mlsanityData to 7 Oct 2026

Multimodal Semi-Supervised Learning for 3D Objects

arXiv 2110.11601 ↗First posted 22 Oct 2021cs.CVcited by 24

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Abstract (arXiv)

In recent years, semi-supervised learning has been widely explored and shows excellent data efficiency for 2D data. There is an emerging need to improve data efficiency for 3D tasks due to the scarcity of labeled 3D data. This paper explores how the coherence of different modelities of 3D data (e.g. point cloud, image, and mesh) can be used to improve data efficiency for both 3D classification and retrieval tasks. We propose a novel multimodal semi-supervised learning framework by introducing instance-level consistency constraint and a novel multimodal contrastive prototype (M2CP) loss. The instance-level consistency enforces the network to generate consistent representations for multimodal data of the same object regardless of its modality. The M2CP maintains a multimodal prototype for each class and learns features with small intra-class variations by minimizing the feature distance of each object to its prototype while maximizing the distance to the others. Our proposed framework significantly outperforms all the state-of-the-art counterparts for both classification and retrieval tasks by a large margin on the modelNet10 and ModelNet40 datasets.

Key facts. Cited by 24 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). Builds on 49 of its 59 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 22 Oct 2021.

Builds on

49 of 59 references.

References · 49

  1. 2015Deep Residual Learning for Image Recognitioncited by 51,809
  2. 2020A Simple Framework for Contrastive Learning of Visual Representationscited by 11,979
  3. 2016PointNet: Deep Learning on Point Sets for 3D Classification and Segmentationcited by 5,223
  4. 2017PointNet++: Deep Hierarchical Feature Learning on Point Sets in a Metric Spacecited by 4,384
  5. 2018Dynamic Graph CNN for Learning on Point Cloudscited by 2,220
  6. 2020FixMatch: Simplifying Semi-Supervised Learning with Consistency and Confidencecited by 2,080
  7. 2019MixMatch: A Holistic Approach to Semi-Supervised Learningcited by 1,390
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  9. 2019KPConv: Flexible and Deformable Convolution for Point Cloudscited by 1,202
  10. 2014Two-Stream Convolutional Networks for Action Recognition in Videoscited by 1,067
  11. 2015FlowNet: Learning Optical Flow with Convolutional Networkscited by 1,054
  12. 2017Virtual Adversarial Training: A Regularization Method for Supervised and Semi-Supervised Learningcited by 918
37 more
  1. 2016FlowNet 2.0: Evolution of Optical Flow Estimation with Deep Networkscited by 780
  2. 2018PointConv: Deep Convolutional Networks on 3D Point Cloudscited by 656
  3. 2015Multi-view Convolutional Neural Networks for 3D Shape Recognitioncited by 564
  4. 2019DeepGCNs: Can GCNs Go as Deep as CNNs?cited by 527
  5. 2020PointContrast: Unsupervised Pre-training for 3D Point Cloud Understandingcited by 502
  6. 2017Mean teachers are better role models: Weight-averaged consistency targets improve semi-supervised deep learning resultscited by 470
  7. 2021Semi-Supervised Semantic Segmentation with Cross Pseudo Supervisioncited by 462
  8. 2016Convolutional Two-Stream Network Fusion for Video Action Recognitioncited by 384
  9. 2020Semi-Supervised Semantic Segmentation with Cross-Consistency Trainingcited by 375
  10. 2019ReMixMatch: Semi-Supervised Learning with Distribution Alignment and Augmentation Anchoringcited by 349
  11. 2019S4L: Self-Supervised Semi-Supervised Learningcited by 335
  12. 2020A Simple Semi-Supervised Learning Framework for Object Detectioncited by 282
  13. 2020MISA: Modality-Invariant and -Specific Representations for Multimodal Sentiment Analysiscited by 262
  14. 2018SpiderCNN: Deep Learning on Point Sets with Parameterized Convolutional Filterscited by 261
  15. 2020Exploring Data-Efficient 3D Scene Understanding with Contrastive Scene Contextscited by 210
  16. 2017Flow-Guided Feature Aggregation for Video Object Detectioncited by 177
  17. 2017Data Distillation: Towards Omni-Supervised Learningcited by 126
  18. 20183D Point Capsule Networkscited by 106
  19. 2018MeshNet: Mesh Neural Network for 3D Shape Representationcited by 95
  20. 2019Unsupervised Multi-Task Feature Learning on Point Cloudscited by 89
  21. 2019SESS: Self-Ensembling Semi-Supervised 3D Object Detectioncited by 89
  22. 20203DIoUMatch: Leveraging IoU Prediction for Semi-Supervised 3D Object Detectioncited by 89
  23. 2021Exponential Moving Average Normalization for Self-supervised and Semi-supervised Learningcited by 78
  24. 2020Self-supervised Learning of Point Clouds via Orientation Estimationcited by 72
  25. 2020Info3D: Representation Learning on 3D Objects using Mutual Information Maximization and Contrastive Learningcited by 68
  26. 2020Self-Supervised Few-Shot Learning on Point Cloudscited by 66
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  29. 2020Weakly Supervised Semantic Point Cloud Segmentation:Towards 10X Fewer Labelscited by 45
  30. 2020DualConvMesh-Net: Joint Geodesic and Euclidean Convolutions on 3D Meshescited by 42
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  37. 2020Cross-modal Center Losscited by 1

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Cited by year (2026 to 7 Oct)

Citing papers per year: 2022: 2; 2023: 7; 2024: 12; 2025: 2; 2026: 1.

24 papers.

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  1. 2022ULIP: Learning a Unified Representation of Language, Images, and Point Clouds for 3D Understandingcited by 262
  2. 2023Bridging the Domain Gap: Self-Supervised 3D Scene Understanding with Foundation Modelscited by 26
  3. 2024MemoryMamba: Memory-Augmented State Space Model for Defect Recognitioncited by 24
  4. 2023CVRecon: Rethinking 3D Geometric Feature Learning For Neural Reconstructioncited by 16
  5. 2024Cross-Task Multi-Branch Vision Transformer for Facial Expression and Mask Wearing Classificationcited by 16
  6. 2024Incremental Joint Learning of Depth, Pose and Implicit Scene Representation on Monocular Camera in Large-scale Scenescited by 15
  7. 2024Event-guided Low-light Video Semantic Segmentationcited by 14
  8. 2022Class-Level Confidence Based 3D Semi-Supervised Learningcited by 13
  9. 2023Beyond First Impressions: Integrating Joint Multi-modal Cues for Comprehensive 3D Representationcited by 12
  10. 2024Cross-Modality Gait Recognition: Bridging LiDAR and Camera Modalities for Human Identificationcited by 10
  11. 2024TokenUnify: Scaling Up Autoregressive Pretraining for Neuron Segmentationcited by 7
  12. 2024Exploiting Diffusion Prior for Out-of-Distribution Detectioncited by 7
12 more
  1. 2024SAM-Guided Masked Token Prediction for 3D Scene Understandingcited by 3
  2. 2025Multimodal Representation Learning and Fusioncited by 3
  3. 2023Point Cloud Self-supervised Learning via 3D to Multi-view Masked Learnercited by 2
  4. 2024Improving 3D Semi-supervised Learning by Effectively Utilizing All Unlabelled Datacited by 2
  5. 2024Data-driven Probabilistic Trajectory Learning with High Temporal Resolution in Terminal Airspacecited by 2
  6. 2023Unsupervised Gait Recognition with Selective Fusioncited by 1
  7. 2023Instance-Variant Loss with Gaussian RBF Kernel for 3D Cross-modal Retrivealcited by 1
  8. 2023JM3D & JM3D-LLM: Elevating 3D Understanding with Joint Multi-modal Cuescited by 1
  9. 2024DyConfidMatch: Dynamic Thresholding and Re-sampling for 3D Semi-supervised Learningcited by 1
  10. 2025Learning Flow-Guided Registration for RGB-Event Semantic Segmentationcited by 1
  11. 2026An Adapter-free Fine-tuning Approach for Tuning 3D Foundation Modelscited by 1
  12. 2024Cross-Modality Clustering-based Self-Labeling for Multimodal Data Classificationcited by 0