ExFaceGAN: Exploring Identity Directions in GAN's Learned Latent Space for Synthetic Identity Generation
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Abstract (arXiv)
Deep generative models have recently presented impressive results in generating realistic face images of random synthetic identities. To generate multiple samples of a certain synthetic identity, previous works proposed to disentangle the latent space of GANs by incorporating additional supervision or regularization, enabling the manipulation of certain attributes. Others proposed to disentangle specific factors in unconditional pretrained GANs latent spaces to control their output, which also requires supervision by attribute classifiers. Moreover, these attributes are entangled in GAN's latent space, making it difficult to manipulate them without affecting the identity information. We propose in this work a framework, ExFaceGAN, to disentangle identity information in pretrained GANs latent spaces, enabling the generation of multiple samples of any synthetic identity. Given a reference latent code of any synthetic image and latent space of pretrained GAN, our ExFaceGAN learns an identity directional boundary that disentangles the latent space into two sub-spaces, with latent codes of samples that are either identity similar or dissimilar to a reference image. By sampling from each side of the boundary, our ExFaceGAN can generate multiple samples of synthetic identity without the need for designing a dedicated architecture or supervision from attribute classifiers. We demonstrate the generalizability and effectiveness of ExFaceGAN by integrating it into learned latent spaces of three SOTA GAN approaches. As an example of the practical benefit of our ExFaceGAN, we empirically prove that data generated by ExFaceGAN can be successfully used to train face recognition models (urlhttps://github.com/fdbtrs/ExFaceGAN).
Key facts. Cited by 22 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). Builds on 29 of its 44 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 11 Jul 2023.
Builds on
29 of 44 references.
References · 29
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17 more
- 2020Closed-Form Factorization of Latent Semantics in GANscited by 407
- 2022AdaFace: Quality Adaptive Margin for Face Recognitioncited by 390
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- 2022Privacy-friendly Synthetic Data for the Development of Face Morphing Attack Detectorscited by 47
- 2023Synthetic Data for Face Recognition: Current State and Future Prospectscited by 38
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- 2023SynthASpoof: Developing Face Presentation Attack Detection Based on Privacy-friendly Synthetic Datacited by 17
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Citing papers per year: 2023: 2; 2024: 10; 2025: 6; 2026: 4.
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- 2023IDiff-Face: Synthetic-based Face Recognition through Fizzy Identity-Conditioned Diffusion Modelscited by 72
- 2024FRoundation: Are Foundation Models Ready for Face Recognition?cited by 22
- 2024Vec2Face: Scaling Face Dataset Generation with Loosely Constrained Vectorscited by 15
- 2024Second FRCSyn-onGoing: Winning Solutions and Post-Challenge Analysis to Improve Face Recognition with Synthetic Datacited by 13
- 202550 Years of Automated Face Recognitioncited by 13
- 2024Synthetic Face Datasets Generation via Latent Space Exploration from Brownian Identity Diffusioncited by 12
- 2024HyperFace: Generating Synthetic Face Recognition Datasets by Exploring Face Embedding Hyperspherecited by 12
- 2025Data Synthesis with Diverse Styles for Face Recognition via 3DMM-Guided Diffusioncited by 12
- 2023Bias and Diversity in Synthetic-based Face Recognitioncited by 11
- 2024Digi2Real: Bridging the Realism Gap in Synthetic Data Face Recognition via Foundation Modelscited by 9
- 2024VariFace: Fair and Diverse Synthetic Dataset Generation for Face Recognitioncited by 8
- 2025Beyond Real Faces: Synthetic Datasets Can Achieve Reliable Recognition Performance without Privacy Compromisecited by 8
10 more
- 2024If It's Not Enough, Make It So: Reducing Authentic Data Demand in Face Recognition through Synthetic Facescited by 4
- 2024The Impact of Balancing Real and Synthetic Data on Accuracy and Fairness in Face Recognitioncited by 3
- 2025NegFaceDiff: The Power of Negative Context in Identity-Conditioned Diffusion for Synthetic Face Generationcited by 3
- 2026IDperturb: Enhancing Variation in Synthetic Face Generation via Angular Perturbationcited by 2
- 2024How Knowledge Distillation Mitigates the Synthetic Gap in Fair Face Recognitioncited by 1
- 2025Vec2Face+ for Face Dataset Generationcited by 1
- 2026AdaptDiff: Adaptive Guidance in Diffusion Models for Diverse and Identity-Consistent Face Synthesis (Student Abstract)cited by 1
- 2025Enhancing Domain Diversity in Synthetic Data Face Recognition with Dataset Fusioncited by 0
- 2026SteerFace: Debiasing Synthetic Face Generation via Adaptive Residue Perturbationcited by 0
- 2026SynThermFace: Amplifying Limited Paired Data for Visible-Thermal Face Recognition via Synthetic Data Generationcited by 0
- 2026SynThermFace: Amplifying Limited Paired Data for Visible-Thermal Face Recognition via Synthetic Data Generation9 Sep 2026
- 2026SteerFace: Debiasing Synthetic Face Generation via Adaptive Residue Perturbation29 May 2026
- 2026IDperturb: Enhancing Variation in Synthetic Face Generation via Angular Perturbation21 Feb 2026
- 2026AdaptDiff: Adaptive Guidance in Diffusion Models for Diverse and Identity-Consistent Face Synthesis (Student Abstract)14 Jan 2026
- 2025Beyond Real Faces: Synthetic Datasets Can Achieve Reliable Recognition Performance without Privacy Compromise20 Oct 2025
- 2025NegFaceDiff: The Power of Negative Context in Identity-Conditioned Diffusion for Synthetic Face Generation13 Aug 2025
- 2025Vec2Face+ for Face Dataset Generation23 Jul 2025
- 2025Enhancing Domain Diversity in Synthetic Data Face Recognition with Dataset Fusion22 Jul 2025
- 202550 Years of Automated Face Recognition30 May 2025
- 2025Data Synthesis with Diverse Styles for Face Recognition via 3DMM-Guided Diffusion1 Apr 2025
- 2024VariFace: Fair and Diverse Synthetic Dataset Generation for Face Recognition9 Dec 2024
- 2024Second FRCSyn-onGoing: Winning Solutions and Post-Challenge Analysis to Improve Face Recognition with Synthetic Data2 Dec 2024
10 more
- 2024HyperFace: Generating Synthetic Face Recognition Datasets by Exploring Face Embedding Hypersphere13 Nov 2024
- 2024Digi2Real: Bridging the Realism Gap in Synthetic Data Face Recognition via Foundation Models4 Nov 2024
- 2024FRoundation: Are Foundation Models Ready for Face Recognition?31 Oct 2024
- 2024Vec2Face: Scaling Face Dataset Generation with Loosely Constrained Vectors4 Sep 2024
- 2024The Impact of Balancing Real and Synthetic Data on Accuracy and Fairness in Face Recognition4 Sep 2024
- 2024How Knowledge Distillation Mitigates the Synthetic Gap in Fair Face Recognition30 Aug 2024
- 2024Synthetic Face Datasets Generation via Latent Space Exploration from Brownian Identity Diffusion30 Apr 2024
- 2024If It's Not Enough, Make It So: Reducing Authentic Data Demand in Face Recognition through Synthetic Faces4 Apr 2024
- 2023Bias and Diversity in Synthetic-based Face Recognition7 Nov 2023
- 2023IDiff-Face: Synthetic-based Face Recognition through Fizzy Identity-Conditioned Diffusion Models9 Aug 2023
- 2023IDiff-Face: Synthetic-based Face Recognition through Fizzy Identity-Conditioned Diffusion Modelscited by 72
- 2025Data Synthesis with Diverse Styles for Face Recognition via 3DMM-Guided Diffusioncited by 12
- 2025NegFaceDiff: The Power of Negative Context in Identity-Conditioned Diffusion for Synthetic Face Generationcited by 3
- 2026IDperturb: Enhancing Variation in Synthetic Face Generation via Angular Perturbationcited by 2
- 2026AdaptDiff: Adaptive Guidance in Diffusion Models for Diverse and Identity-Consistent Face Synthesis (Student Abstract)cited by 1
- 2026IDperturb: Enhancing Variation in Synthetic Face Generation via Angular Perturbation21 Feb 2026
- 2026AdaptDiff: Adaptive Guidance in Diffusion Models for Diverse and Identity-Consistent Face Synthesis (Student Abstract)14 Jan 2026
- 2025NegFaceDiff: The Power of Negative Context in Identity-Conditioned Diffusion for Synthetic Face Generation13 Aug 2025
- 2025Data Synthesis with Diverse Styles for Face Recognition via 3DMM-Guided Diffusion1 Apr 2025
- 2023IDiff-Face: Synthetic-based Face Recognition through Fizzy Identity-Conditioned Diffusion Models9 Aug 2023
- 2024FRoundation: Are Foundation Models Ready for Face Recognition?cited by 22
- 2024Vec2Face: Scaling Face Dataset Generation with Loosely Constrained Vectorscited by 15
- 2024Second FRCSyn-onGoing: Winning Solutions and Post-Challenge Analysis to Improve Face Recognition with Synthetic Datacited by 13
- 202550 Years of Automated Face Recognitioncited by 13
- 2024Synthetic Face Datasets Generation via Latent Space Exploration from Brownian Identity Diffusioncited by 12
- 2024HyperFace: Generating Synthetic Face Recognition Datasets by Exploring Face Embedding Hyperspherecited by 12
- 2023Bias and Diversity in Synthetic-based Face Recognitioncited by 11
- 2024VariFace: Fair and Diverse Synthetic Dataset Generation for Face Recognitioncited by 8
- 2025Beyond Real Faces: Synthetic Datasets Can Achieve Reliable Recognition Performance without Privacy Compromisecited by 8
- 2024If It's Not Enough, Make It So: Reducing Authentic Data Demand in Face Recognition through Synthetic Facescited by 4
- 2024The Impact of Balancing Real and Synthetic Data on Accuracy and Fairness in Face Recognitioncited by 3
- 2024How Knowledge Distillation Mitigates the Synthetic Gap in Fair Face Recognitioncited by 1
12 most cited of 16 All 16 (JSON)
- 2026SynThermFace: Amplifying Limited Paired Data for Visible-Thermal Face Recognition via Synthetic Data Generation9 Sep 2026
- 2026SteerFace: Debiasing Synthetic Face Generation via Adaptive Residue Perturbation29 May 2026
- 2025Beyond Real Faces: Synthetic Datasets Can Achieve Reliable Recognition Performance without Privacy Compromise20 Oct 2025
- 2025Vec2Face+ for Face Dataset Generation23 Jul 2025
- 2025Enhancing Domain Diversity in Synthetic Data Face Recognition with Dataset Fusion22 Jul 2025
- 202550 Years of Automated Face Recognition30 May 2025
- 2024VariFace: Fair and Diverse Synthetic Dataset Generation for Face Recognition9 Dec 2024
- 2024Second FRCSyn-onGoing: Winning Solutions and Post-Challenge Analysis to Improve Face Recognition with Synthetic Data2 Dec 2024
- 2024HyperFace: Generating Synthetic Face Recognition Datasets by Exploring Face Embedding Hypersphere13 Nov 2024
- 2024FRoundation: Are Foundation Models Ready for Face Recognition?31 Oct 2024
- 2024Vec2Face: Scaling Face Dataset Generation with Loosely Constrained Vectors4 Sep 2024
- 2024The Impact of Balancing Real and Synthetic Data on Accuracy and Fairness in Face Recognition4 Sep 2024
12 newest of 16 All 16 (JSON)