mlsanityData to 14 Oct 2026

ElasticFace: Elastic Margin Loss for Deep Face Recognition

arXiv 2109.09416 ↗First posted 20 Sep 2021cs.CVcited by 144

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Abstract (arXiv)

Learning discriminative face features plays a major role in building high-performing face recognition models. The recent state-of-the-art face recognition solutions proposed to incorporate a fixed penalty margin on commonly used classification loss function, softmax loss, in the normalized hypersphere to increase the discriminative power of face recognition models, by minimizing the intra-class variation and maximizing the inter-class variation. Marginal penalty softmax losses, such as ArcFace and CosFace, assume that the geodesic distance between and within the different identities can be equally learned using a fixed penalty margin. However, such a learning objective is not realistic for real data with inconsistent inter-and intra-class variation, which might limit the discriminative and generalizability of the face recognition model. In this paper, we relax the fixed penalty margin constrain by proposing elastic penalty margin loss (ElasticFace) that allows flexibility in the push for class separability. The main idea is to utilize random margin values drawn from a normal distribution in each training iteration. This aims at giving the decision boundary chances to extract and retract to allow space for flexible class separability learning. We demonstrate the superiority of our ElasticFace loss over ArcFace and CosFace losses, using the same geometric transformation, on a large set of mainstream benchmarks. From a wider perspective, our ElasticFace has advanced the state-of-the-art face recognition performance on seven out of nine mainstream benchmarks.

Key facts. Cited by 144 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026). Builds on 19 of its 37 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 20 Sep 2021.

Builds on

19 of 37 references.

References · 19

  1. 2015Deep Residual Learning for Image Recognitioncited by 52,096
  2. 2019PyTorch: An Imperative Style, High-Performance Deep Learning Librarycited by 20,305
  3. 2015FaceNet: A Unified Embedding for Face Recognition and Clusteringcited by 2,849
  4. 2018CosFace: Large Margin Cosine Loss for Deep Face Recognitioncited by 971
  5. 2017VGGFace2: A dataset for recognising faces across pose and agecited by 914
  6. 2016Joint Face Detection and Alignment using Multi-task Cascaded Convolutional Networkscited by 903
  7. 2017SphereFace: Deep Hypersphere Embedding for Face Recognitioncited by 737
  8. 2016MS-Celeb-1M: A Dataset and Benchmark for Large-Scale Face Recognitioncited by 624
  9. 2014Learning Face Representation from Scratchcited by 453
  10. 2020Circle Loss: A Unified Perspective of Pair Similarity Optimizationcited by 403
  11. 2021MagFace: A Universal Representation for Face Recognition and Quality Assessmentcited by 334
  12. 2020CurricularFace: Adaptive Curriculum Learning Loss for Deep Face Recognitioncited by 321
7 more
  1. 2016Large-Margin Softmax Loss for Convolutional Neural Networkscited by 296
  2. 2017Cross-Age LFW: A Database for Studying Cross-Age Face Recognition in Unconstrained Environmentscited by 260
  3. 2015The MegaFace Benchmark: 1 Million Faces for Recognition at Scalecited by 200
  4. 2020Partial FC: Training 10 Million Identities on a Single Machinecited by 163
  5. 2015A Light CNN for Deep Face Representation with Noisy Labelscited by 126
  6. 2019AdaCos: Adaptively Scaling Cosine Logits for Effectively Learning Deep Face Representationscited by 83
  7. 2020GroupFace: Learning Latent Groups and Constructing Group-based Representations for Face Recognitioncited by 38

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Cited by year (2026 to 14 Oct)

Citing papers per year: 2021: 8; 2022: 19; 2023: 32; 2024: 37; 2025: 19; 2026: 29.

144 papers.

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  1. 2024Arc2Face: A Foundation Model for ID-Consistent Human Facescited by 101
  2. 2023IDiff-Face: Synthetic-based Face Recognition through Fizzy Identity-Conditioned Diffusion Modelscited by 72
  3. 2021CR-FIQA: Face Image Quality Assessment by Learning Sample Relative Classifiabilitycited by 69
  4. 2022SFace: Privacy-friendly and Accurate Face Recognition using Synthetic Datacited by 63
  5. 2022Margin-Based Few-Shot Class-Incremental Learning with Class-Level Overfitting Mitigationcited by 45
  6. 2023MorDIFF: Recognition Vulnerability and Attack Detectability of Face Morphing Attacks Created by Diffusion Autoencoderscited by 44
  7. 2024Facilitating Multi-turn Function Calling for LLMs via Compositional Instruction Tuningcited by 42
  8. 2023Synthetic Data for Face Recognition: Current State and Future Prospectscited by 38
  9. 2023EdgeFace: Efficient Face Recognition Model for Edge Devicescited by 33
  10. 2022SYN-MAD 2022: Competition on Face Morphing Attack Detection Based on Privacy-aware Synthetic Training Datacited by 30
  11. 2022Unsupervised Face Recognition using Unlabeled Synthetic Datacited by 27
  12. 2023Identity-driven Three-Player Generative Adversarial Network for Synthetic-based Face Recognitioncited by 27
38 more
  1. 2024Close, But Not There: Boosting Geographic Distance Sensitivity in Visual Place Recognitioncited by 27
  2. 2021QMagFace: Simple and Accurate Quality-Aware Face Recognitioncited by 25
  3. 2024FRoundation: Are Foundation Models Ready for Face Recognition?cited by 23
  4. 2023ExFaceGAN: Exploring Identity Directions in GAN's Learned Latent Space for Synthetic Identity Generationcited by 22
  5. 2023TransFace++: Rethinking the Face Recognition Paradigm with a Focus on Accuracy, Efficiency, and Securitycited by 22
  6. 2023FRCSyn Challenge at WACV 2024:Face Recognition Challenge in the Era of Synthetic Datacited by 21
  7. 2024Edit Away and My Face Will not Stay: Personal Biometric Defense against Malicious Generative Editingcited by 21
  8. 2022QuantFace: Towards Lightweight Face Recognition by Synthetic Data Low-bit Quantizationcited by 18
  9. 2022FaceQAN: Face Image Quality Assessment Through Adversarial Noise Explorationcited by 18
  10. 2022Unsupervised Face Morphing Attack Detection via Self-paced Anomaly Detectioncited by 16
  11. 202550 Years of Automated Face Recognitioncited by 15
  12. 2023DVFO: Learning-Based DVFS for Energy-Efficient Edge-Cloud Collaborative Inferencecited by 14
  13. 202415M Multimodal Facial Image-Text Datasetcited by 14
  14. 2025FoundPAD: Foundation Models Reloaded for Face Presentation Attack Detectioncited by 14
  15. 2025MADation: Face Morphing Attack Detection with Foundation Modelscited by 14
  16. 2021A Deep Insight into Measuring Face Image Utility with General and Face-specific Image Quality Metricscited by 13
  17. 2022Explainable Model-Agnostic Similarity and Confidence in Face Verificationcited by 13
  18. 2024GraFIQs: Face Image Quality Assessment Using Gradient Magnitudescited by 13
  19. 2024TopoFR: A Closer Look at Topology Alignment on Face Recognitioncited by 13
  20. 2024Second FRCSyn-onGoing: Winning Solutions and Post-Challenge Analysis to Improve Face Recognition with Synthetic Datacited by 13
  21. 2021FocusFace: Multi-task Contrastive Learning for Masked Face Recognitioncited by 12
  22. 2023Efficient Explainable Face Verification based on Similarity Score Argument Backpropagationcited by 12
  23. 2025Data Synthesis with Diverse Styles for Face Recognition via 3DMM-Guided Diffusioncited by 12
  24. 2023Bias and Diversity in Synthetic-based Face Recognitioncited by 11
  25. 2021Partial Attack Supervision and Regional Weighted Inference for Masked Face Presentation Attack Detectioncited by 10
  26. 2021Mask-invariant Face Recognition through Template-level Knowledge Distillationcited by 10
  27. 2024Greedy-DiM: Greedy Algorithms for Unreasonably Effective Face Morphscited by 10
  28. 2024CemiFace: Center-based Semi-hard Synthetic Face Generation for Face Recognitioncited by 10
  29. 2022Stating Comparison Score Uncertainty and Verification Decision Confidence Towards Transparent Face Recognitioncited by 9
  30. 2023Compressed Models Decompress Race Biases: What Quantized Models Forget for Fair Face Recognitioncited by 9
  31. 2024Foster Adaptivity and Balance in Learning with Noisy Labelscited by 9
  32. 2024Face Reconstruction from Face Embeddings using Adapter to a Face Foundation Modelcited by 9
  33. 2022Face Morphing Attacks and Face Image Quality: The Effect of Morphing and the Unsupervised Attack Detection by Qualitycited by 8
  34. 2023Benchmarking fixed-length Fingerprint Representations across different Embedding Sizes and Sensor Typescited by 8
  35. 2024SlerpFace: Face Template Protection via Spherical Linear Interpolationcited by 8
  36. 2025ViT-FIQA: Assessing Face Image Quality using Vision Transformerscited by 8
  37. 2021The Effect of Wearing a Face Mask on Face Image Qualitycited by 7
  38. 2021Explainability of the Implications of Supervised and Unsupervised Face Image Quality Estimations Through Activation Map Variation Analyses in Face Recognition Modelscited by 7

50 most cited of 144 All 144 (JSON)