mlsanityData to 7 Oct 2026

Unsupervised Semantic Segmentation Through Depth-Guided Feature Correlation and Sampling

arXiv 2309.12378 ↗First posted 21 Sep 2023cs.CVcited by 19

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Abstract (arXiv)

Traditionally, training neural networks to perform semantic segmentation required expensive human-made annotations. But more recently, advances in the field of unsupervised learning have made significant progress on this issue and towards closing the gap to supervised algorithms. To achieve this, semantic knowledge is distilled by learning to correlate randomly sampled features from images across an entire dataset. In this work, we build upon these advances by incorporating information about the structure of the scene into the training process through the use of depth information. We achieve this by (1) learning depth-feature correlation by spatially correlate the feature maps with the depth maps to induce knowledge about the structure of the scene and (2) implementing farthest-point sampling to more effectively select relevant features by utilizing 3D sampling techniques on depth information of the scene. Finally, we demonstrate the effectiveness of our technical contributions through extensive experimentation and present significant improvements in performance across multiple benchmark datasets.

Key facts. Cited by 19 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). Builds on 37 of its 47 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 21 Sep 2023.

Builds on

37 of 47 references.

References · 37

  1. 2020An Image is Worth 16x16 Words: Transformers for Image Recognition at Scalecited by 29,915
  2. 2015U-Net: Convolutional Networks for Biomedical Image Segmentationcited by 19,604
  3. 2014Microsoft COCO: Common Objects in Contextcited by 17,498
  4. 2021Emerging Properties in Self-Supervised Vision Transformerscited by 6,893
  5. 2016The Cityscapes Dataset for Semantic Urban Scene Understandingcited by 4,427
  6. 2017PointNet++: Deep Hierarchical Feature Learning on Point Sets in a Metric Spacecited by 4,384
  7. 2021SegFormer: Simple and Efficient Design for Semantic Segmentation with Transformerscited by 2,923
  8. 2021Masked-attention Mask Transformer for Universal Image Segmentationcited by 2,338
  9. 2019Towards Robust Monocular Depth Estimation: Mixing Datasets for Zero-shot Cross-dataset Transfercited by 1,484
  10. 2020Rethinking Semantic Segmentation from a Sequence-to-Sequence Perspective with Transformerscited by 1,368
  11. 2018Deep Clustering for Unsupervised Learning of Visual Featurescited by 1,020
  12. 2020Object-Centric Learning with Slot Attentioncited by 865
25 more
  1. 2016COCO-Stuff: Thing and Stuff Classes in Contextcited by 858
  2. 2023ZoeDepth: Zero-shot Transfer by Combining Relative and Metric Depthcited by 646
  3. 2020AdaBins: Depth Estimation using Adaptive Binscited by 596
  4. 2014Semantic Image Segmentation with Deep Convolutional Nets and Fully Connected CRFscited by 552
  5. 2018Invariant Information Clustering for Unsupervised Image Classification and Segmentationcited by 454
  6. 2019From Big to Small: Multi-Scale Local Planar Guidance for Monocular Depth Estimationcited by 379
  7. 2019Deep Multi-modal Object Detection and Semantic Segmentation for Autonomous Driving: Datasets, Methods, and Challengescited by 313
  8. 2022Unsupervised Semantic Segmentation by Distilling Feature Correspondencescited by 241
  9. 2022Bridging the Gap to Real-World Object-Centric Learningcited by 219
  10. 2020Medical Image Segmentation Using Deep Learning: A Surveycited by 163
  11. 2021PiCIE: Unsupervised Semantic Segmentation using Invariance and Equivariance in Clusteringcited by 163
  12. 2019Pattern-Affinitive Propagation across Depth, Surface Normal and Semantic Segmentationcited by 141
  13. 2022Multimodal Token Fusion for Vision Transformerscited by 132
  14. 2019DADA: Depth-aware Domain Adaptation in Semantic Segmentationcited by 97
  15. 2022LocalBins: Improving Depth Estimation by Learning Local Distributionscited by 92
  16. 2021Domain Adaptive Semantic Segmentation with Self-Supervised Depth Estimationcited by 80
  17. 2020Three Ways to Improve Semantic Segmentation with Self-Supervised Depth Estimationcited by 66
  18. 2015Learning visual groups from co-occurrences in space and timecited by 42
  19. 2022ACSeg: Adaptive Conceptualization for Unsupervised Semantic Segmentationcited by 42
  20. 2023Leveraging Hidden Positives for Unsupervised Semantic Segmentationcited by 40
  21. 2021TransFGU: A Top-down Approach to Fine-Grained Unsupervised Semantic Segmentationcited by 38
  22. 2023Kick Back & Relax: Learning to Reconstruct the World by Watching SlowTVcited by 21
  23. 2023Mask3D: Pre-training 2D Vision Transformers by Learning Masked 3D Priorscited by 15
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Cited by year (2026 to 7 Oct)

Citing papers per year: 2024: 6; 2025: 10; 2026: 3.

19 papers.

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  1. 2024Image Segmentation in Foundation Model Era: A Surveycited by 35
  2. 2025Feed-Forward SceneDINO for Unsupervised Semantic Scene Completioncited by 11
  3. 2025Scene-Centric Unsupervised Panoptic Segmentationcited by 10
  4. 2024ReCLIP++: Learn to Rectify the Bias of CLIP for Unsupervised Semantic Segmentationcited by 8
  5. 2024CutS3D: Cutting Semantics in 3D for 2D Unsupervised Instance Segmentationcited by 6
  6. 2024Progressive Proxy Anchor Propagation for Unsupervised Semantic Segmentationcited by 4
  7. 2024Unsupervised Segmentation by Diffusing, Walking and Cuttingcited by 3
  8. 2024ULTra: Unveiling Latent Token Interpretability in Transformer-Based Understanding and Segmentationcited by 1
  9. 2026GeomPrompt: Geometric Prompt Learning for RGB-D Semantic Segmentation Under Missing and Degraded Depthcited by 1
  10. 2026Scene-Centric Unsupervised Video Panoptic Segmentationcited by 1
  11. 2025Falcon: Fractional Alternating Cut with Overcoming Minima in Unsupervised Segmentationcited by 0
  12. 2025SyncMapV2: Robust and Adaptive Unsupervised Segmentationcited by 0
7 more
  1. 2025Depth Edge Alignment Loss: DEALing with Depth in Weakly Supervised Semantic Segmentationcited by 0
  2. 2025Efficient Domain-Adaptive Multi-Task Dense Prediction with Vision Foundation Modelscited by 0
  3. 2025CLASP: Adaptive Spectral Clustering for Unsupervised Per-Image Segmentationcited by 0
  4. 2025Unsupervised Monocular Road Segmentation for Autonomous Driving via Scene Geometrycited by 0
  5. 2025S2D: Sparse-To-Dense Keymask Distillation for Unsupervised Video Instance Segmentationcited by 0
  6. 2025MSSSeg: Learning Multi-Scale Structural Complexity for Self-Supervised Segmentationcited by 0
  7. 2026ProGuT: Label-Efficient Panoptic Segmentation for Forest Scenescited by 0