mlsanityData to 7 Oct 2026

PSCC-Net: Progressive Spatio-Channel Correlation Network for Image Manipulation Detection and Localization

arXiv 2103.10596 ↗First posted 19 Mar 2021cs.CVcited by 133

Not on the map. Why?

Abstract (arXiv)

To defend against manipulation of image content, such as splicing, copy-move, and removal, we develop a Progressive Spatio-Channel Correlation Network (PSCC-Net) to detect and localize image manipulations. PSCC-Net processes the image in a two-path procedure: a top-down path that extracts local and global features and a bottom-up path that detects whether the input image is manipulated, and estimates its manipulation masks at multiple scales, where each mask is conditioned on the previous one. Different from the conventional encoder-decoder and no-pooling structures, PSCC-Net leverages features at different scales with dense cross-connections to produce manipulation masks in a coarse-to-fine fashion. Moreover, a Spatio-Channel Correlation Module (SCCM) captures both spatial and channel-wise correlations in the bottom-up path, which endows features with holistic cues, enabling the network to cope with a wide range of manipulation attacks. Thanks to the light-weight backbone and progressive mechanism, PSCC-Net can process 1,080P images at 50+ FPS. Extensive experiments demonstrate the superiority of PSCC-Net over the state-of-the-art methods on both detection and localization.

Key facts. Cited by 133 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). Builds on 37 of its 90 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 19 Mar 2021.

Builds on

37 of 90 references.

References · 37

  1. 2017Attention Is All You Needcited by 59,932
  2. 2015Deep Residual Learning for Image Recognitioncited by 51,809
  3. 2014Adam: A Method for Stochastic Optimizationcited by 36,960
  4. 2014Microsoft COCO: Common Objects in Contextcited by 17,498
  5. 2015Faster R-CNN: Towards Real-Time Object Detection with Region Proposal Networkscited by 9,617
  6. 2017Squeeze-and-Excitation Networkscited by 4,763
  7. 2018CBAM: Convolutional Block Attention Modulecited by 2,463
  8. 2017Non-local Neural Networkscited by 2,290
  9. 2019Deep High-Resolution Representation Learning for Visual Recognitioncited by 1,417
  10. 2018Dual Attention Network for Scene Segmentationcited by 1,001
  11. 2019Interpreting the Latent Space of GANs for Semantic Face Editingcited by 691
  12. 2019MaskGAN: Towards Diverse and Interactive Facial Image Manipulationcited by 624
25 more
  1. 2019On the Detection of Digital Face Manipulationcited by 259
  2. 2020Multi-Scale Progressive Fusion Network for Single Image Derainingcited by 259
  3. 2020DeepFakes and Beyond: A Survey of Face Manipulation and Fake Detectioncited by 231
  4. 2019GridDehazeNet: Attention-Based Multi-Scale Network for Image Dehazingcited by 227
  5. 2018BAM: Bottleneck Attention Modulecited by 171
  6. 2017FSRNet: End-to-End Learning Face Super-Resolution with Facial Priorscited by 170
  7. 2019ManiGAN: Text-Guided Image Manipulationcited by 156
  8. 2018Learning Rich Features for Image Manipulation Detectioncited by 154
  9. 2018Fighting Fake News: Image Splice Detection via Learned Self-Consistencycited by 136
  10. 2018Gated Fusion Network for Single Image Dehazingcited by 133
  11. 2018Noiseprint: a CNN-based camera model fingerprintcited by 114
  12. 2020Recurrent Feature Reasoning for Image Inpaintingcited by 107
  13. 2020SPAN: Spatial Pyramid Attention Network forImage Manipulation Localizationcited by 92
  14. 2020Semantic Image Manipulation Using Scene Graphscited by 82
  15. 2020Video Super-resolution with Temporal Group Attentioncited by 81
  16. 2020High-Resolution Image Inpainting with Iterative Confidence Feedback and Guided Upsamplingcited by 79
  17. 2020Mitigating Face Recognition Bias via Group Adaptive Classifiercited by 67
  18. 2017Image Splicing Localization Using A Multi-Task Fully Convolutional Network (MFCN)cited by 64
  19. 2019Hybrid LSTM and Encoder-Decoder Architecture for Detection of Image Forgeriescited by 59
  20. 2017Deep Matching and Validation Network -- An End-to-End Solution to Constrained Image Splicing Localization and Detectioncited by 25
  21. 2020Open-Edit: Open-Domain Image Manipulation with Open-Vocabulary Instructionscited by 25
  22. 2017Localization of JPEG double compression through multi-domain convolutional neural networkscited by 15
  23. 2018Pedestrian Detection with Autoregressive Network Phasescited by 12
  24. 2017A PatchMatch-based Dense-field Algorithm for Video Copy-Move Detection and Localizationcited by 9
  25. 2020Camera Trace Erasingcited by 7

Built on by

Cited by year (2026 to 7 Oct)

Citing papers per year: 2021: 2; 2022: 9; 2023: 21; 2024: 29; 2025: 37; 2026: 35.

133 papers.

Sort:

By area:

  1. 2023Hierarchical Fine-Grained Image Forgery Detection and Localizationcited by 134
  2. 2022TruFor: Leveraging all-round clues for trustworthy image forgery detection and localizationcited by 130
  3. 2023Explicit Visual Prompting for Low-Level Structure Segmentationscited by 113
  4. 2024FakeShield: Explainable Image Forgery Detection and Localization via Multi-modal Large Language Modelscited by 111
  5. 2023EditGuard: Versatile Image Watermarking for Tamper Localization and Copyright Protectioncited by 109
  6. 2024SIDA: Social Media Image Deepfake Detection, Localization and Explanation with Large Multimodal Modelcited by 107
  7. 2022ObjectFormer for Image Manipulation Detection and Localizationcited by 78
  8. 2023AutoSplice: A Text-prompt Manipulated Image Dataset for Media Forensicscited by 46
  9. 2023IML-ViT: Benchmarking Image Manipulation Localization by Vision Transformercited by 42
  10. 2024IMDL-BenCo: A Comprehensive Benchmark and Codebase for Image Manipulation Detection & Localizationcited by 42
  11. 2024On Learning Multi-Modal Forgery Representation for Diffusion Generated Video Detectioncited by 40
  12. 2025Rethinking Vision-Language Model in Face Forensics: Multi-Modal Interpretable Forged Face Detectorcited by 38
38 more
  1. 2022Proactive Image Manipulation Detectioncited by 35
  2. 2024OmniGuard: Hybrid Manipulation Localization via Augmented Versatile Deep Image Watermarkingcited by 35
  3. 2023Pixel-Inconsistency Modeling for Image Manipulation Localizationcited by 33
  4. 2025VideoShield: Regulating Diffusion-based Video Generation Models via Watermarkingcited by 32
  5. 2021Unified Detection of Digital and Physical Face Attackscited by 31
  6. 2023MaLP: Manipulation Localization Using a Proactive Schemecited by 26
  7. 2023Weakly-supervised deepfake localization in diffusion-generated imagescited by 24
  8. 2025ForensicHub: A Unified Benchmark & Codebase for All-Domain Fake Image Detection and Localizationcited by 22
  9. 2023Rethinking Image Editing Detection in the Era of Generative AI Revolutioncited by 21
  10. 2023Toward Real Text Manipulation Detection: New Dataset and New Solutioncited by 20
  11. 2024TGIF: Text-Guided Inpainting Forgery Datasetcited by 20
  12. 2024GIM: A Million-scale Benchmark for Generative Image Manipulation Detection and Localizationcited by 19
  13. 2023Explicit Visual Prompting for Universal Foreground Segmentationscited by 17
  14. 2024DeCLIP: Decoding CLIP representations for deepfake localizationcited by 17
  15. 2025Zooming In on Fakes: A Novel Dataset for Localized AI-Generated Image Detection with Forgery Amplification Approachcited by 16
  16. 2023Effective Image Tampering Localization via Enhanced Transformer and Co-attention Fusioncited by 15
  17. 2024Exploring Multi-view Pixel Contrast for General and Robust Image Forgery Localizationcited by 15
  18. 2024DiffStega: Towards Universal Training-Free Coverless Image Steganography with Diffusion Modelscited by 15
  19. 2023Rethinking Image Forgery Detection via Soft Contrastive Learning and Unsupervised Clusteringcited by 12
  20. 2025VLForgery Face Triad: Detection, Localization and Attribution via Multimodal Large Language Modelscited by 12
  21. 2021GCA-Net : Utilizing Gated Context Attention for Improving Image Forgery Localization and Detectioncited by 11
  22. 2023Multi-spectral Class Center Network for Face Manipulation Detection and Localizationcited by 11
  23. 2024ForgeryGPT: A Multimodal LLM for Interpretable Image Forgery Detection and Localizationcited by 11
  24. 2024ForgerySleuth: Empowering Multimodal Large Language Models for Image Manipulation Detectioncited by 11
  25. 2025SAGI: Semantically Aligned and Uncertainty Guided AI Image Inpaintingcited by 10
  26. 2025UniShield: An Adaptive Multi-Agent Framework for Unified Forgery Image Detection and Localizationcited by 9
  27. 2022Towards Effective Image Manipulation Detection with Proposal Contrastive Learningcited by 8
  28. 2023TBFormer: Two-Branch Transformer for Image Forgery Localizationcited by 8
  29. 2023Tracing Hyperparameter Dependencies for Model Parsing via Learnable Graph Pooling Networkcited by 8
  30. 2024ForgeryTTT: Zero-Shot Image Manipulation Localization with Test-Time Trainingcited by 8
  31. 2024Fusion Transformer with Object Mask Guidance for Image Forgery Analysiscited by 7
  32. 2024Mixture-of-Noises Enhanced Forgery-Aware Predictor for Multi-Face Manipulation Detection and Localizationcited by 7
  33. 2025Common Inpainted Objects In-N-Out of Contextcited by 7
  34. 2025TAG-WM: Tamper-Aware Generative Image Watermarking via Diffusion Inversion Sensitivitycited by 7
  35. 2025M2SFormer: Multi-Spectral and Multi-Scale Attention with Edge-Aware Difficulty Guidance for Image Forgery Localizationcited by 6
  36. 2025ForensicsSAM: Toward Robust and Unified Image Forgery Detection and Localization Resisting to Adversarial Attackcited by 6
  37. 2022ReLoc: A Restoration-Assisted Framework for Robust Image Tampering Localizationcited by 5
  38. 2023TrainFors: A Large Benchmark Training Dataset for Image Manipulation Detection and Localizationcited by 5

50 most cited of 133 All 133 (JSON)