ElasticFace: Elastic Margin Loss for Deep Face Recognition
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Abstract (arXiv)
Learning discriminative face features plays a major role in building high-performing face recognition models. The recent state-of-the-art face recognition solutions proposed to incorporate a fixed penalty margin on commonly used classification loss function, softmax loss, in the normalized hypersphere to increase the discriminative power of face recognition models, by minimizing the intra-class variation and maximizing the inter-class variation. Marginal penalty softmax losses, such as ArcFace and CosFace, assume that the geodesic distance between and within the different identities can be equally learned using a fixed penalty margin. However, such a learning objective is not realistic for real data with inconsistent inter-and intra-class variation, which might limit the discriminative and generalizability of the face recognition model. In this paper, we relax the fixed penalty margin constrain by proposing elastic penalty margin loss (ElasticFace) that allows flexibility in the push for class separability. The main idea is to utilize random margin values drawn from a normal distribution in each training iteration. This aims at giving the decision boundary chances to extract and retract to allow space for flexible class separability learning. We demonstrate the superiority of our ElasticFace loss over ArcFace and CosFace losses, using the same geometric transformation, on a large set of mainstream benchmarks. From a wider perspective, our ElasticFace has advanced the state-of-the-art face recognition performance on seven out of nine mainstream benchmarks.
Key facts. Cited by 144 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026). Builds on 19 of its 37 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 20 Sep 2021.
Builds on
19 of 37 references.
References · 19
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- 2019PyTorch: An Imperative Style, High-Performance Deep Learning Librarycited by 20,305
- 2015FaceNet: A Unified Embedding for Face Recognition and Clusteringcited by 2,849
- 2018CosFace: Large Margin Cosine Loss for Deep Face Recognitioncited by 971
- 2017VGGFace2: A dataset for recognising faces across pose and agecited by 914
- 2016Joint Face Detection and Alignment using Multi-task Cascaded Convolutional Networkscited by 903
- 2017SphereFace: Deep Hypersphere Embedding for Face Recognitioncited by 737
- 2016MS-Celeb-1M: A Dataset and Benchmark for Large-Scale Face Recognitioncited by 624
- 2014Learning Face Representation from Scratchcited by 453
- 2020Circle Loss: A Unified Perspective of Pair Similarity Optimizationcited by 403
- 2021MagFace: A Universal Representation for Face Recognition and Quality Assessmentcited by 334
- 2020CurricularFace: Adaptive Curriculum Learning Loss for Deep Face Recognitioncited by 321
7 more
- 2016Large-Margin Softmax Loss for Convolutional Neural Networkscited by 296
- 2017Cross-Age LFW: A Database for Studying Cross-Age Face Recognition in Unconstrained Environmentscited by 260
- 2015The MegaFace Benchmark: 1 Million Faces for Recognition at Scalecited by 200
- 2020Partial FC: Training 10 Million Identities on a Single Machinecited by 163
- 2015A Light CNN for Deep Face Representation with Noisy Labelscited by 126
- 2019AdaCos: Adaptively Scaling Cosine Logits for Effectively Learning Deep Face Representationscited by 83
- 2020GroupFace: Learning Latent Groups and Constructing Group-based Representations for Face Recognitioncited by 38
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Citing papers per year: 2021: 8; 2022: 19; 2023: 32; 2024: 37; 2025: 19; 2026: 29.
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- 2024Arc2Face: A Foundation Model for ID-Consistent Human Facescited by 101
- 2023IDiff-Face: Synthetic-based Face Recognition through Fizzy Identity-Conditioned Diffusion Modelscited by 72
- 2021CR-FIQA: Face Image Quality Assessment by Learning Sample Relative Classifiabilitycited by 69
- 2022SFace: Privacy-friendly and Accurate Face Recognition using Synthetic Datacited by 63
- 2022Margin-Based Few-Shot Class-Incremental Learning with Class-Level Overfitting Mitigationcited by 45
- 2023MorDIFF: Recognition Vulnerability and Attack Detectability of Face Morphing Attacks Created by Diffusion Autoencoderscited by 44
- 2024Facilitating Multi-turn Function Calling for LLMs via Compositional Instruction Tuningcited by 42
- 2023Synthetic Data for Face Recognition: Current State and Future Prospectscited by 38
- 2023EdgeFace: Efficient Face Recognition Model for Edge Devicescited by 33
- 2022SYN-MAD 2022: Competition on Face Morphing Attack Detection Based on Privacy-aware Synthetic Training Datacited by 30
- 2022Unsupervised Face Recognition using Unlabeled Synthetic Datacited by 27
- 2023Identity-driven Three-Player Generative Adversarial Network for Synthetic-based Face Recognitioncited by 27
38 more
- 2024Close, But Not There: Boosting Geographic Distance Sensitivity in Visual Place Recognitioncited by 27
- 2021QMagFace: Simple and Accurate Quality-Aware Face Recognitioncited by 25
- 2024FRoundation: Are Foundation Models Ready for Face Recognition?cited by 23
- 2023ExFaceGAN: Exploring Identity Directions in GAN's Learned Latent Space for Synthetic Identity Generationcited by 22
- 2023TransFace++: Rethinking the Face Recognition Paradigm with a Focus on Accuracy, Efficiency, and Securitycited by 22
- 2023FRCSyn Challenge at WACV 2024:Face Recognition Challenge in the Era of Synthetic Datacited by 21
- 2024Edit Away and My Face Will not Stay: Personal Biometric Defense against Malicious Generative Editingcited by 21
- 2022QuantFace: Towards Lightweight Face Recognition by Synthetic Data Low-bit Quantizationcited by 18
- 2022FaceQAN: Face Image Quality Assessment Through Adversarial Noise Explorationcited by 18
- 2022Unsupervised Face Morphing Attack Detection via Self-paced Anomaly Detectioncited by 16
- 202550 Years of Automated Face Recognitioncited by 15
- 2023DVFO: Learning-Based DVFS for Energy-Efficient Edge-Cloud Collaborative Inferencecited by 14
- 202415M Multimodal Facial Image-Text Datasetcited by 14
- 2025FoundPAD: Foundation Models Reloaded for Face Presentation Attack Detectioncited by 14
- 2025MADation: Face Morphing Attack Detection with Foundation Modelscited by 14
- 2021A Deep Insight into Measuring Face Image Utility with General and Face-specific Image Quality Metricscited by 13
- 2022Explainable Model-Agnostic Similarity and Confidence in Face Verificationcited by 13
- 2024GraFIQs: Face Image Quality Assessment Using Gradient Magnitudescited by 13
- 2024TopoFR: A Closer Look at Topology Alignment on Face Recognitioncited by 13
- 2024Second FRCSyn-onGoing: Winning Solutions and Post-Challenge Analysis to Improve Face Recognition with Synthetic Datacited by 13
- 2021FocusFace: Multi-task Contrastive Learning for Masked Face Recognitioncited by 12
- 2023Efficient Explainable Face Verification based on Similarity Score Argument Backpropagationcited by 12
- 2025Data Synthesis with Diverse Styles for Face Recognition via 3DMM-Guided Diffusioncited by 12
- 2023Bias and Diversity in Synthetic-based Face Recognitioncited by 11
- 2021Partial Attack Supervision and Regional Weighted Inference for Masked Face Presentation Attack Detectioncited by 10
- 2021Mask-invariant Face Recognition through Template-level Knowledge Distillationcited by 10
- 2024Greedy-DiM: Greedy Algorithms for Unreasonably Effective Face Morphscited by 10
- 2024CemiFace: Center-based Semi-hard Synthetic Face Generation for Face Recognitioncited by 10
- 2022Stating Comparison Score Uncertainty and Verification Decision Confidence Towards Transparent Face Recognitioncited by 9
- 2023Compressed Models Decompress Race Biases: What Quantized Models Forget for Fair Face Recognitioncited by 9
- 2024Foster Adaptivity and Balance in Learning with Noisy Labelscited by 9
- 2024Face Reconstruction from Face Embeddings using Adapter to a Face Foundation Modelcited by 9
- 2022Face Morphing Attacks and Face Image Quality: The Effect of Morphing and the Unsupervised Attack Detection by Qualitycited by 8
- 2023Benchmarking fixed-length Fingerprint Representations across different Embedding Sizes and Sensor Typescited by 8
- 2024SlerpFace: Face Template Protection via Spherical Linear Interpolationcited by 8
- 2025ViT-FIQA: Assessing Face Image Quality using Vision Transformerscited by 8
- 2021The Effect of Wearing a Face Mask on Face Image Qualitycited by 7
- 2021Explainability of the Implications of Supervised and Unsupervised Face Image Quality Estimations Through Activation Map Variation Analyses in Face Recognition Modelscited by 7
50 most cited of 144 All 144 (JSON)
- 2026Adversarial Attacks and Identity Leakage in De-Identification Systems: An Empirical Study22 Sep 2026
- 2026HYDRO: Towards Non-Reversible Face De-Identification Using a High-Fidelity Hybrid Diffusion and Target-Oriented Approach22 Sep 2026
- 2026Learning Steadily: Accumulating Relative Point Margin Scores for Face Image Quality Assessment15 Sep 2026
- 2026What Makes Adversarial Examples Transfer Across Deepfake Detectors?9 Sep 2026
- 2026Learning to Attract and Repel: Dual Quality Margin Learning for Face Recognition (DQM-Face)2 Sep 2026
- 2026EXPL-FR: Explaining Face Recognition Models via Vision-Language Alignment21 Aug 2026
- 2026Breaking High Confidence: Practical Face Impersonation under High-Security Thresholds21 Aug 2026
- 2026LoRA-based Adaptation Alone Is Not Enough: Understanding the Limits of Foundation Models for Face Presentation Attack Detection10 Aug 2026
- 2026Soft Redaction of Image Provenance via Zero-Knowledge Proofs7 Aug 2026
- 2026Foundation Models for Face Presentation Attack Detection: A Unified Linear-Probing Benchmark29 Jul 2026
- 2026IJCB-AFMFR 2026: Competition on Adapting Foundation Models for Face Recognition Using Synthetic Training Data27 Jul 2026
- 2026ReCowGnition: A Realistic Biometric Benchmark for Cow Face Recognition24 Jul 2026
38 more
- 2026KeyFrame-Compass: Towards Comprehensive Evaluation of Keyframe-Conditioned Video Generation15 Jul 2026
- 2026Sparsity-Inducing Divergence Losses for Biometric Verification30 Jun 2026
- 2026Vision Transformers for Face Recognition Need More Registers10 Jun 2026
- 2026ViT-FREE: Efficient Face Recognition via Early Exiting and Synthetic Adaptation10 Jun 2026
- 2026Enhancing Single-Image Facial Demorphing using Multimodal Large Language Models25 May 2026
- 2026PreFIQs: Face Image Quality Is What Survives Pruning13 May 2026
- 2026FunFace: Feature Utility and Norm Estimation for Face Recognition29 Apr 2026
- 2026DCMorph: Face Morphing via Dual-Stream Cross-Attention Diffusion23 Apr 2026
- 2026On the Impact of Face Segmentation-Based Background Removal on Recognition and Morphing Attack Detection22 Apr 2026
- 2026EX-FIQA: Leveraging Intermediate Early eXit Representations from Vision Transformers for Face Image Quality Assessment21 Apr 2026
- 2026ATTN-FIQA: Interpretable Attention-based Face Image Quality Assessment with Vision Transformers21 Apr 2026
- 2026FaceLiVTv2: An Improved Hybrid Architecture for Efficient Mobile Face Recognition10 Apr 2026
- 2026Knowledge-Guided Failure Prediction: Detecting When Object Detectors Miss Safety-Critical Objects26 Mar 2026
- 2026TimeWeaver: Age-Consistent Reference-Based Face Restoration with Identity Preservation24 Mar 2026
- 2026IDperturb: Enhancing Variation in Synthetic Face Generation via Angular Perturbation21 Feb 2026
- 2026A Study on Real-time Object Detection using Deep Learning17 Feb 2026
- 2026ViTNT-FIQA: Training-Free Face Image Quality Assessment with Vision Transformers9 Jan 2026
- 2025StyleYourSmile: Cross-Domain Face Retargeting Without Paired Multi-Style Data1 Dec 2025
- 2025Alpha Divergence Losses for Biometric Verification17 Nov 2025
- 2025Discovering Intersectional Bias via Directional Alignment in Face Recognition Embeddings17 Oct 2025
- 2025QCFace: Image Quality Control for boosting Face Representation & Recognition17 Oct 2025
- 2025Learning Time-Series Representations by Hierarchical Uniformity-Tolerance Latent Balancing2 Oct 2025
- 2025ExpFace: Exponential Angular Margin Loss for Deep Face Recognition24 Sep 2025
- 2025Trade-offs in Cross-Domain Generalization of Foundation Model Fine-Tuned for Biometric Applications18 Sep 2025
- 2025ViT-FIQA: Assessing Face Image Quality using Vision Transformers19 Aug 2025
- 2025NegFaceDiff: The Power of Negative Context in Identity-Conditioned Diffusion for Synthetic Face Generation13 Aug 2025
- 2025Non-Adaptive Adversarial Face Generation16 Jul 2025
- 2025IDFace: Face Template Protection for Efficient and Secure Identification16 Jul 2025
- 2025Balancing Beyond Discrete Categories: Continuous Demographic Labels for Fair Face Recognition2 Jun 2025
- 202550 Years of Automated Face Recognition30 May 2025
- 2025DiffProb: Data Pruning for Face Recognition21 May 2025
- 2025Adaptive Additive Parameter Updates of Vision Transformers for Few-Shot Continual Learning11 Apr 2025
- 2025Data Synthesis with Diverse Styles for Face Recognition via 3DMM-Guided Diffusion1 Apr 2025
- 2025UIFace: Unleashing Inherent Model Capabilities to Enhance Intra-Class Diversity in Synthetic Face Recognition27 Feb 2025
- 2025MADation: Face Morphing Attack Detection with Foundation Models7 Jan 2025
- 2025FoundPAD: Foundation Models Reloaded for Face Presentation Attack Detection6 Jan 2025
- 2024GroupFace: Imbalanced Age Estimation Based on Multi-hop Attention Graph Convolutional Network and Group-aware Margin Optimization16 Dec 2024
- 2024Proactive Adversarial Defense: Harnessing Prompt Tuning in Vision-Language Models to Detect Unseen Backdoored Images11 Dec 2024
50 newest of 144 All 144 (JSON)
- 2023IDiff-Face: Synthetic-based Face Recognition through Fizzy Identity-Conditioned Diffusion Modelscited by 72
- 2024Edit Away and My Face Will not Stay: Personal Biometric Defense against Malicious Generative Editingcited by 21
- 2025Data Synthesis with Diverse Styles for Face Recognition via 3DMM-Guided Diffusioncited by 12
- 2024AdjointDEIS: Efficient Gradients for Diffusion Modelscited by 7
- 2025NegFaceDiff: The Power of Negative Context in Identity-Conditioned Diffusion for Synthetic Face Generationcited by 3
- 2026IDperturb: Enhancing Variation in Synthetic Face Generation via Angular Perturbationcited by 2
- 2026DCMorph: Face Morphing via Dual-Stream Cross-Attention Diffusioncited by 1
- 2026DCMorph: Face Morphing via Dual-Stream Cross-Attention Diffusion23 Apr 2026
- 2026IDperturb: Enhancing Variation in Synthetic Face Generation via Angular Perturbation21 Feb 2026
- 2025NegFaceDiff: The Power of Negative Context in Identity-Conditioned Diffusion for Synthetic Face Generation13 Aug 2025
- 2025Data Synthesis with Diverse Styles for Face Recognition via 3DMM-Guided Diffusion1 Apr 2025
- 2024Edit Away and My Face Will not Stay: Personal Biometric Defense against Malicious Generative Editing25 Nov 2024
- 2024AdjointDEIS: Efficient Gradients for Diffusion Models23 May 2024
- 2023IDiff-Face: Synthetic-based Face Recognition through Fizzy Identity-Conditioned Diffusion Models9 Aug 2023
- 2024Arc2Face: A Foundation Model for ID-Consistent Human Facescited by 101
- 2021CR-FIQA: Face Image Quality Assessment by Learning Sample Relative Classifiabilitycited by 69
- 2022SFace: Privacy-friendly and Accurate Face Recognition using Synthetic Datacited by 63
- 2022Margin-Based Few-Shot Class-Incremental Learning with Class-Level Overfitting Mitigationcited by 45
- 2023MorDIFF: Recognition Vulnerability and Attack Detectability of Face Morphing Attacks Created by Diffusion Autoencoderscited by 44
- 2023Synthetic Data for Face Recognition: Current State and Future Prospectscited by 38
- 2023EdgeFace: Efficient Face Recognition Model for Edge Devicescited by 33
- 2022SYN-MAD 2022: Competition on Face Morphing Attack Detection Based on Privacy-aware Synthetic Training Datacited by 30
- 2022Unsupervised Face Recognition using Unlabeled Synthetic Datacited by 27
- 2023Identity-driven Three-Player Generative Adversarial Network for Synthetic-based Face Recognitioncited by 27
- 2024Close, But Not There: Boosting Geographic Distance Sensitivity in Visual Place Recognitioncited by 27
- 2021QMagFace: Simple and Accurate Quality-Aware Face Recognitioncited by 25
12 most cited of 131 All 131 (JSON)
- 2026Adversarial Attacks and Identity Leakage in De-Identification Systems: An Empirical Study22 Sep 2026
- 2026HYDRO: Towards Non-Reversible Face De-Identification Using a High-Fidelity Hybrid Diffusion and Target-Oriented Approach22 Sep 2026
- 2026Learning Steadily: Accumulating Relative Point Margin Scores for Face Image Quality Assessment15 Sep 2026
- 2026What Makes Adversarial Examples Transfer Across Deepfake Detectors?9 Sep 2026
- 2026Learning to Attract and Repel: Dual Quality Margin Learning for Face Recognition (DQM-Face)2 Sep 2026
- 2026EXPL-FR: Explaining Face Recognition Models via Vision-Language Alignment21 Aug 2026
- 2026Breaking High Confidence: Practical Face Impersonation under High-Security Thresholds21 Aug 2026
- 2026LoRA-based Adaptation Alone Is Not Enough: Understanding the Limits of Foundation Models for Face Presentation Attack Detection10 Aug 2026
- 2026Soft Redaction of Image Provenance via Zero-Knowledge Proofs7 Aug 2026
- 2026Foundation Models for Face Presentation Attack Detection: A Unified Linear-Probing Benchmark29 Jul 2026
- 2026IJCB-AFMFR 2026: Competition on Adapting Foundation Models for Face Recognition Using Synthetic Training Data27 Jul 2026
- 2026ReCowGnition: A Realistic Biometric Benchmark for Cow Face Recognition24 Jul 2026
12 newest of 131 All 131 (JSON)