mlsanityData to 7 Oct 2026

SESS: Self-Ensembling Semi-Supervised 3D Object Detection

arXiv 1912.11803 ↗First posted 26 Dec 2019cs.CVcited by 89

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Abstract (arXiv)

The performance of existing point cloud-based 3D object detection methods heavily relies on large-scale high-quality 3D annotations. However, such annotations are often tedious and expensive to collect. Semi-supervised learning is a good alternative to mitigate the data annotation issue, but has remained largely unexplored in 3D object detection. Inspired by the recent success of self-ensembling technique in semi-supervised image classification task, we propose SESS, a self-ensembling semi-supervised 3D object detection framework. Specifically, we design a thorough perturbation scheme to enhance generalization of the network on unlabeled and new unseen data. Furthermore, we propose three consistency losses to enforce the consistency between two sets of predicted 3D object proposals, to facilitate the learning of structure and semantic invariances of objects. Extensive experiments conducted on SUN RGB-D and ScanNet datasets demonstrate the effectiveness of SESS in both inductive and transductive semi-supervised 3D object detection. Our SESS achieves competitive performance compared to the state-of-the-art fully-supervised method by using only 50% labeled data. Our code is available at https://github.com/Na-Z/sess.

Key facts. Cited by 89 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). First posted on arXiv 26 Dec 2019.

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Citing papers per year: 2021: 12; 2022: 21; 2023: 18; 2024: 23; 2025: 9; 2026: 6.

89 papers.

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  1. 2021A Survey on Deep Semi-supervised Learningcited by 250
  2. 2021One Million Scenes for Autonomous Driving: ONCE Datasetcited by 218
  3. 2022Not All Points Are Equal: Learning Highly Efficient Point-based Detectors for 3D LiDAR Point Cloudscited by 131
  4. 2021SE-SSD: Self-Ensembling Single-Stage Object Detector From Point Cloudcited by 119
  5. 2021Guided Point Contrastive Learning for Semi-supervised Point Cloud Semantic Segmentationcited by 87
  6. 2023Virtual Sparse Convolution for Multimodal 3D Object Detectioncited by 81
  7. 2021EfficientLPS: Efficient LiDAR Panoptic Segmentationcited by 76
  8. 20223D Object Detection from Images for Autonomous Driving: A Surveycited by 66
  9. 2022Semi-supervised 3D Object Detection with Proficient Teacherscited by 45
  10. 2023SAMPro3D: Locating SAM Prompts in 3D for Zero-Shot Instance Segmentationcited by 44
  11. 2022SSDA3D: Semi-supervised Domain Adaptation for 3D Object Detection from Point Cloudcited by 37
  12. 20213D Spatial Recognition without Spatially Labeled 3Dcited by 31
38 more
  1. 2021FGR: Frustum-Aware Geometric Reasoning for Weakly Supervised 3D Vehicle Detectioncited by 29
  2. 2022Spatial Pruned Sparse Convolution for Efficient 3D Object Detectioncited by 26
  3. 2021Multimodal Semi-Supervised Learning for 3D Objectscited by 24
  4. 2023Hierarchical Supervision and Shuffle Data Augmentation for 3D Semi-Supervised Object Detectioncited by 24
  5. 2022Mix-Teaching: A Simple, Unified and Effective Semi-Supervised Learning Framework for Monocular 3D Object Detectioncited by 23
  6. 2022DetMatch: Two Teachers are Better Than One for Joint 2D and 3D Semi-Supervised Object Detectioncited by 20
  7. 2023A Survey of Label-Efficient Deep Learning for 3D Point Cloudscited by 20
  8. 2023From Semi-supervised to Omni-supervised Room Layout Estimation Using Point Cloudscited by 18
  9. 2023DDS3D: Dense Pseudo-Labels with Dynamic Threshold for Semi-Supervised 3D Object Detectioncited by 18
  10. 2022Back to Reality: Weakly-supervised 3D Object Detection with Shape-guided Label Enhancementcited by 17
  11. 2023DQS3D: Densely-matched Quantization-aware Semi-supervised 3D Detectioncited by 16
  12. 2021Point Cloud Instance Segmentation with Semi-supervised Bounding-Box Miningcited by 15
  13. 2021Semi-supervised 3D Object Detection via Adaptive Pseudo-Labelingcited by 14
  14. 2023An Effective Motion-Centric Paradigm for 3D Single Object Tracking in Point Cloudscited by 14
  15. 2023Diffusion-SS3D: Diffusion Model for Semi-supervised 3D Object Detectioncited by 14
  16. 2024Unlocking Textual and Visual Wisdom: Open-Vocabulary 3D Object Detection Enhanced by Comprehensive Guidance from Text and Imagecited by 14
  17. 2022Class-Level Confidence Based 3D Semi-Supervised Learningcited by 13
  18. 2023MixTeacher: Mining Promising Labels with Mixed Scale Teacher for Semi-Supervised Object Detectioncited by 13
  19. 2024Commonsense Prototype for Outdoor Unsupervised 3D Object Detectioncited by 13
  20. 2022Semi-Supervised Temporal Action Detection with Proposal-Free Maskingcited by 10
  21. 2025AugRefer: Advancing 3D Visual Grounding via Cross-Modal Augmentation and Spatial Relation-based Referringcited by 10
  22. 2024Dual-Perspective Knowledge Enrichment for Semi-Supervised 3D Object Detectioncited by 9
  23. 2024MixSup: Mixed-grained Supervision for Label-efficient LiDAR-based 3D Object Detectioncited by 9
  24. 2024Semi-supervised 3D Object Detection with PatchTeacher and PillarMixcited by 9
  25. 2023Semi-Supervised Semantic Segmentation via Marginal Contextual Informationcited by 8
  26. 2024Hardness-Aware Scene Synthesis for Semi-Supervised 3D Object Detectioncited by 7
  27. 2024Diff3DETR:Agent-based Diffusion Model for Semi-supervised 3D Object Detectioncited by 7
  28. 2025Learning to Detect Objects from Multi-Agent LiDAR Scans without Manual Labelscited by 7
  29. 2025Uncertainty Meets Diversity: A Comprehensive Active Learning Framework for Indoor 3D Object Detectioncited by 7
  30. 2022CrossRectify: Leveraging Disagreement for Semi-supervised Object Detectioncited by 6
  31. 2023Not Every Side Is Equal: Localization Uncertainty Estimation for Semi-Supervised 3D Object Detectioncited by 6
  32. 2025SP3D: Boosting Sparsely-Supervised 3D Object Detection via Accurate Cross-Modal Semantic Promptscited by 6
  33. 2022Reconstruction-Aware Prior Distillation for Semi-supervised Point Cloud Completioncited by 5
  34. 2024Weak-to-Strong 3D Object Detection with X-Ray Distillationcited by 5
  35. 2022DA-CIL: Towards Domain Adaptive Class-Incremental 3D Object Detectioncited by 4
  36. 2025LiDAR Remote Sensing Meets Weak Supervision: Concepts, Methods, and Perspectivescited by 4
  37. 2022Open-Set Semi-Supervised Learning for 3D Point Cloud Understandingcited by 3
  38. 2022Teachers in concordance for pseudo-labeling of 3D sequential datacited by 3

50 most cited of 89 All 89 (JSON)