Unsupervised Face Recognition using Unlabeled Synthetic Data
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Abstract (arXiv)
Over the past years, the main research innovations in face recognition focused on training deep neural networks on large-scale identity-labeled datasets using variations of multi-class classification losses. However, many of these datasets are retreated by their creators due to increased privacy and ethical concerns. Very recently, privacy-friendly synthetic data has been proposed as an alternative to privacy-sensitive authentic data to comply with privacy regulations and to ensure the continuity of face recognition research. In this paper, we propose an unsupervised face recognition model based on unlabeled synthetic data (USynthFace). Our proposed USynthFace learns to maximize the similarity between two augmented images of the same synthetic instance. We enable this by a large set of geometric and color transformations in addition to GAN-based augmentation that contributes to the USynthFace model training. We also conduct numerous empirical studies on different components of our USynthFace. With the proposed set of augmentation operations, we proved the effectiveness of our USynthFace in achieving relatively high recognition accuracies using unlabeled synthetic data.
Key facts. Cited by 27 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026). Builds on 29 of its 39 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 14 Nov 2022.
Builds on
29 of 39 references.
References · 29
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Citing papers per year: 2023: 12; 2024: 9; 2025: 5; 2026: 1.
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- 2023IDiff-Face: Synthetic-based Face Recognition through Fizzy Identity-Conditioned Diffusion Modelscited by 72
- 2023Synthetic Data for Face Recognition: Current State and Future Prospectscited by 38
- 2024SDFR: Synthetic Data for Face Recognition Competitioncited by 28
- 2023Identity-driven Three-Player Generative Adversarial Network for Synthetic-based Face Recognitioncited by 27
- 2023ExFaceGAN: Exploring Identity Directions in GAN's Learned Latent Space for Synthetic Identity Generationcited by 22
- 2023FRCSyn Challenge at WACV 2024:Face Recognition Challenge in the Era of Synthetic Datacited by 21
- 2024Edit Away and My Face Will not Stay: Personal Biometric Defense against Malicious Generative Editingcited by 21
- 2023SynthASpoof: Developing Face Presentation Attack Detection Based on Privacy-friendly Synthetic Datacited by 17
- 2024Vec2Face: Scaling Face Dataset Generation with Loosely Constrained Vectorscited by 15
- 2024Second FRCSyn-onGoing: Winning Solutions and Post-Challenge Analysis to Improve Face Recognition with Synthetic Datacited by 13
- 2025Data Synthesis with Diverse Styles for Face Recognition via 3DMM-Guided Diffusioncited by 12
- 2023Bias and Diversity in Synthetic-based Face Recognitioncited by 11
15 more
- 2024ONOT: a High-Quality ICAO-compliant Synthetic Mugshot Datasetcited by 10
- 2023SynthDistill: Face Recognition with Knowledge Distillation from Synthetic Datacited by 9
- 2025Beyond Real Faces: Synthetic Datasets Can Achieve Reliable Recognition Performance without Privacy Compromisecited by 8
- 2023SynFacePAD 2023: Competition on Face Presentation Attack Detection Based on Privacy-aware Synthetic Training Datacited by 5
- 2024If It's Not Enough, Make It So: Reducing Authentic Data Demand in Face Recognition through Synthetic Facescited by 4
- 2024The Impact of Balancing Real and Synthetic Data on Accuracy and Fairness in Face Recognitioncited by 3
- 2025NegFaceDiff: The Power of Negative Context in Identity-Conditioned Diffusion for Synthetic Face Generationcited by 3
- 2023Autoencoder Based Face Verification Systemcited by 2
- 2024Massively Annotated Datasets for Assessment of Synthetic and Real Data in Face Recognitioncited by 2
- 2025FLUXSynID: A Framework for Identity-Controlled Synthetic Face Generation with Document and Live Imagescited by 2
- 2026IDperturb: Enhancing Variation in Synthetic Face Generation via Angular Perturbationcited by 2
- 2023ECG-Based Patient Identification: A Comprehensive Evaluation Across Health and Activity Conditionscited by 1
- 2025Vec2Face+ for Face Dataset Generationcited by 1
- 2023SASMU: boost the performance of generalized recognition model using synthetic face datasetcited by 0
- 2024FaceMixup: Enhancing Facial Expression Recognition through Mixed Face Regularizationcited by 0
- 2026IDperturb: Enhancing Variation in Synthetic Face Generation via Angular Perturbation21 Feb 2026
- 2025Beyond Real Faces: Synthetic Datasets Can Achieve Reliable Recognition Performance without Privacy Compromise20 Oct 2025
- 2025NegFaceDiff: The Power of Negative Context in Identity-Conditioned Diffusion for Synthetic Face Generation13 Aug 2025
- 2025Vec2Face+ for Face Dataset Generation23 Jul 2025
- 2025FLUXSynID: A Framework for Identity-Controlled Synthetic Face Generation with Document and Live Images12 May 2025
- 2025Data Synthesis with Diverse Styles for Face Recognition via 3DMM-Guided Diffusion1 Apr 2025
- 2024Second FRCSyn-onGoing: Winning Solutions and Post-Challenge Analysis to Improve Face Recognition with Synthetic Data2 Dec 2024
- 2024Edit Away and My Face Will not Stay: Personal Biometric Defense against Malicious Generative Editing25 Nov 2024
- 2024Vec2Face: Scaling Face Dataset Generation with Loosely Constrained Vectors4 Sep 2024
- 2024The Impact of Balancing Real and Synthetic Data on Accuracy and Fairness in Face Recognition4 Sep 2024
- 2024FaceMixup: Enhancing Facial Expression Recognition through Mixed Face Regularization30 May 2024
- 2024Massively Annotated Datasets for Assessment of Synthetic and Real Data in Face Recognition23 Apr 2024
15 more
- 2024ONOT: a High-Quality ICAO-compliant Synthetic Mugshot Dataset17 Apr 2024
- 2024SDFR: Synthetic Data for Face Recognition Competition6 Apr 2024
- 2024If It's Not Enough, Make It So: Reducing Authentic Data Demand in Face Recognition through Synthetic Faces4 Apr 2024
- 2023Autoencoder Based Face Verification System21 Dec 2023
- 2023FRCSyn Challenge at WACV 2024:Face Recognition Challenge in the Era of Synthetic Data17 Nov 2023
- 2023SynFacePAD 2023: Competition on Face Presentation Attack Detection Based on Privacy-aware Synthetic Training Data9 Nov 2023
- 2023Bias and Diversity in Synthetic-based Face Recognition7 Nov 2023
- 2023SynthDistill: Face Recognition with Knowledge Distillation from Synthetic Data28 Aug 2023
- 2023IDiff-Face: Synthetic-based Face Recognition through Fizzy Identity-Conditioned Diffusion Models9 Aug 2023
- 2023ExFaceGAN: Exploring Identity Directions in GAN's Learned Latent Space for Synthetic Identity Generation11 Jul 2023
- 2023SASMU: boost the performance of generalized recognition model using synthetic face dataset2 Jun 2023
- 2023Synthetic Data for Face Recognition: Current State and Future Prospects1 May 2023
- 2023Identity-driven Three-Player Generative Adversarial Network for Synthetic-based Face Recognition30 Apr 2023
- 2023SynthASpoof: Developing Face Presentation Attack Detection Based on Privacy-friendly Synthetic Data5 Mar 2023
- 2023ECG-Based Patient Identification: A Comprehensive Evaluation Across Health and Activity Conditions13 Feb 2023
- 2023IDiff-Face: Synthetic-based Face Recognition through Fizzy Identity-Conditioned Diffusion Modelscited by 72
- 2024Edit Away and My Face Will not Stay: Personal Biometric Defense against Malicious Generative Editingcited by 21
- 2025Data Synthesis with Diverse Styles for Face Recognition via 3DMM-Guided Diffusioncited by 12
- 2025NegFaceDiff: The Power of Negative Context in Identity-Conditioned Diffusion for Synthetic Face Generationcited by 3
- 2026IDperturb: Enhancing Variation in Synthetic Face Generation via Angular Perturbationcited by 2
- 2026IDperturb: Enhancing Variation in Synthetic Face Generation via Angular Perturbation21 Feb 2026
- 2025NegFaceDiff: The Power of Negative Context in Identity-Conditioned Diffusion for Synthetic Face Generation13 Aug 2025
- 2025Data Synthesis with Diverse Styles for Face Recognition via 3DMM-Guided Diffusion1 Apr 2025
- 2024Edit Away and My Face Will not Stay: Personal Biometric Defense against Malicious Generative Editing25 Nov 2024
- 2023IDiff-Face: Synthetic-based Face Recognition through Fizzy Identity-Conditioned Diffusion Models9 Aug 2023
- 2023Synthetic Data for Face Recognition: Current State and Future Prospectscited by 38
- 2024SDFR: Synthetic Data for Face Recognition Competitioncited by 28
- 2023Identity-driven Three-Player Generative Adversarial Network for Synthetic-based Face Recognitioncited by 27
- 2023ExFaceGAN: Exploring Identity Directions in GAN's Learned Latent Space for Synthetic Identity Generationcited by 22
- 2023FRCSyn Challenge at WACV 2024:Face Recognition Challenge in the Era of Synthetic Datacited by 21
- 2023SynthASpoof: Developing Face Presentation Attack Detection Based on Privacy-friendly Synthetic Datacited by 17
- 2024Vec2Face: Scaling Face Dataset Generation with Loosely Constrained Vectorscited by 15
- 2024Second FRCSyn-onGoing: Winning Solutions and Post-Challenge Analysis to Improve Face Recognition with Synthetic Datacited by 13
- 2023Bias and Diversity in Synthetic-based Face Recognitioncited by 11
- 2024ONOT: a High-Quality ICAO-compliant Synthetic Mugshot Datasetcited by 10
- 2025Beyond Real Faces: Synthetic Datasets Can Achieve Reliable Recognition Performance without Privacy Compromisecited by 8
- 2023SynFacePAD 2023: Competition on Face Presentation Attack Detection Based on Privacy-aware Synthetic Training Datacited by 5
12 most cited of 21 All 21 (JSON)
- 2025Beyond Real Faces: Synthetic Datasets Can Achieve Reliable Recognition Performance without Privacy Compromise20 Oct 2025
- 2025Vec2Face+ for Face Dataset Generation23 Jul 2025
- 2025FLUXSynID: A Framework for Identity-Controlled Synthetic Face Generation with Document and Live Images12 May 2025
- 2024Second FRCSyn-onGoing: Winning Solutions and Post-Challenge Analysis to Improve Face Recognition with Synthetic Data2 Dec 2024
- 2024Vec2Face: Scaling Face Dataset Generation with Loosely Constrained Vectors4 Sep 2024
- 2024The Impact of Balancing Real and Synthetic Data on Accuracy and Fairness in Face Recognition4 Sep 2024
- 2024FaceMixup: Enhancing Facial Expression Recognition through Mixed Face Regularization30 May 2024
- 2024Massively Annotated Datasets for Assessment of Synthetic and Real Data in Face Recognition23 Apr 2024
- 2024ONOT: a High-Quality ICAO-compliant Synthetic Mugshot Dataset17 Apr 2024
- 2024SDFR: Synthetic Data for Face Recognition Competition6 Apr 2024
- 2024If It's Not Enough, Make It So: Reducing Authentic Data Demand in Face Recognition through Synthetic Faces4 Apr 2024
- 2023Autoencoder Based Face Verification System21 Dec 2023
12 newest of 21 All 21 (JSON)