mlsanityData to 7 Oct 2026

Revisiting Contrastive Methods for Unsupervised Learning of Visual Representations

arXiv 2106.05967 ↗First posted 10 Jun 2021cs.CV cs.LGcited by 48

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Abstract (arXiv)

Contrastive self-supervised learning has outperformed supervised pretraining on many downstream tasks like segmentation and object detection. However, current methods are still primarily applied to curated datasets like ImageNet. In this paper, we first study how biases in the dataset affect existing methods. Our results show that current contrastive approaches work surprisingly well across: (i) object- versus scene-centric, (ii) uniform versus long-tailed and (iii) general versus domain-specific datasets. Second, given the generality of the approach, we try to realize further gains with minor modifications. We show that learning additional invariances -- through the use of multi-scale cropping, stronger augmentations and nearest neighbors -- improves the representations. Finally, we observe that MoCo learns spatially structured representations when trained with a multi-crop strategy. The representations can be used for semantic segment retrieval and video instance segmentation without finetuning. Moreover, the results are on par with specialized models. We hope this work will serve as a useful study for other researchers. The code and models are available at https://github.com/wvangansbeke/Revisiting-Contrastive-SSL.

Key facts. Cited by 48 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). Builds on 52 of its 68 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 10 Jun 2021.

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52 of 68 references.

References · 52

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38 more
  1. 2020Exploring Simple Siamese Representation Learningcited by 2,853
  2. 2020Unsupervised Learning of Visual Features by Contrasting Cluster Assignmentscited by 2,845
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  22. 2021With a Little Help from My Friends: Nearest-Neighbor Contrastive Learning of Visual Representationscited by 324
  23. 2020Space-Time Correspondence as a Contrastive Random Walkcited by 239
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Citing papers per year: 2021: 2; 2022: 19; 2023: 16; 2024: 7; 2025: 4.

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  1. 2021Supervision Exists Everywhere: A Data Efficient Contrastive Language-Image Pre-training Paradigmcited by 405
  2. 2022Benchmarking Self-Supervised Learning on Diverse Pathology Datasetscited by 148
  3. 2022Image-to-Lidar Self-Supervised Distillation for Autonomous Driving Datacited by 126
  4. 2022Self-Supervised Visual Representation Learning with Semantic Groupingcited by 70
  5. 2022Twin Contrastive Learning for Online Clusteringcited by 60
  6. 2023Learning with Fantasy: Semantic-Aware Virtual Contrastive Constraint for Few-Shot Class-Incremental Learningcited by 55
  7. 2022Discovering Object Masks with Transformers for Unsupervised Semantic Segmentationcited by 54
  8. 2023CMID: A Unified Self-Supervised Learning Framework for Remote Sensing Image Understandingcited by 48
  9. 2022Teaching Matters: Investigating the Role of Supervision in Vision Transformerscited by 45
  10. 2023Rethinking Semi-Supervised Medical Image Segmentation: A Variance-Reduction Perspectivecited by 43
  11. 2022Unsupervised Hierarchical Semantic Segmentation with Multiview Cosegmentation and Clustering Transformerscited by 39
  12. 2023Geometric Visual Similarity Learning in 3D Medical Image Self-supervised Pre-trainingcited by 36
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  1. 2023CLIP-S4: Language-Guided Self-Supervised Semantic Segmentationcited by 34
  2. 2023Robust Contrastive Language-Image Pre-training against Data Poisoning and Backdoor Attackscited by 31
  3. 2022Making Heads or Tails: Towards Semantically Consistent Visual Counterfactualscited by 30
  4. 2022Mine yOur owN Anatomy: Revisiting Medical Image Segmentation with Extremely Limited Labelscited by 30
  5. 2023The Trade-off between Universality and Label Efficiency of Representations from Contrastive Learningcited by 27
  6. 2021Object-Aware Cropping for Self-Supervised Learningcited by 22
  7. 2023CrOC: Cross-View Online Clustering for Dense Visual Representation Learningcited by 21
  8. 2023CL-MAE: Curriculum-Learned Masked Autoencoderscited by 21
  9. 2022Beyond Supervised vs. Unsupervised: Representative Benchmarking and Analysis of Image Representation Learningcited by 20
  10. 2022CAiD: Context-Aware Instance Discrimination for Self-supervised Learning in Medical Imagingcited by 18
  11. 2022Multimodal contrastive learning for remote sensing taskscited by 18
  12. 2023Few-Shot Panoptic Segmentation With Foundation Modelscited by 18
  13. 2024A Simple Latent Diffusion Approach for Panoptic Segmentation and Mask Inpaintingcited by 18
  14. 2023Multi-Label Self-Supervised Learning with Scene Imagescited by 17
  15. 2022Learning Hierarchical Image Segmentation For Recognition and By Recognitioncited by 16
  16. 2022Semantic-Aware Fine-Grained Correspondencecited by 13
  17. 2023Understanding Self-Supervised Pretraining with Part-Aware Representation Learningcited by 7
  18. 2024On Pretraining Data Diversity for Self-Supervised Learningcited by 7
  19. 2025A Data-Centric Revisit of Pre-Trained Vision Models for Robot Learningcited by 6
  20. 2022Refine and Represent: Region-to-Object Representation Learningcited by 5
  21. 2023Coarse Is Better? A New Pipeline Towards Self-Supervised Learning with Uncurated Imagescited by 5
  22. 2024Self-Supervised Representation Learning for Nerve Fiber Distribution Patterns in 3D-PLIcited by 4
  23. 2022Self-Supervised Pyramid Representation Learning for Multi-Label Visual Analysis and Beyondcited by 3
  24. 2022Effective Self-supervised Pre-training on Low-compute Networks without Distillationcited by 3
  25. 2022MSR: Making Self-supervised learning Robust to Aggressive Augmentationscited by 2
  26. 2022Okapi: Generalising Better by Making Statistical Matches Matchcited by 2
  27. 2023DualTalker: A Cross-Modal Dual Learning Approach for Speech-Driven 3D Facial Animationcited by 2
  28. 2024AdaTreeFormer: Few Shot Domain Adaptation for Tree Counting from a Single High-Resolution Imagecited by 1
  29. 2025Adversarial Subspace Generation for Outlier Detection in High-Dimensional Datacited by 1
  30. 2025Beyond Instance Consistency: Investigating View Diversity in Self-supervised Learningcited by 1
  31. 2023Removing supervision in semantic segmentation with local-global matching and area balancingcited by 0
  32. 2023Aligned Unsupervised Pretraining of Object Detectors with Self-trainingcited by 0
  33. 2024Dynamic in Static: Hybrid Visual Correspondence for Self-Supervised Video Object Segmentationcited by 0
  34. 2024Feature Augmentation for Self-supervised Contrastive Learning: A Closer Lookcited by 0
  35. 2024Osteoporosis Prediction from Hand X-ray Images Using Segmentation-for-Classification and Self-Supervised Learningcited by 0
  36. 2025Revisiting Theory of Contrastive Learning for Domain Generalizationcited by 0