Explainable Model-Agnostic Similarity and Confidence in Face Verification
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Abstract (arXiv)
Recently, face recognition systems have demonstrated remarkable performances and thus gained a vital role in our daily life. They already surpass human face verification accountability in many scenarios. However, they lack explanations for their predictions. Compared to human operators, typical face recognition network system generate only binary decisions without further explanation and insights into those decisions. This work focuses on explanations for face recognition systems, vital for developers and operators. First, we introduce a confidence score for those systems based on facial feature distances between two input images and the distribution of distances across a dataset. Secondly, we establish a novel visualization approach to obtain more meaningful predictions from a face recognition system, which maps the distance deviation based on a systematic occlusion of images. The result is blended with the original images and highlights similar and dissimilar facial regions. Lastly, we calculate confidence scores and explanation maps for several state-of-the-art face verification datasets and release the results on a web platform. We optimize the platform for a user-friendly interaction and hope to further improve the understanding of machine learning decisions. The source code is available on GitHub, and the web platform is publicly available at http://explainable-face-verification.ey.r.appspot.com.
Key facts. Cited by 13 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026). Builds on 16 of its 33 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 24 Nov 2022.
Builds on
16 of 33 references.
References · 16
- 2016"Why Should I Trust You?": Explaining the Predictions of Any Classifiercited by 5,070
- 2017Grad-CAM++: Improved Visual Explanations for Deep Convolutional Networkscited by 939
- 2019Score-CAM: Score-Weighted Visual Explanations for Convolutional Neural Networkscited by 582
- 2021MagFace: A Universal Representation for Face Recognition and Quality Assessmentcited by 334
- 2017Cross-Age LFW: A Database for Studying Cross-Age Face Recognition in Unconstrained Environmentscited by 260
- 2017Real Time Image Saliency for Black Box Classifierscited by 246
- 2018Tell Me Where to Look: Guided Attention Inference Networkcited by 169
- 2020Axiom-based Grad-CAM: Towards Accurate Visualization and Explanation of CNNscited by 151
- 2021ElasticFace: Elastic Margin Loss for Deep Face Recognitioncited by 144
- 2021Face Transformer for Recognitioncited by 46
- 2021Cross-Quality LFW: A Database for Analyzing Cross-Resolution Image Face Recognition in Unconstrained Environmentscited by 34
- 2020xCos: An Explainable Cosine Metric for Face Verification Taskcited by 24
4 more
- 2022Stating Comparison Score Uncertainty and Verification Decision Confidence Towards Transparent Face Recognitioncited by 9
- 2019Improving Feature Attribution through Input-specific Network Pruningcited by 7
- 2022Octuplet Loss: Make Face Recognition Robust to Image Resolutioncited by 5
- 2022Explainable vision transformer enabled convolutional neural network for plant disease identification: PlantXViTcited by 5
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Citing papers per year: 2023: 4; 2024: 4; 2025: 2; 2026: 3.
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- 2023Efficient Explainable Face Verification based on Similarity Score Argument Backpropagationcited by 12
- 2023Towards Visual Saliency Explanations of Face Verificationcited by 11
- 2024Explainable Face Verification via Feature-Guided Gradient Backpropagationcited by 6
- 2023Discriminative Deep Feature Visualization for Explainable Face Recognitioncited by 3
- 2024Beyond Spatial Explanations: Explainable Face Recognition in the Frequency Domaincited by 3
- 2024Bridging Human Concepts and Computer Vision for Explainable Face Verificationcited by 2
- 2025Non-Adaptive Adversarial Face Generationcited by 2
- 2026MLLM-based Textual Explanations for Face Comparisoncited by 2
- 2023Tackling Face Verification Edge Cases: In-Depth Analysis and Human-Machine Fusion Approachcited by 1
- 2024Aligning Characteristic Descriptors with Images for Human-Expert-like Explainabilitycited by 0
- 2025Restricted Receptive Fields for Face Verificationcited by 0
- 2026Casting the Net! Revisiting MasterFace Impersonation Attackscited by 0
1 more
- 2026EXPL-FR: Explaining Face Recognition Models via Vision-Language Alignment21 Aug 2026
- 2026Casting the Net! Revisiting MasterFace Impersonation Attacks7 Aug 2026
- 2026MLLM-based Textual Explanations for Face Comparison17 Mar 2026
- 2025Restricted Receptive Fields for Face Verification12 Oct 2025
- 2025Non-Adaptive Adversarial Face Generation16 Jul 2025
- 2024Aligning Characteristic Descriptors with Images for Human-Expert-like Explainability6 Nov 2024
- 2024Beyond Spatial Explanations: Explainable Face Recognition in the Frequency Domain16 Jul 2024
- 2024Explainable Face Verification via Feature-Guided Gradient Backpropagation7 Mar 2024
- 2024Bridging Human Concepts and Computer Vision for Explainable Face Verification30 Jan 2024
- 2023Discriminative Deep Feature Visualization for Explainable Face Recognition1 Jun 2023
- 2023Towards Visual Saliency Explanations of Face Verification15 May 2023
- 2023Efficient Explainable Face Verification based on Similarity Score Argument Backpropagation26 Apr 2023
- 2026MLLM-based Textual Explanations for Face Comparisoncited by 2
- 2026MLLM-based Textual Explanations for Face Comparison17 Mar 2026
- 2023Efficient Explainable Face Verification based on Similarity Score Argument Backpropagationcited by 12
- 2023Towards Visual Saliency Explanations of Face Verificationcited by 11
- 2024Explainable Face Verification via Feature-Guided Gradient Backpropagationcited by 6
- 2023Discriminative Deep Feature Visualization for Explainable Face Recognitioncited by 3
- 2024Beyond Spatial Explanations: Explainable Face Recognition in the Frequency Domaincited by 3
- 2024Bridging Human Concepts and Computer Vision for Explainable Face Verificationcited by 2
- 2025Non-Adaptive Adversarial Face Generationcited by 2
- 2023Tackling Face Verification Edge Cases: In-Depth Analysis and Human-Machine Fusion Approachcited by 1
- 2024Aligning Characteristic Descriptors with Images for Human-Expert-like Explainabilitycited by 0
- 2025Restricted Receptive Fields for Face Verificationcited by 0
- 2026Casting the Net! Revisiting MasterFace Impersonation Attackscited by 0
- 2026EXPL-FR: Explaining Face Recognition Models via Vision-Language Alignmentcited by 0
- 2026EXPL-FR: Explaining Face Recognition Models via Vision-Language Alignment21 Aug 2026
- 2026Casting the Net! Revisiting MasterFace Impersonation Attacks7 Aug 2026
- 2025Restricted Receptive Fields for Face Verification12 Oct 2025
- 2025Non-Adaptive Adversarial Face Generation16 Jul 2025
- 2024Aligning Characteristic Descriptors with Images for Human-Expert-like Explainability6 Nov 2024
- 2024Beyond Spatial Explanations: Explainable Face Recognition in the Frequency Domain16 Jul 2024
- 2024Explainable Face Verification via Feature-Guided Gradient Backpropagation7 Mar 2024
- 2024Bridging Human Concepts and Computer Vision for Explainable Face Verification30 Jan 2024
- 2023Discriminative Deep Feature Visualization for Explainable Face Recognition1 Jun 2023
- 2023Towards Visual Saliency Explanations of Face Verification15 May 2023
- 2023Efficient Explainable Face Verification based on Similarity Score Argument Backpropagation26 Apr 2023
- 2023Tackling Face Verification Edge Cases: In-Depth Analysis and Human-Machine Fusion Approach17 Apr 2023