mlsanityData to 7 Oct 2026

Learning Interactive Driving Policies via Data-driven Simulation

arXiv 2111.12137 ↗First posted 23 Nov 2021cs.RO cs.CV cs.LGcited by 17

On the map: End-to-end autonomous driving → Imitation-learning end-to-end planners

Abstract (arXiv)

Data-driven simulators promise high data-efficiency for driving policy learning. When used for modelling interactions, this data-efficiency becomes a bottleneck: Small underlying datasets often lack interesting and challenging edge cases for learning interactive driving. We address this challenge by proposing a simulation method that uses in-painted ado vehicles for learning robust driving policies. Thus, our approach can be used to learn policies that involve multi-agent interactions and allows for training via state-of-the-art policy learning methods. We evaluate the approach for learning standard interaction scenarios in driving. In extensive experiments, our work demonstrates that the resulting policies can be directly transferred to a full-scale autonomous vehicle without making use of any traditional sim-to-real transfer techniques such as domain randomization.

Key facts. Cited by 17 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). Placed in Imitation-learning end-to-end planners, one of 9 directions in End-to-end autonomous driving. Builds on 42 of its 62 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 23 Nov 2021.

Builds on

42 of 62 references.

References · 42

  1. 2017Proximal Policy Optimization Algorithmscited by 14,441
  2. 2017CARLA: An Open Urban Driving Simulatorcited by 2,431
  3. 2017Domain Randomization for Transferring Deep Neural Networks from Simulation to the Real Worldcited by 1,401
  4. 2019Habitat: A Platform for Embodied AI Researchcited by 1,163
  5. 2016End to End Learning for Self-Driving Carscited by 1,000
  6. 2017AirSim: High-Fidelity Visual and Physical Simulation for Autonomous Vehiclescited by 517
  7. 2017End-to-end Driving via Conditional Imitation Learningcited by 479
  8. 2018Gibson Env: Real-World Perception for Embodied Agentscited by 477
  9. 2018ChauffeurNet: Learning to Drive by Imitating the Best and Synthesizing the Worstcited by 391
  10. 2020dm_control: Software and Tasks for Continuous Controlcited by 368
  11. 2019Learning by Cheatingcited by 361
  12. 2020V2VNet: Vehicle-to-Vehicle Communication for Joint Perception and Predictioncited by 292
30 more
  1. 2018Learning to Drive in a Daycited by 266
  2. 2020ThreeDWorld: A Platform for Interactive Multi-Modal Physical Simulationcited by 249
  3. 2020RoboTHOR: An Open Simulation-to-Real Embodied AI Platformcited by 190
  4. 2016End-to-end Learning of Driving Models from Large-scale Video Datasetscited by 147
  5. 2019End-to-End Model-Free Reinforcement Learning for Urban Driving using Implicit Affordancescited by 147
  6. 2020LiDARsim: Realistic LiDAR Simulation by Leveraging the Real Worldcited by 137
  7. 2017Augmented Reality Meets Computer Vision : Efficient Data Generation for Urban Driving Scenescited by 122
  8. 2019Multimodal End-to-End Autonomous Drivingcited by 110
  9. 2018CIRL: Controllable Imitative Reinforcement Learning for Vision-based Self-drivingcited by 96
  10. 2019Urban Driving with Conditional Imitation Learningcited by 84
  11. 2017Virtual to Real Reinforcement Learning for Autonomous Drivingcited by 79
  12. 2018Deep Imitative Models for Flexible Inference, Planning, and Controlcited by 75
  13. 2018Conditional Affordance Learning for Driving in Urban Environmentscited by 70
  14. 2019Deep Drone Racing: From Simulation to Reality with Domain Randomizationcited by 63
  15. 2021Playable Video Generationcited by 63
  16. 2018On Offline Evaluation of Vision-based Driving Modelscited by 62
  17. 2020Foreground-aware Semantic Representations for Image Harmonizationcited by 53
  18. 2018Learning to Segment via Cut-and-Pastecited by 42
  19. 2021Autonomous Overtaking in Gran Turismo Sport Using Curriculum Reinforcement Learningcited by 41
  20. 2018Learning to Drive from Simulation without Real World Labelscited by 39
  21. 2016From Perception to Decision: A Data-driven Approach to End-to-end Motion Planning for Autonomous Ground Robotscited by 37
  22. 2018Variational End-to-End Navigation and Localizationcited by 34
  23. 2019Stochastic Dynamic Games in Belief Spacecited by 23
  24. 2019FlightGoggles: A Modular Framework for Photorealistic Camera, Exteroceptive Sensor, and Dynamics Simulationcited by 20
  25. 2021Deep Latent Competition: Learning to Race Using Visual Control Policies in Latent Spacecited by 20
  26. 2017A Non-Cooperative Game Approach to Autonomous Racingcited by 18
  27. 2018End to End Vehicle Lateral Control Using a Single Fisheye Cameracited by 13
  28. 2018Learning End-to-end Autonomous Driving using Guided Auxiliary Supervisioncited by 10
  29. 2017Real-Time Control for Autonomous Racing Based on Viability Theorycited by 8
  30. 2017Autonomous Racing with AutoRally Vehicles and Differential Gamescited by 6

Built on by

Cited by year

Citing papers per year: 2022: 2; 2023: 7; 2024: 4; 2025: 4.

17 papers.

Sort:

By area:

  1. 2023End-to-end Autonomous Driving: Challenges and Frontierscited by 485
  2. 2024NAVSIM: Data-Driven Non-Reactive Autonomous Vehicle Simulation and Benchmarkingcited by 343
  3. 2023UniSim: A Neural Closed-Loop Sensor Simulatorcited by 294
  4. 2025Pseudo-Simulation for Autonomous Drivingcited by 141
  5. 2022Learning to Generate Realistic LiDAR Point Cloudscited by 91
  6. 2024Towards Realistic Scene Generation with LiDAR Diffusion Modelscited by 67
  7. 2023Read and Reap the Rewards: Learning to Play Atari with the Help of Instruction Manualscited by 45
  8. 2024Multi-Agent Reinforcement Learning for Autonomous Driving: A Surveycited by 30
  9. 2023DITTO: Offline Imitation Learning with World Modelscited by 20
  10. 2023LightSim: Neural Lighting Simulation for Urban Scenescited by 20
  11. 2022Differentiable Control Barrier Functions for Vision-based End-to-End Autonomous Drivingcited by 10
  12. 2025Learning-based 3D Reconstruction in Autonomous Driving: A Comprehensive Surveycited by 9
5 more
  1. 2023Learning Stability Attention in Vision-based End-to-end Driving Policiescited by 5
  2. 2023Safe Neural Control for Non-Affine Control Systems with Differentiable Control Barrier Functionscited by 3
  3. 2024Mixed-Reality Digital Twins: Leveraging the Physical and Virtual Worlds for Hybrid Sim2Real Transition of Multi-Agent Reinforcement Learning Policiescited by 1
  4. 2025Navigating the Edge with the State-of-the-Art Insights into Corner Case Identification and Generation for Enhanced Autonomous Vehicle Safetycited by 1
  5. 2025LiDARDraft: Generating LiDAR Point Cloud from Versatile Inputscited by 1

Similar, not cited

Close in wording, no citation either way

  1. 2021Urban Driver: Learning to Drive from Real-world Demonstrations Using Policy Gradients
  2. 2025Automatic Curriculum Learning for Driving Scenarios: Towards Robust and Efficient Reinforcement Learning
  3. 2022Discrete Control in Real-World Driving Environments using Deep Reinforcement Learning
  4. 2023Waymax: An Accelerated, Data-Driven Simulator for Large-Scale Autonomous Driving Research
  5. 2025Learning to Drive by Imitating Surrounding Vehicles
  6. 2018Multi-Agent Imitation Learning for Driving Simulation
  7. 2024Human-compatible driving partners through data-regularized self-play reinforcement learning
  8. 2021Iterative Imitation Policy Improvement for Interactive Autonomous Driving