mlsanityData to 7 Oct 2026

Efficient Visual Pretraining with Contrastive Detection

arXiv 2103.10957 ↗First posted 19 Mar 2021cs.CVcited by 150

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Abstract (arXiv)

Self-supervised pretraining has been shown to yield powerful representations for transfer learning. These performance gains come at a large computational cost however, with state-of-the-art methods requiring an order of magnitude more computation than supervised pretraining. We tackle this computational bottleneck by introducing a new self-supervised objective, contrastive detection, which tasks representations with identifying object-level features across augmentations. This objective extracts a rich learning signal per image, leading to state-of-the-art transfer accuracy on a variety of downstream tasks, while requiring up to 10x less pretraining. In particular, our strongest ImageNet-pretrained model performs on par with SEER, one of the largest self-supervised systems to date, which uses 1000x more pretraining data. Finally, our objective seamlessly handles pretraining on more complex images such as those in COCO, closing the gap with supervised transfer learning from COCO to PASCAL.

Key facts. Cited by 150 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). Builds on 53 of its 70 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 19 Mar 2021.

Builds on

53 of 70 references.

References · 53

  1. 2015Deep Residual Learning for Image Recognitioncited by 51,809
  2. 2014Very Deep Convolutional Networks for Large-Scale Image Recognitioncited by 15,267
  3. 2020A Simple Framework for Contrastive Learning of Visual Representationscited by 11,979
  4. 2014ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challengecited by 8,441
  5. 2018Representation Learning with Contrastive Predictive Codingcited by 7,662
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  8. 2016Feature Pyramid Networks for Object Detectioncited by 5,021
  9. 2014Fully Convolutional Networks for Semantic Segmentationcited by 4,845
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  12. 2020Unsupervised Learning of Visual Features by Contrasting Cluster Assignmentscited by 2,845
38 more
  1. 2020Improved Baselines with Momentum Contrastive Learningcited by 2,282
  2. 2013Rich feature hierarchies for accurate object detection and semantic segmentationcited by 2,160
  3. 2016Identity Mappings in Deep Residual Networkscited by 1,960
  4. 2018Unsupervised Feature Learning via Non-Parametric Instance-level Discriminationcited by 1,838
  5. 2018Unsupervised Representation Learning by Predicting Image Rotationscited by 1,586
  6. 2016Context Encoders: Feature Learning by Inpaintingcited by 1,424
  7. 2016Unsupervised Learning of Visual Representations by Solving Jigsaw Puzzlescited by 1,379
  8. 2020Big Self-Supervised Models are Strong Semi-Supervised Learnerscited by 1,375
  9. 2019Contrastive Multiview Codingcited by 1,297
  10. 2018Learning deep representations by mutual information estimation and maximizationcited by 1,265
  11. 2016Colorful Image Colorizationcited by 1,113
  12. 2015Unsupervised Visual Representation Learning by Context Predictioncited by 1,062
  13. 2020Designing Network Design Spacescited by 954
  14. 2017Revisiting Unreasonable Effectiveness of Data in Deep Learning Eracited by 916
  15. 2020What Makes for Good Views for Contrastive Learning?cited by 843
  16. 2019Learning Representations by Maximizing Mutual Information Across Viewscited by 733
  17. 2019Data-Efficient Image Recognition with Contrastive Predictive Codingcited by 672
  18. 2017Large Batch Training of Convolutional Networkscited by 529
  19. 2019Self-labelling via simultaneous clustering and representation learningcited by 525
  20. 2018Invariant Information Clustering for Unsupervised Image Classification and Segmentationcited by 454
  21. 2016Deeper Depth Prediction with Fully Convolutional Residual Networkscited by 402
  22. 2018Rethinking ImageNet Pre-trainingcited by 376
  23. 2016Adversarial Feature Learningcited by 350
  24. 2014Discriminative Unsupervised Feature Learning with Exemplar Convolutional Neural Networkscited by 299
  25. 2020Propagate Yourself: Exploring Pixel-Level Consistency for Unsupervised Visual Representation Learningcited by 297
  26. 2019Revisiting Self-Supervised Visual Representation Learningcited by 250
  27. 2020Space-Time Correspondence as a Contrastive Random Walkcited by 239
  28. 2016Split-Brain Autoencoders: Unsupervised Learning by Cross-Channel Predictioncited by 217
  29. 2017Multi-task Self-Supervised Visual Learningcited by 200
  30. 2021Self-supervised Pretraining of Visual Features in the Wildcited by 197
  31. 2021Unsupervised Semantic Segmentation by Contrasting Object Mask Proposalscited by 190
  32. 2017Colorization as a Proxy Task for Visual Understandingcited by 175
  33. 2020Unsupervised Learning of Dense Visual Representationscited by 147
  34. 2016Learning Features by Watching Objects Movecited by 138
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  36. 2017MegDet: A Large Mini-Batch Object Detectorcited by 66
  37. 2020Self-Supervised Visual Representation Learning from Hierarchical Groupingcited by 63
  38. 2020CASTing Your Model: Learning to Localize Improves Self-Supervised Representationscited by 63

50 most cited of 53 All 53 (JSON)

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Cited by year (2026 to 7 Oct)

Citing papers per year: 2021: 19; 2022: 39; 2023: 46; 2024: 23; 2025: 13; 2026: 10.

150 papers.

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  1. 2021RegionCLIP: Region-based Language-Image Pretrainingcited by 612
  2. 2023A Survey on Self-supervised Learning: Algorithms, Applications, and Future Trendscited by 205
  3. 2023SCLIP: Rethinking Self-Attention for Dense Vision-Language Inferencecited by 169
  4. 2022Image-to-Lidar Self-Supervised Distillation for Autonomous Driving Datacited by 126
  5. 2023Segment Any Point Cloud Sequences by Distilling Vision Foundation Modelscited by 123
  6. 2021Self-Supervised Learning with Swin Transformerscited by 121
  7. 2022VICRegL: Self-Supervised Learning of Local Visual Featurescited by 118
  8. 2021Aligning Pretraining for Detection via Object-Level Contrastive Learningcited by 110
  9. 2026V-JEPA 2.1: Unlocking Dense Features in Video Self-Supervised Learningcited by 104
  10. 2022FreeSOLO: Learning to Segment Objects without Annotationscited by 102
  11. 2021When Does Contrastive Visual Representation Learning Work?cited by 92
  12. 2023Region-Aware Pretraining for Open-Vocabulary Object Detection with Vision Transformerscited by 91
38 more
  1. 2022Self-Supervised Learning of Object Parts for Semantic Segmentationcited by 90
  2. 2021Divide and Contrast: Self-supervised Learning from Uncurated Datacited by 85
  3. 2022Object discovery and representation networkscited by 80
  4. 2021Self-Supervised Learning with Kernel Dependence Maximizationcited by 77
  5. 2021DETReg: Unsupervised Pretraining with Region Priors for Object Detectioncited by 76
  6. 2021Unsupervised Object-Level Representation Learning from Scene Imagescited by 72
  7. 2022Self-Supervised Visual Representation Learning with Semantic Groupingcited by 70
  8. 2022Pushing the limits of self-supervised ResNets: Can we outperform supervised learning without labels on ImageNet?cited by 67
  9. 2022Hyperbolic Contrastive Learning for Visual Representations beyond Objectscited by 58
  10. 2021Unsupervised Part Discovery from Contrastive Reconstructioncited by 57
  11. 2023MC-JEPA: A Joint-Embedding Predictive Architecture for Self-Supervised Learning of Motion and Content Featurescited by 53
  12. 2023Contrastive Mean Teacher for Domain Adaptive Object Detectorscited by 52
  13. 2022Green Hierarchical Vision Transformer for Masked Image Modelingcited by 50
  14. 2023SPOT: Self-Training with Patch-Order Permutation for Object-Centric Learning with Autoregressive Transformerscited by 49
  15. 2021Revisiting Contrastive Methods for Unsupervised Learning of Visual Representationscited by 48
  16. 2023Towards In-context Scene Understandingcited by 45
  17. 2021Local contrastive loss with pseudo-label based self-training for semi-supervised medical image segmentationcited by 43
  18. 2022Point-Level Region Contrast for Object Detection Pre-Trainingcited by 41
  19. 2023DreamTeacher: Pretraining Image Backbones with Deep Generative Modelscited by 37
  20. 2024OpenESS: Event-based Semantic Scene Understanding with Open Vocabulariescited by 37
  21. 2021A Survey of Self-Supervised and Few-Shot Object Detectioncited by 35
  22. 2023Self-Supervised Image-to-Point Distillation via Semantically Tolerant Contrastive Losscited by 35
  23. 2023Time Does Tell: Self-Supervised Time-Tuning of Dense Image Representationscited by 35
  24. 2022Learning Where to Learn in Cross-View Self-Supervised Learningcited by 31
  25. 2023Contrastive Feature Masking Open-Vocabulary Vision Transformercited by 31
  26. 2024EAGLE: Eigen Aggregation Learning for Object-Centric Unsupervised Semantic Segmentationcited by 27
  27. 2022CP2: Copy-Paste Contrastive Pretraining for Semantic Segmentationcited by 26
  28. 2023Bridging the Domain Gap: Self-Supervised 3D Scene Understanding with Foundation Modelscited by 26
  29. 2024GroupContrast: Semantic-aware Self-supervised Representation Learning for 3D Understandingcited by 26
  30. 2022A simple, efficient and scalable contrastive masked autoencoder for learning visual representationscited by 25
  31. 2021Object-Aware Cropping for Self-Supervised Learningcited by 22
  32. 2023CrOC: Cross-View Online Clustering for Dense Visual Representation Learningcited by 21
  33. 2023Boosting Video Object Segmentation via Space-time Correspondence Learningcited by 21
  34. 2022Self-supervised video pretraining yields robust and more human-aligned visual representationscited by 20
  35. 2022Drive&Segment: Unsupervised Semantic Segmentation of Urban Scenes via Cross-modal Distillationcited by 19
  36. 2023Multi-Label Self-Supervised Learning with Scene Imagescited by 17
  37. 2023CrIBo: Self-Supervised Learning via Cross-Image Object-Level Bootstrappingcited by 17
  38. 2021Contextualized Spatio-Temporal Contrastive Learning with Self-Supervisioncited by 15

50 most cited of 150 All 150 (JSON)