and New Recipecited by 13
- 2024dMel: Speech Tokenization made Simplecited by 11
- 2024TSELM: Target Speaker Extraction using Discrete Tokens and Language Modelscited by 10
- 2024DC-Spin: A Speaker-invariant Speech Tokenizer for Spoken Language Modelscited by 8
- 2025FocalCodec-Stream: Streaming Low-Bitrate Speech Coding via Causal Distillationcited by 8
- 2024LSCodec: Low-Bitrate and Speaker-Decoupled Discrete Speech Codeccited by 7
- 2025PAST: Phonetic-Acoustic Speech Tokenizercited by 6
20 more
- 2025LauraTSE: Target Speaker Extraction using Auto-Regressive Decoder-Only Language Modelscited by 5
- 2025StableToken: A Noise-Robust Semantic Speech Tokenizer for Resilient SpeechLLMscited by 4
- 2025LinearVC: Linear transformations of self-supervised features through the lens of voice conversioncited by 3
- 2025Codec2Vec: Self-Supervised Speech Representation Learning Using Neural Speech Codecscited by 3
- 2026Beyond Fixed Frames: Dynamic Character-Aligned Speech Tokenizationcited by 3
- 2026Scaling Speech Tokenizers with Diffusion Autoencoderscited by 2
- 2025Towards Efficient Speech-Text Jointly Decoding within One Speech Language Modelcited by 1
- 2025Autoregressive Speech Enhancement via Acoustic Tokenscited by 1
- 2025An Empirical Analysis of Discrete Unit Representations in Speech Language Modeling Pre-trainingcited by 1
- 2026Do Neural Codecs Generalize? A Controlled Study Across Unseen Languages and Non-Speech Taskscited by 1
- 2025Task-Specific Audio Coding for Machines: Machine-Learned Latent Features Are Codes for That Machinecited by 0
- 2025AudioCodecBench: A Comprehensive Benchmark for Audio Codec Evaluationcited by 0
- 2026Recovering Performance in Speech Emotion Recognition from Discrete Tokens via Multi-Layer Fusion and Paralinguistic Feature Integrationcited by 0
- 2026Frontend Token Enhancement for Token-Based Speech Recognitioncited by 0
- 2026STACodec: Semantic Token Assignment for Balancing Acoustic Fidelity and Semantic Information in Audio Codecscited by 0
- 2026UniAudio-Token: Empowering Semantic Speech Tokenizers with General Audio Perceptioncited by 0
- 2026HybridCodec: Modeling Discrete and Continuous Representations for Efficient Speech Language Modelscited by 0
- 2026ZipCodec: Ultra-Low-Frame-Rate Streaming Speech Codingcited by 0
- 2026Discrete vs. Continuous: A Comprehensive Study of Unified Audio Understanding in LALMscited by 0
- 2026A Comprehensive Study of Content Representations for Speech Synthesiscited by 0
- 2026A Comprehensive Study of Content Representations for Speech Synthesis25 Sep 2026
- 2026Discrete vs. Continuous: A Comprehensive Study of Unified Audio Understanding in LALMs19 Sep 2026
- 2026ZipCodec: Ultra-Low-Frame-Rate Streaming Speech Coding10 Sep 2026
- 2026HybridCodec: Modeling Discrete and Continuous Representations for Efficient Speech Language Models26 Jun 2026
- 2026UniAudio-Token: Empowering Semantic Speech Tokenizers with General Audio Perception29 May 2026
- 2026Scaling Speech Tokenizers with Diffusion Autoencoders6 Feb 2026
- 2026STACodec: Semantic Token Assignment for Balancing Acoustic Fidelity and Semantic Information in Audio Codecs5 Feb 2026
- 2026Frontend Token Enhancement for Token-Based Speech Recognition4 Feb 2026
- 2026Beyond Fixed Frames: Dynamic Character-Aligned Speech Tokenization30 Jan 2026
- 2026Recovering Performance in Speech Emotion Recognition from Discrete Tokens via Multi-Layer Fusion and Paralinguistic Feature Integration23 Jan 2026
- 2026Do Neural Codecs Generalize? A Controlled Study Across Unseen Languages and Non-Speech Tasks18 Jan 2026
- 2025Codec2Vec: Self-Supervised Speech Representation Learning Using Neural Speech Codecs20 Nov 2025
20 more
- 2025StableToken: A Noise-Robust Semantic Speech Tokenizer for Resilient SpeechLLMs26 Sep 2025
- 2025FocalCodec-Stream: Streaming Low-Bitrate Speech Coding via Causal Distillation19 Sep 2025
- 2025An Empirical Analysis of Discrete Unit Representations in Speech Language Modeling Pre-training3 Sep 2025
- 2025AudioCodecBench: A Comprehensive Benchmark for Audio Codec Evaluation2 Sep 2025
- 2025Autoregressive Speech Enhancement via Acoustic Tokens17 Jul 2025
- 2025Task-Specific Audio Coding for Machines: Machine-Learned Latent Features Are Codes for That Machine17 Jul 2025
- 2025Towards Efficient Speech-Text Jointly Decoding within One Speech Language Model4 Jun 2025
- 2025LinearVC: Linear transformations of self-supervised features through the lens of voice conversion2 Jun 2025
- 2025PAST: Phonetic-Acoustic Speech Tokenizer20 May 2025
- 2025On The Landscape of Spoken Language Models: A Comprehensive Survey11 Apr 2025
- 2025LauraTSE: Target Speaker Extraction using Auto-Regressive Decoder-Only Language Models10 Apr 2025
- 2025M-Prometheus: A Suite of Open Multilingual LLM Judges7 Apr 2025
- 2025Protein Structure Tokenization: Benchmarking and New Recipe28 Feb 2025
- 2025Recent Advances in Discrete Speech Tokens: A Review10 Feb 2025
- 2025FocalCodec: Low-Bitrate Speech Coding via Focal Modulation Networks6 Feb 2025
- 2024DC-Spin: A Speaker-invariant Speech Tokenizer for Spoken Language Models31 Oct 2024
- 2024LSCodec: Low-Bitrate and Speaker-Decoupled Discrete Speech Codec21 Oct 2024
- 2024TSELM: Target Speaker Extraction using Discrete Tokens and Language Models12 Sep 2024
- 2024dMel: Speech Tokenization made Simple22 Jul 2024
- 2024Open-Source Conversational AI with SpeechBrain 1.029 Jun 2024
- 2025On The Landscape of Spoken Language Models: A Comprehensive Surveycited by 116
- 2024Open-Source Conversational AI with SpeechBrain 1.0cited by 55
- 2025Recent Advances in Discrete Speech Tokens: A Reviewcited by 42
- 2025M-Prometheus: A Suite of Open Multilingual LLM Judgescited by 37
- 2025FocalCodec: Low-Bitrate Speech Coding via Focal Modulation Networkscited by 18
- 2025Protein Structure Tokenization: Benchmarking and New Recipecited by 13
- 2024dMel: Speech Tokenization made Simplecited by 11
- 2024TSELM: Target Speaker Extraction using Discrete Tokens and Language Modelscited by 10
- 2024DC-Spin: A Speaker-invariant Speech Tokenizer for Spoken Language Modelscited by 8
- 2025FocalCodec-Stream: Streaming Low-Bitrate Speech Coding via Causal Distillationcited by 8
- 2024LSCodec: Low-Bitrate and Speaker-Decoupled Discrete Speech Codeccited by 7
- 2025PAST: Phonetic-Acoustic Speech Tokenizercited by 6
12 most cited of 31 All 31 (JSON)
- 2026A Comprehensive Study of Content Representations for Speech Synthesis25 Sep 2026
- 2026Discrete vs. Continuous: A Comprehensive Study of Unified Audio Understanding in LALMs19 Sep 2026
- 2026ZipCodec: Ultra-Low-Frame-Rate Streaming Speech Coding10 Sep 2026
- 2026HybridCodec: Modeling Discrete and Continuous Representations for Efficient Speech Language Models26 Jun 2026
- 2026UniAudio-Token: Empowering Semantic Speech Tokenizers with General Audio Perception29 May 2026
- 2026Scaling Speech Tokenizers with Diffusion Autoencoders6 Feb 2026
- 2026STACodec: Semantic Token Assignment for Balancing Acoustic Fidelity and Semantic Information in Audio Codecs5 Feb 2026
- 2026Frontend Token Enhancement for Token-Based Speech Recognition4 Feb 2026
- 2026Beyond Fixed Frames: Dynamic Character-Aligned Speech Tokenization30 Jan 2026
- 2026Recovering Performance in Speech Emotion Recognition from Discrete Tokens via Multi-Layer Fusion and Paralinguistic Feature Integration23 Jan 2026
- 2026Do Neural Codecs Generalize? A Controlled Study Across Unseen Languages and Non-Speech Tasks18 Jan 2026
- 2025Codec2Vec: Self-Supervised Speech Representation Learning Using Neural Speech Codecs20 Nov 2025
12 newest of 31 All 31 (JSON)
Similar, not cited
Close in wording, no citation either way
- 2025AudioMarathon: A Comprehensive Benchmark for Long-Context Audio Understanding and Efficiency in Audio LLMs
- 2026EntangleCodec: A Unified Discrete Audio Tokenizer via Semantic-Acoustic Entanglement
- 2025SAM: A Mamba-2 State-Space Audio-Language Model
- 2024SemantiCodec: An Ultra Low Bitrate Semantic Audio Codec for General Sound
- 2026LoSATok: Low-Dimensional Semantic-Acoustic Tokenizer for Cross-Domain Audio Understanding and Generation
- 2025Segmentwise Pruning in Audio-Language Models
- 2026A Benchmark for Audio Reasoning Capabilities of Multimodal Large Language Models
- 2025Generative Audio Language Modeling with Continuous-valued Tokens and Masked Next-Token Prediction