mlsanityData to 14 Oct 2026

Peer to Peer Hate: Hate Speech Instigators and Their Targets

arXiv 1804.04649 ↗First posted 12 Apr 2018cs.SI cs.CYcited by 30

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Abstract (arXiv)

While social media has become an empowering agent to individual voices and freedom of expression, it also facilitates anti-social behaviors including online harassment, cyberbullying, and hate speech. In this paper, we present the first comparative study of hate speech instigators and target users on Twitter. Through a multi-step classification process, we curate a comprehensive hate speech dataset capturing various types of hate. We study the distinctive characteristics of hate instigators and targets in terms of their profile self-presentation, activities, and online visibility. We find that hate instigators target more popular and high profile Twitter users, and that participating in hate speech can result in greater online visibility. We conduct a personality analysis of hate instigators and targets and show that both groups have eccentric personality facets that differ from the general Twitter population. Our results advance the state of the art of understanding online hate speech engagement.

Key facts. Cited by 30 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026). First posted on arXiv 12 Apr 2018.

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Citing papers per year: 2021: 2; 2022: 5; 2023: 6; 2024: 9; 2025: 8.

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  1. 2023You Only Prompt Once: On the Capabilities of Prompt Learning on Large Language Models to Tackle Toxic Contentcited by 39
  2. 2021A systematic review of Hate Speech automatic detection using Natural Language Processingcited by 27
  3. 2024From Languages to Geographies: Towards Evaluating Cultural Bias in Hate Speech Datasetscited by 25
  4. 2022How Hate Speech Varies by Target Identity: A Computational Analysiscited by 23
  5. 2022Hate Speech Criteria: A Modular Approach to Task-Specific Hate Speech Definitionscited by 18
  6. 2021CONDA: a CONtextual Dual-Annotated dataset for in-game toxicity understanding and detectioncited by 14
  7. 2024MetaHate: A Dataset for Unifying Efforts on Hate Speech Detectioncited by 14
  8. 2022Model Positionality and Computational Reflexivity: Promoting Reflexivity in Data Sciencecited by 13
  9. 2022Generalizing Hate Speech Detection Using Multi-Task Learning: A Case Study of Political Public Figurescited by 10
  10. 2024The Unseen Targets of Hate -- A Systematic Review of Hateful Communication Datasetscited by 6
  11. 2024Decoding Hate: Exploring Language Models' Reactions to Hate Speechcited by 6
  12. 2023Factoring Hate Speech: A New Annotation Framework to Study Hate Speech in Social Mediacited by 5
18 more
  1. 2024Towards Efficient and Explainable Hate Speech Detection via Model Distillationcited by 5
  2. 2022Detecting Conspiracy Theory Against COVID-19 Vaccinescited by 2
  3. 2023How We Define Harm Impacts Data Annotations: Explaining How Annotators Distinguish Hateful, Offensive, and Toxic Commentscited by 2
  4. 2024Cross-lingual Offensive Language Detection: A Systematic Review of Datasets, Transfer Approaches and Challengescited by 2
  5. 2025Bridging Gaps in Hate Speech Detection: Meta-Collections and Benchmarks for Low-Resource Iberian Languagescited by 2
  6. 2023KhabarChin: Automatic Detection of Important News in the Persian Languagecited by 1
  7. 2025Will I Get Hate Speech Predicting the Volume of Abusive Replies before Posting in Social Mediacited by 1
  8. 2025Can LLMs Evaluate What They Cannot Annotate? Revisiting LLM Reliability in Hate Speech Detectioncited by 1
  9. 2023Analyzing User Characteristics of Hate Speech Spreaders on Social Mediacited by 0
  10. 2023Latent Feature-based Data Splits to Improve Generalisation Evaluation: A Hate Speech Detection Case Studycited by 0
  11. 2024The Unappreciated Role of Intent in Algorithmic Moderation of Social Media Contentcited by 0
  12. 2024What is the social benefit of hate speech detection research? A Systematic Reviewcited by 0
  13. 2024ProvocationProbe: Instigating Hate Speech Dataset from Twittercited by 0
  14. 2025Personalisation or Prejudice? Addressing Geographic Bias in Hate Speech Detection using Debias Tuning in Large Language Modelscited by 0
  15. 2025Understanding and Analyzing Inappropriately Targeting Language in Online Discourse: A Comparative Annotation Studycited by 0
  16. 2025Web(er) of Hate: A Survey on How Hate Speech Is Typedcited by 0
  17. 2025Dialogues of Dissent: Thematic and Rhetorical Dimensions of Hate and Counter-Hate Speech in Social Media Conversationscited by 0
  18. 2025WATCHED: A Web AI Agent Tool for Combating Hate Speech by Expanding Datacited by 0