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PAC-Learning for Strategic Classification

arXiv 2012.03310 ↗First posted 6 Dec 2020cs.LG stat.MLcited by 50

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Abstract (arXiv)

The study of strategic or adversarial manipulation of testing data to fool a classifier has attracted much recent attention. Most previous works have focused on two extreme situations where any testing data point either is completely adversarial or always equally prefers the positive label. In this paper, we generalize both of these through a unified framework for strategic classification, and introduce the notion of strategic VC-dimension (SVC) to capture the PAC-learnability in our general strategic setup. SVC provably generalizes the recent concept of adversarial VC-dimension (AVC) introduced by Cullina et al. arXiv:1806.01471. We instantiate our framework for the fundamental strategic linear classification problem. We fully characterize: (1) the statistical learnability of linear classifiers by pinning down its SVC; (2) its computational tractability by pinning down the complexity of the empirical risk minimization problem. Interestingly, the SVC of linear classifiers is always upper bounded by its standard VC-dimension. This characterization also strictly generalizes the AVC bound for linear classifiers in arXiv:1806.01471.

Key facts. Cited by 50 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). First posted on arXiv 6 Dec 2020.

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Citing papers per year: 2021: 5; 2022: 6; 2023: 5; 2024: 10; 2025: 15; 2026: 9.

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  1. 2021Strategic Classification in the Darkcited by 66
  2. 2021Strategic Classification Made Practicalcited by 58
  3. 2021Information Discrepancy in Strategic Learningcited by 48
  4. 2022Generalized Strategic Classification and the Case of Aligned Incentivescited by 34
  5. 2023Causal Strategic Classification: A Tale of Two Shiftscited by 30
  6. 2021How to Learn when Data Gradually Reacts to Your Modelcited by 29
  7. 2023Strategic Classification under Unknown Personalized Manipulationcited by 23
  8. 2022Learning Losses for Strategic Classificationcited by 22
  9. 2023Fundamental Bounds on Online Strategic Classificationcited by 17
  10. 2024Learnability Gaps of Strategic Classificationcited by 16
  11. 2022Strategic Classification with Graph Neural Networkscited by 14
  12. 2022Adversarial Robustness for Tabular Data through Cost and Utility Awarenesscited by 14
38 more
  1. 2023One-Shot Strategic Classification Under Unknown Costscited by 13
  2. 2024Non-linear Welfare-Aware Strategic Learningcited by 12
  3. 2024Strategic Littlestone Dimension: Improved Bounds on Online Strategic Classificationcited by 8
  4. 2025Incentivizing Desirable Effort Profiles in Strategic Classification: The Role of Causality and Uncertaintycited by 8
  5. 2022Setting Fair Incentives to Maximize Improvementcited by 7
  6. 2024Classification Under Strategic Self-Selectioncited by 7
  7. 2024Algorithmic Decision-Making under Agents with Persistent Improvementcited by 7
  8. 2021Combinatorial Bandits under Strategic Manipulationscited by 6
  9. 2025PAC Learning with Improvementscited by 6
  10. 2024Who's Gaming the System? A Causally-Motivated Approach for Detecting Strategic Adaptationcited by 5
  11. 2022Strategic Representationcited by 4
  12. 2024Strategic Linear Contextual Banditscited by 4
  13. 2024Minimax Group Fairness in Strategic Classificationcited by 4
  14. 2025How Strategic Agents Respond: Comparing Analytical Models with LLM-Generated Responses in Strategic Classificationcited by 4
  15. 2025Strategic Classification with Randomised Classifierscited by 4
  16. 2025Strategic Classification with Non-Linear Classifierscited by 4
  17. 2024Adversaries With Incentives: A Strategic Alternative to Adversarial Robustnesscited by 3
  18. 2025Learning Classifiers That Induce Marketscited by 3
  19. 2025Incentive-Aware Machine Learning; Robustness, Fairness, Improvement & Causalitycited by 3
  20. 2023Discovering Optimal Scoring Mechanisms in Causal Strategic Predictioncited by 2
  21. 2024Microfoundation Inference for Strategic Predictioncited by 2
  22. 2025Anticipating Gaming to Incentivize Improvement: Guiding Agents in (Fair) Strategic Classificationcited by 2
  23. 2025Conservative classifiers do consistently well with improving agents: characterizing statistical and online learningcited by 2
  24. 2025Explanation Design in Strategic Learning: Sufficient Explanations that Induce Non-harmful Responsescited by 1
  25. 2025COBRA: Contextual Bandit Algorithm for Ensuring Truthful Strategic Agentscited by 1
  26. 2025The Disparate Effects of Partial Information in Bayesian Strategic Learningcited by 1
  27. 2025Strategic Filtering for Content Moderation: Free Speech or Free of Distortion?cited by 1
  28. 2026The Role of Causality in Algorithmic Recoursecited by 1
  29. 2025PAC Learnability in the Presence of Performativitycited by 0
  30. 2025Computing Strategic Responses to Non-Linear Classifierscited by 0
  31. 2026Performative Learning Theorycited by 0
  32. 2026Individual Fairness In Strategic Classificationcited by 0
  33. 2026On Randomized Algorithms in Online Strategic Classificationcited by 0
  34. 2026Strategic PAC Learnability via Geometric Definabilitycited by 0
  35. 2026Linear Strategic Classification with Endogenous Improvementscited by 0
  36. 2026Non-Linear Strategic Classification Made Practicalcited by 0
  37. 2026Robust Strategic Classification under Decision-Dependent Cost Uncertaintycited by 0
  38. 2026Strategic Classification Has a Missing Lever: Audit Riskcited by 0