mlsanityData to 7 Oct 2026

Cross-Quality LFW: A Database for Analyzing Cross-Resolution Image Face Recognition in Unconstrained Environments

arXiv 2108.10290 ↗First posted 23 Aug 2021cs.CVcited by 33

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Abstract (arXiv)

Real-world face recognition applications often deal with suboptimal image quality or resolution due to different capturing conditions such as various subject-to-camera distances, poor camera settings, or motion blur. This characteristic has an unignorable effect on performance. Recent cross-resolution face recognition approaches used simple, arbitrary, and unrealistic down- and up-scaling techniques to measure robustness against real-world edge-cases in image quality. Thus, we propose a new standardized benchmark dataset and evaluation protocol derived from the famous Labeled Faces in the Wild (LFW). In contrast to previous derivatives, which focus on pose, age, similarity, and adversarial attacks, our Cross-Quality Labeled Faces in the Wild (XQLFW) maximizes the quality difference. It contains only more realistic synthetically degraded images when necessary. Our proposed dataset is then used to further investigate the influence of image quality on several state-of-the-art approaches. With XQLFW, we show that these models perform differently in cross-quality cases, and hence, the generalizing capability is not accurately predicted by their performance on LFW. Additionally, we report baseline accuracy with recent deep learning models explicitly trained for cross-resolution applications and evaluate the susceptibility to image quality. To encourage further research in cross-resolution face recognition and incite the assessment of image quality robustness, we publish the database and code for evaluation.

Key facts. Cited by 33 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). Builds on 20 of its 43 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 23 Aug 2021.

Builds on

20 of 43 references.

References · 20

  1. 2017Attention Is All You Needcited by 59,932
  2. 2016Joint Face Detection and Alignment using Multi-task Cascaded Convolutional Networkscited by 895
  3. 2016MS-Celeb-1M: A Dataset and Benchmark for Large-Scale Face Recognitioncited by 621
  4. 2021MagFace: A Universal Representation for Face Recognition and Quality Assessmentcited by 332
  5. 2017Cross-Age LFW: A Database for Studying Cross-Age Face Recognition in Unconstrained Environmentscited by 258
  6. 2015The MegaFace Benchmark: 1 Million Faces for Recognition at Scalecited by 199
  7. 2019Blind Super-Resolution Kernel Estimation using an Internal-GANcited by 175
  8. 2019Deep Plug-and-Play Super-Resolution for Arbitrary Blur Kernelscited by 112
  9. 2020SER-FIQ: Unsupervised Estimation of Face Image Quality Based on Stochastic Embedding Robustnesscited by 111
  10. 2020Towards Transferable Adversarial Attack against Deep Face Recognitioncited by 79
  11. 2020Masked Face Recognition Dataset and Applicationcited by 66
  12. 2018Low-Resolution Face Recognitioncited by 64
8 more
  1. 2018Low-resolution Face Recognition in the Wild via Selective Knowledge Distillationcited by 55
  2. 2021Face Transformer for Recognitioncited by 45
  3. 2019Cross-Resolution Learning for Face Recognitioncited by 22
  4. 2017Low Resolution Face Recognition Using a Two-Branch Deep Convolutional Neural Network Architecturecited by 17
  5. 2021Boosting Masked Face Recognition with Multi-Task ArcFacecited by 13
  6. 2018Face Synthesis for Eyeglass-Robust Face Recognitioncited by 12
  7. 2019Attribute-Guided Coupled GAN for Cross-Resolution Face Recognitioncited by 12
  8. 2021Attention-based Partial Face Recognitioncited by 1

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Cited by year (2026 to 7 Oct)

Citing papers per year: 2021: 2; 2022: 5; 2023: 8; 2024: 4; 2025: 5; 2026: 9.

33 papers.

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  1. 2021CR-FIQA: Face Image Quality Assessment by Learning Sample Relative Classifiabilitycited by 68
  2. 2021QMagFace: Simple and Accurate Quality-Aware Face Recognitioncited by 25
  3. 2023DifFIQA: Face Image Quality Assessment Using Denoising Diffusion Probabilistic Modelscited by 22
  4. 2022FaceQAN: Face Image Quality Assessment Through Adversarial Noise Explorationcited by 17
  5. 2022Explainable Model-Agnostic Similarity and Confidence in Face Verificationcited by 13
  6. 2024GraFIQs: Face Image Quality Assessment Using Gradient Magnitudescited by 12
  7. 2022Stating Comparison Score Uncertainty and Verification Decision Confidence Towards Transparent Face Recognitioncited by 9
  8. 2023EFaR 2023: Efficient Face Recognition Competitioncited by 7
  9. 2025ViT-FIQA: Assessing Face Image Quality using Vision Transformerscited by 7
  10. 2022Octuplet Loss: Make Face Recognition Robust to Image Resolutioncited by 5
  11. 2023Optimization-Based Improvement of Face Image Quality Assessment Techniquescited by 4
  12. 2025FROQ: Observing Face Recognition Models for Efficient Quality Assessmentcited by 4
21 more
  1. 2026ViTNT-FIQA: Training-Free Face Image Quality Assessment with Vision Transformerscited by 4
  2. 2023Young Labeled Faces in the Wild (YLFW): A Dataset for Children Faces Recognitioncited by 3
  3. 2024Goldilocks Test Sets for Face Verificationcited by 3
  4. 2023Dive into the Resolution Augmentations and Metrics in Low Resolution Face Recognition: A Plain yet Effective New Baselinecited by 2
  5. 2025QCFace: Image Quality Control for boosting Face Representation & Recognitioncited by 2
  6. 2023Tackling Face Verification Edge Cases: In-Depth Analysis and Human-Machine Fusion Approachcited by 1
  7. 2023Boosting Cross-Quality Face Verification using Blind Face Restorationcited by 1
  8. 2024IG-FIQA: Improving Face Image Quality Assessment through Intra-class Variance Guidance robust to Inaccurate Pseudo-Labelscited by 1
  9. 2024AI-KD: Towards Alignment Invariant Face Image Quality Assessment Using Knowledge Distillationcited by 1
  10. 2025Vec2Face+ for Face Dataset Generationcited by 1
  11. 2022Iterative Optimization of Pseudo Ground-Truth Face Image Quality Labelscited by 0
  12. 2023Quality-Aware Prototype Memory for Face Representation Learningcited by 0
  13. 2025Inclusive Review on Advances in Masked Human Face Recognition Technologiescited by 0
  14. 2026ATTN-FIQA: Interpretable Attention-based Face Image Quality Assessment with Vision Transformerscited by 0
  15. 2026EX-FIQA: Leveraging Intermediate Early eXit Representations from Vision Transformers for Face Image Quality Assessmentcited by 0
  16. 2026FunFace: Feature Utility and Norm Estimation for Face Recognitioncited by 0
  17. 2026PreFIQs: Face Image Quality Is What Survives Pruningcited by 0
  18. 2026Unlearnable Faces: Privacy Protection Surviving Extraction Pipelinecited by 0
  19. 2026Quantifying Training Membership Information in the Hyperspherical Embedding Geometry of Face Recognition Modelscited by 0
  20. 2026Beyond Error-vs-Discard Characteristic: Toward Stable and Reliable Evaluation for Face Image Quality Assessmentcited by 0
  21. 2026Learning to Attract and Repel: Dual Quality Margin Learning for Face Recognition (DQM-Face)cited by 0