Image Fusion Transformer
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Abstract (arXiv)
In image fusion, images obtained from different sensors are fused to generate a single image with enhanced information. In recent years, state-of-the-art methods have adopted Convolution Neural Networks (CNNs) to encode meaningful features for image fusion. Specifically, CNN-based methods perform image fusion by fusing local features. However, they do not consider long-range dependencies that are present in the image. Transformer-based models are designed to overcome this by modeling the long-range dependencies with the help of self-attention mechanism. This motivates us to propose a novel Image Fusion Transformer (IFT) where we develop a transformer-based multi-scale fusion strategy that attends to both local and long-range information (or global context). The proposed method follows a two-stage training approach. In the first stage, we train an auto-encoder to extract deep features at multiple scales. In the second stage, multi-scale features are fused using a Spatio-Transformer (ST) fusion strategy. The ST fusion blocks are comprised of a CNN and a transformer branch which capture local and long-range features, respectively. Extensive experiments on multiple benchmark datasets show that the proposed method performs better than many competitive fusion algorithms. Furthermore, we show the effectiveness of the proposed ST fusion strategy with an ablation analysis. The source code is available at: https://github.com/Vibashan/Image-Fusion-Transformer.
Key facts. Cited by 24 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). Builds on 20 of its 56 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 19 Jul 2021.
Builds on
20 of 56 references.
References · 20
- 2017Attention Is All You Needcited by 59,932
- 2015Deep Residual Learning for Image Recognitioncited by 51,809
- 2018BERT: Pre-training of Deep Bidirectional Transformers for Language Understandingcited by 40,204
- 2020An Image is Worth 16x16 Words: Transformers for Image Recognition at Scalecited by 29,915
- 2015U-Net: Convolutional Networks for Biomedical Image Segmentationcited by 19,604
- 2014Very Deep Convolutional Networks for Large-Scale Image Recognitioncited by 15,267
- 2020End-to-End Object Detection with Transformerscited by 7,384
- 2017Mask R-CNNcited by 7,259
- 2020Deformable DETR: Deformable Transformers for End-to-End Object Detectioncited by 3,410
- 2015Fast R-CNNcited by 2,930
- 2019Transformer-XL: Attentive Language Models Beyond a Fixed-Length Contextcited by 1,830
- 2020Reformer: The Efficient Transformercited by 1,658
8 more
- 2020MaX-DeepLab: End-to-End Panoptic Segmentation with Mask Transformerscited by 355
- 2019Axial Attention in Multidimensional Transformerscited by 350
- 2020Axial-DeepLab: Stand-Alone Axial-Attention for Panoptic Segmentationcited by 326
- 2021Medical Transformer: Gated Axial-Attention for Medical Image Segmentationcited by 319
- 2018DenseFuse: A Fusion Approach to Infrared and Visible Imagescited by 180
- 2021RFN-Nest: An end-to-end residual fusion network for infrared and visible imagescited by 109
- 2020NestFuse: An Infrared and Visible Image Fusion Architecture based on Nest Connection and Spatial/Channel Attention Modelscited by 62
- 2018Infrared and Visible Image Fusion using a Deep Learning Frameworkcited by 33
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Citing papers per year: 2022: 4; 2023: 5; 2024: 5; 2025: 8; 2026: 2.
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- 2023DDFM: Denoising Diffusion Model for Multi-Modality Image Fusioncited by 153
- 2022Multimodal Token Fusion for Vision Transformerscited by 132
- 2023Equivariant Multi-Modality Image Fusioncited by 98
- 2024FusionMamba: Dynamic Feature Enhancement for Multimodal Image Fusion with Mambacited by 81
- 2022CoCoNet: Coupled Contrastive Learning Network with Multi-level Feature Ensemble for Multi-modality Image Fusioncited by 63
- 2025Infrared and Visible Image Fusion: From Data Compatibility to Task Adaptioncited by 45
- 2024CrossFuse: A Novel Cross Attention Mechanism based Infrared and Visible Image Fusion Approachcited by 38
- 2024A Comprehensive Survey of Mamba Architectures for Medical Image Analysis: Classification, Segmentation, Restoration and Beyondcited by 16
- 2024MaeFuse: Transferring Omni Features with Pretrained Masked Autoencoders for Infrared and Visible Image Fusion via Guided Trainingcited by 15
- 2025Spatial-Frequency Enhanced Mamba for Multi-Modal Image Fusioncited by 5
- 2022Breaking Free from Fusion Rule: A Fully Semantic-driven Infrared and Visible Image Fusioncited by 3
- 2023Inline Citation Classification using Peripheral Context and Time-evolving Augmentationcited by 2
12 more
- 2023AdaFuse: Adaptive Medical Image Fusion Based on Spatial-Frequential Cross Attentioncited by 2
- 2023Graph Representation Learning for Infrared and Visible Image Fusioncited by 2
- 2026FusionRegister: Every Infrared and Visible Image Fusion Deserves Registrationcited by 2
- 2024Dual-modal Prior Semantic Guided Infrared and Visible Image Fusion for Intelligent Transportation Systemcited by 1
- 2025MATCNN: Infrared and Visible Image Fusion Method Based on Multi-scale CNN with Attention Transformercited by 1
- 2025TTTFusion: A Test-Time Training-Based Strategy for Multimodal Medical Image Fusion in Surgical Robotscited by 1
- 2025Collaborative Text-to-Image Generation via Multi-Agent Reinforcement Learning and Semantic Fusioncited by 1
- 2022Explicit and implicit models in infrared and visible image fusioncited by 0
- 2025FDCT: Frequency-Aware Decomposition and Cross-Modal Token-Alignment for Multi-Sensor Target Classificationcited by 0
- 2025Causality-Driven Infrared and Visible Image Fusioncited by 0
- 2025Direction-aware multi-scale gradient loss for infrared and visible image fusioncited by 0
- 2026DIFF-MF: A Difference-Driven Channel-Spatial State Space Model for Multi-Modal Image Fusioncited by 0
- 2026FusionRegister: Every Infrared and Visible Image Fusion Deserves Registration8 Mar 2026
- 2026DIFF-MF: A Difference-Driven Channel-Spatial State Space Model for Multi-Modal Image Fusion9 Jan 2026
- 2025Spatial-Frequency Enhanced Mamba for Multi-Modal Image Fusion10 Nov 2025
- 2025Direction-aware multi-scale gradient loss for infrared and visible image fusion15 Oct 2025
- 2025Collaborative Text-to-Image Generation via Multi-Agent Reinforcement Learning and Semantic Fusion12 Oct 2025
- 2025Causality-Driven Infrared and Visible Image Fusion27 May 2025
- 2025TTTFusion: A Test-Time Training-Based Strategy for Multimodal Medical Image Fusion in Surgical Robots29 Apr 2025
- 2025FDCT: Frequency-Aware Decomposition and Cross-Modal Token-Alignment for Multi-Sensor Target Classification12 Mar 2025
- 2025MATCNN: Infrared and Visible Image Fusion Method Based on Multi-scale CNN with Attention Transformer4 Feb 2025
- 2025Infrared and Visible Image Fusion: From Data Compatibility to Task Adaption18 Jan 2025
- 2024A Comprehensive Survey of Mamba Architectures for Medical Image Analysis: Classification, Segmentation, Restoration and Beyond3 Oct 2024
- 2024CrossFuse: A Novel Cross Attention Mechanism based Infrared and Visible Image Fusion Approach15 Jun 2024
12 more
- 2024MaeFuse: Transferring Omni Features with Pretrained Masked Autoencoders for Infrared and Visible Image Fusion via Guided Training17 Apr 2024
- 2024FusionMamba: Dynamic Feature Enhancement for Multimodal Image Fusion with Mamba15 Apr 2024
- 2024Dual-modal Prior Semantic Guided Infrared and Visible Image Fusion for Intelligent Transportation System24 Mar 2024
- 2023Graph Representation Learning for Infrared and Visible Image Fusion1 Nov 2023
- 2023AdaFuse: Adaptive Medical Image Fusion Based on Spatial-Frequential Cross Attention9 Oct 2023
- 2023Equivariant Multi-Modality Image Fusion19 May 2023
- 2023DDFM: Denoising Diffusion Model for Multi-Modality Image Fusion13 Mar 2023
- 2023Inline Citation Classification using Peripheral Context and Time-evolving Augmentation1 Mar 2023
- 2022Breaking Free from Fusion Rule: A Fully Semantic-driven Infrared and Visible Image Fusion22 Nov 2022
- 2022CoCoNet: Coupled Contrastive Learning Network with Multi-level Feature Ensemble for Multi-modality Image Fusion20 Nov 2022
- 2022Explicit and implicit models in infrared and visible image fusion20 Jun 2022
- 2022Multimodal Token Fusion for Vision Transformers19 Apr 2022
- 2024FusionMamba: Dynamic Feature Enhancement for Multimodal Image Fusion with Mambacited by 81
- 2024A Comprehensive Survey of Mamba Architectures for Medical Image Analysis: Classification, Segmentation, Restoration and Beyondcited by 16
- 2025Spatial-Frequency Enhanced Mamba for Multi-Modal Image Fusioncited by 5
- 2025Spatial-Frequency Enhanced Mamba for Multi-Modal Image Fusion10 Nov 2025
- 2024A Comprehensive Survey of Mamba Architectures for Medical Image Analysis: Classification, Segmentation, Restoration and Beyond3 Oct 2024
- 2024FusionMamba: Dynamic Feature Enhancement for Multimodal Image Fusion with Mamba15 Apr 2024
- 2023DDFM: Denoising Diffusion Model for Multi-Modality Image Fusioncited by 153
- 2022Multimodal Token Fusion for Vision Transformerscited by 132
- 2023Equivariant Multi-Modality Image Fusioncited by 98
- 2022CoCoNet: Coupled Contrastive Learning Network with Multi-level Feature Ensemble for Multi-modality Image Fusioncited by 63
- 2025Infrared and Visible Image Fusion: From Data Compatibility to Task Adaptioncited by 45
- 2024CrossFuse: A Novel Cross Attention Mechanism based Infrared and Visible Image Fusion Approachcited by 38
- 2024MaeFuse: Transferring Omni Features with Pretrained Masked Autoencoders for Infrared and Visible Image Fusion via Guided Trainingcited by 15
- 2022Breaking Free from Fusion Rule: A Fully Semantic-driven Infrared and Visible Image Fusioncited by 3
- 2023Inline Citation Classification using Peripheral Context and Time-evolving Augmentationcited by 2
- 2023AdaFuse: Adaptive Medical Image Fusion Based on Spatial-Frequential Cross Attentioncited by 2
- 2023Graph Representation Learning for Infrared and Visible Image Fusioncited by 2
- 2026FusionRegister: Every Infrared and Visible Image Fusion Deserves Registrationcited by 2
- 2024Dual-modal Prior Semantic Guided Infrared and Visible Image Fusion for Intelligent Transportation Systemcited by 1
12 most cited of 20 All 20 (JSON)
- 2026FusionRegister: Every Infrared and Visible Image Fusion Deserves Registration8 Mar 2026
- 2026DIFF-MF: A Difference-Driven Channel-Spatial State Space Model for Multi-Modal Image Fusion9 Jan 2026
- 2025Direction-aware multi-scale gradient loss for infrared and visible image fusion15 Oct 2025
- 2025Collaborative Text-to-Image Generation via Multi-Agent Reinforcement Learning and Semantic Fusion12 Oct 2025
- 2025Causality-Driven Infrared and Visible Image Fusion27 May 2025
- 2025TTTFusion: A Test-Time Training-Based Strategy for Multimodal Medical Image Fusion in Surgical Robots29 Apr 2025
- 2025FDCT: Frequency-Aware Decomposition and Cross-Modal Token-Alignment for Multi-Sensor Target Classification12 Mar 2025
- 2025MATCNN: Infrared and Visible Image Fusion Method Based on Multi-scale CNN with Attention Transformer4 Feb 2025
- 2025Infrared and Visible Image Fusion: From Data Compatibility to Task Adaption18 Jan 2025
- 2024CrossFuse: A Novel Cross Attention Mechanism based Infrared and Visible Image Fusion Approach15 Jun 2024
- 2024MaeFuse: Transferring Omni Features with Pretrained Masked Autoencoders for Infrared and Visible Image Fusion via Guided Training17 Apr 2024
- 2024Dual-modal Prior Semantic Guided Infrared and Visible Image Fusion for Intelligent Transportation System24 Mar 2024
12 newest of 20 All 20 (JSON)