mlsanityData to 7 Oct 2026

Sample and Computation Redistribution for Efficient Face Detection

arXiv 2105.04714 ↗First posted 10 May 2021cs.CVcited by 86

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Abstract (arXiv)

Although tremendous strides have been made in uncontrolled face detection, efficient face detection with a low computation cost as well as high precision remains an open challenge. In this paper, we point out that training data sampling and computation distribution strategies are the keys to efficient and accurate face detection. Motivated by these observations, we introduce two simple but effective methods (1) Sample Redistribution (SR), which augments training samples for the most needed stages, based on the statistics of benchmark datasets; and (2) Computation Redistribution (CR), which reallocates the computation between the backbone, neck and head of the model, based on a meticulously defined search methodology. Extensive experiments conducted on WIDER FACE demonstrate the state-of-the-art efficiency-accuracy trade-off for the proposed scrfd family across a wide range of compute regimes. In particular, scrfdf34 outperforms the best competitor, TinaFace, by 3.86% (AP at hard set) while being more than 3× faster on GPUs with VGA-resolution images. We also release our code to facilitate future research.

Key facts. Cited by 86 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). Builds on 34 of its 51 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 10 May 2021.

Builds on

34 of 51 references.

References · 34

  1. 2015Deep Residual Learning for Image Recognitioncited by 51,809
  2. 2014Microsoft COCO: Common Objects in Contextcited by 17,498
  3. 2016Feature Pyramid Networks for Object Detectioncited by 5,021
  4. 2014Going Deeper with Convolutionscited by 4,231
  5. 2017MobileNets: Efficient Convolutional Neural Networks for Mobile Vision Applicationscited by 3,827
  6. 2015FaceNet: A Unified Embedding for Face Recognition and Clusteringcited by 2,833
  7. 2019FCOS: Fully Convolutional One-Stage Object Detectioncited by 1,573
  8. 2018Group Normalizationcited by 1,514
  9. 2019MMDetection: Open MMLab Detection Toolbox and Benchmarkcited by 1,379
  10. 2020Designing Network Design Spacescited by 954
  11. 2018Regularized Evolution for Image Classifier Architecture Searchcited by 902
  12. 2018Path Aggregation Network for Instance Segmentationcited by 796
22 more
  1. 2017Focal Loss for Dense Object Detectioncited by 749
  2. 2019Bridging the Gap Between Anchor-based and Anchor-free Detection via Adaptive Training Sample Selectioncited by 539
  3. 2017How far are we from solving the 2D & 3D Face Alignment problem? (and a dataset of 230,000 3D facial landmarks)cited by 524
  4. 2019Distance-IoU Loss: Faster and Better Learning for Bounding Box Regressioncited by 454
  5. 2018Bag of Tricks for Image Classification with Convolutional Neural Networkscited by 430
  6. 2019Single Path One-Shot Neural Architecture Search with Uniform Samplingcited by 411
  7. 2020Generalized Focal Loss: Learning Qualified and Distributed Bounding Boxes for Dense Object Detectioncited by 408
  8. 2015WIDER FACE: A Face Detection Benchmarkcited by 297
  9. 2019NAS-FPN: Learning Scalable Feature Pyramid Architecture for Object Detectioncited by 289
  10. 2018Joint 3D Face Reconstruction and Dense Alignment with Position Map Regression Networkcited by 195
  11. 2019RetinaFace: Single-stage Dense Face Localisation in the Wildcited by 164
  12. 2021Revisiting ResNets: Improved Training and Scaling Strategiescited by 158
  13. 2017S3FD: Single Shot Scale-invariant Face Detectorcited by 142
  14. 2018DSFD: Dual Shot Face Detectorcited by 115
  15. 2018PyramidBox: A Context-assisted Single Shot Face Detectorcited by 57
  16. 2017FaceBoxes: A CPU Real-time Face Detector with High Accuracycited by 44
  17. 2017SSH: Single Stage Headless Face Detectorcited by 40
  18. 2020OSTeC: One-Shot Texture Completioncited by 37
  19. 2020TinaFace: Strong but Simple Baseline for Face Detectioncited by 30
  20. 2019LFFD: A Light and Fast Face Detector for Edge Devicescited by 21
  21. 2019Computation Reallocation for Object Detectioncited by 17
  22. 2019HAMBox: Delving into Online High-quality Anchors Mining for Detecting Outer Facescited by 4

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Cited by year (2026 to 7 Oct)

Citing papers per year: 2021: 1; 2022: 10; 2023: 11; 2024: 18; 2025: 24; 2026: 22.

86 papers.

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  1. 2023DataComp: In search of the next generation of multimodal datasetscited by 635
  2. 2024A Survey of Multimodal Large Language Model from A Data-centric Perspectivecited by 73
  3. 2022Expanding Accurate Person Recognition to New Altitudes and Ranges: The BRIAR Datasetcited by 61
  4. 2025Insert Anything: Image Insertion via In-Context Editing in DiTcited by 61
  5. 2023GANDiffFace: Controllable Generation of Synthetic Datasets for Face Recognition with Realistic Variationscited by 49
  6. 2025Long-Term TalkingFace Generation via Motion-Prior Conditional Diffusion Modelcited by 49
  7. 2021YOLO5Face: Why Reinventing a Face Detectorcited by 44
  8. 2025VideoGen-of-Thought: Step-by-step generating multi-shot video with minimal manual interventioncited by 33
  9. 2025Concat-ID: Towards Universal Identity-Preserving Video Synthesiscited by 28
  10. 2022There is a Time and Place for Reasoning Beyond the Imagecited by 22
  11. 2023Towards Realistic Generative 3D Face Modelscited by 20
  12. 2024InfiniBench: A Benchmark for Large Multi-Modal Models in Long-Form Movies and TV Showscited by 20
38 more
  1. 2023Boosting Object Detection with Zero-Shot Day-Night Domain Adaptationcited by 17
  2. 2025ContextGen: Contextual Layout Anchoring for Identity-Consistent Multi-Instance Generationcited by 17
  3. 2024ExpLLM: Towards Chain of Thought for Facial Expression Recognitioncited by 15
  4. 2025ComfyGPT: A Self-Optimizing Multi-Agent System for Comprehensive ComfyUI Workflow Generationcited by 14
  5. 2024Is My Data in Your AI? Membership Inference Test (MINT) applied to Face Biometricscited by 12
  6. 2024RectifID: Personalizing Rectified Flow with Anchored Classifier Guidancecited by 11
  7. 20223DMM-RF: Convolutional Radiance Fields for 3D Face Modelingcited by 10
  8. 2025OmniTalker: One-shot Real-time Text-Driven Talking Audio-Video Generation With Multimodal Style Mimickingcited by 9
  9. 2025Playmate: Flexible Control of Portrait Animation via 3D-Implicit Space Guided Diffusioncited by 8
  10. 2024UVMap-ID: A Controllable and Personalized UV Map Generative Modelcited by 7
  11. 2025Identity-Preserving Image-to-Video Generation via Reward-Guided Optimizationcited by 7
  12. 2025Exploring Cognitive and Aesthetic Causality for Multimodal Aspect-Based Sentiment Analysiscited by 6
  13. 2022EResFD: Rediscovery of the Effectiveness of Standard Convolution for Lightweight Face Detectioncited by 5
  14. 2024Monocular Identity-Conditioned Facial Reflectance Reconstructioncited by 5
  15. 2022Perspective Reconstruction of Human Faces by Joint Mesh and Landmark Regressioncited by 4
  16. 2025Virtually Being: Customizing Camera-Controllable Video Diffusion Models with Multi-View Performance Capturescited by 4
  17. 2022Physically-Based Face Rendering for NIR-VIS Face Recognitioncited by 3
  18. 2022Whose Emotion Matters? Speaking Activity Localisation without Prior Knowledgecited by 3
  19. 2023Real-time Multi-person Eyeblink Detection in the Wild for Untrimmed Videocited by 3
  20. 2023MetaHead: An Engine to Create Realistic Digital Headcited by 3
  21. 2024Template-based Multi-Domain Face Recognitioncited by 3
  22. 2025FakeParts: a New Family of AI-Generated DeepFakescited by 3
  23. 2025Knowledge Completes the Vision: A Multimodal Entity-aware Retrieval-Augmented Generation Framework for News Image Captioningcited by 3
  24. 2022Learning Audio-Visual embedding for Person Verification in the Wildcited by 2
  25. 2022Improving Depression estimation from facial videos with face alignment, training optimization and schedulingcited by 2
  26. 2023Filter-Pruning of Lightweight Face Detectors Using a Geometric Median Criterioncited by 2
  27. 2023QAFE-Net: Quality Assessment of Facial Expressions with Landmark Heatmapscited by 2
  28. 2024Double Trouble? Impact and Detection of Duplicates in Face Image Datasetscited by 2
  29. 2024Inv-Adapter: ID Customization Generation via Image Inversion and Lightweight Adaptercited by 2
  30. 2024FDLite: A Single Stage Lightweight Face Detector Networkcited by 2
  31. 2024Towards Unified Facial Action Unit Recognition Framework by Large Language Modelscited by 2
  32. 2025B-FPGM: Lightweight Face Detection via Bayesian-Optimized Soft FPGM Pruningcited by 2
  33. 2025Automated Visual Attention Detection using Mobile Eye Tracking in Behavioral Classroom Studiescited by 2
  34. 2026Towards Spatial Supersensing in the Wildcited by 2
  35. 2024Boosting Unconstrained Face Recognition with Targeted Style Adversarycited by 1
  36. 2024CLIP Unreasonable Potential in Single-Shot Face Recognitioncited by 1
  37. 2024VideoGen-of-Thought: Step-by-step generating multi-shot video with minimal manual interventioncited by 1
  38. 2025Trajectory-guided Motion Perception for Facial Expression Quality Assessment in Neurological Disorderscited by 1

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