PAC-Learning for Strategic Classification
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Abstract (arXiv)
The study of strategic or adversarial manipulation of testing data to fool a classifier has attracted much recent attention. Most previous works have focused on two extreme situations where any testing data point either is completely adversarial or always equally prefers the positive label. In this paper, we generalize both of these through a unified framework for strategic classification, and introduce the notion of strategic VC-dimension (SVC) to capture the PAC-learnability in our general strategic setup. SVC provably generalizes the recent concept of adversarial VC-dimension (AVC) introduced by Cullina et al. arXiv:1806.01471. We instantiate our framework for the fundamental strategic linear classification problem. We fully characterize: (1) the statistical learnability of linear classifiers by pinning down its SVC; (2) its computational tractability by pinning down the complexity of the empirical risk minimization problem. Interestingly, the SVC of linear classifiers is always upper bounded by its standard VC-dimension. This characterization also strictly generalizes the AVC bound for linear classifiers in arXiv:1806.01471.
Key facts. Cited by 50 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). First posted on arXiv 6 Dec 2020.
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Citing papers per year: 2021: 5; 2022: 6; 2023: 5; 2024: 10; 2025: 15; 2026: 9.
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- 2021Strategic Classification in the Darkcited by 66
- 2021Strategic Classification Made Practicalcited by 58
- 2021Information Discrepancy in Strategic Learningcited by 48
- 2022Generalized Strategic Classification and the Case of Aligned Incentivescited by 34
- 2023Causal Strategic Classification: A Tale of Two Shiftscited by 30
- 2021How to Learn when Data Gradually Reacts to Your Modelcited by 29
- 2023Strategic Classification under Unknown Personalized Manipulationcited by 23
- 2022Learning Losses for Strategic Classificationcited by 22
- 2023Fundamental Bounds on Online Strategic Classificationcited by 17
- 2024Learnability Gaps of Strategic Classificationcited by 16
- 2022Strategic Classification with Graph Neural Networkscited by 14
- 2022Adversarial Robustness for Tabular Data through Cost and Utility Awarenesscited by 14
38 more
- 2023One-Shot Strategic Classification Under Unknown Costscited by 13
- 2024Non-linear Welfare-Aware Strategic Learningcited by 12
- 2024Strategic Littlestone Dimension: Improved Bounds on Online Strategic Classificationcited by 8
- 2025Incentivizing Desirable Effort Profiles in Strategic Classification: The Role of Causality and Uncertaintycited by 8
- 2022Setting Fair Incentives to Maximize Improvementcited by 7
- 2024Classification Under Strategic Self-Selectioncited by 7
- 2024Algorithmic Decision-Making under Agents with Persistent Improvementcited by 7
- 2021Combinatorial Bandits under Strategic Manipulationscited by 6
- 2025PAC Learning with Improvementscited by 6
- 2024Who's Gaming the System? A Causally-Motivated Approach for Detecting Strategic Adaptationcited by 5
- 2022Strategic Representationcited by 4
- 2024Strategic Linear Contextual Banditscited by 4
- 2024Minimax Group Fairness in Strategic Classificationcited by 4
- 2025How Strategic Agents Respond: Comparing Analytical Models with LLM-Generated Responses in Strategic Classificationcited by 4
- 2025Strategic Classification with Randomised Classifierscited by 4
- 2025Strategic Classification with Non-Linear Classifierscited by 4
- 2024Adversaries With Incentives: A Strategic Alternative to Adversarial Robustnesscited by 3
- 2025Learning Classifiers That Induce Marketscited by 3
- 2025Incentive-Aware Machine Learning; Robustness, Fairness, Improvement & Causalitycited by 3
- 2023Discovering Optimal Scoring Mechanisms in Causal Strategic Predictioncited by 2
- 2024Microfoundation Inference for Strategic Predictioncited by 2
- 2025Anticipating Gaming to Incentivize Improvement: Guiding Agents in (Fair) Strategic Classificationcited by 2
- 2025Conservative classifiers do consistently well with improving agents: characterizing statistical and online learningcited by 2
- 2025Explanation Design in Strategic Learning: Sufficient Explanations that Induce Non-harmful Responsescited by 1
- 2025COBRA: Contextual Bandit Algorithm for Ensuring Truthful Strategic Agentscited by 1
- 2025The Disparate Effects of Partial Information in Bayesian Strategic Learningcited by 1
- 2025Strategic Filtering for Content Moderation: Free Speech or Free of Distortion?cited by 1
- 2026The Role of Causality in Algorithmic Recoursecited by 1
- 2025PAC Learnability in the Presence of Performativitycited by 0
- 2025Computing Strategic Responses to Non-Linear Classifierscited by 0
- 2026Performative Learning Theorycited by 0
- 2026Individual Fairness In Strategic Classificationcited by 0
- 2026On Randomized Algorithms in Online Strategic Classificationcited by 0
- 2026Strategic PAC Learnability via Geometric Definabilitycited by 0
- 2026Linear Strategic Classification with Endogenous Improvementscited by 0
- 2026Non-Linear Strategic Classification Made Practicalcited by 0
- 2026Robust Strategic Classification under Decision-Dependent Cost Uncertaintycited by 0
- 2026Strategic Classification Has a Missing Lever: Audit Riskcited by 0
- 2026Strategic Classification Has a Missing Lever: Audit Risk18 Sep 2026
- 2026The Role of Causality in Algorithmic Recourse30 Jul 2026
- 2026Robust Strategic Classification under Decision-Dependent Cost Uncertainty29 Jun 2026
- 2026Non-Linear Strategic Classification Made Practical26 Jun 2026
- 2026Linear Strategic Classification with Endogenous Improvements31 May 2026
- 2026Strategic PAC Learnability via Geometric Definability13 May 2026
- 2026On Randomized Algorithms in Online Strategic Classification5 Feb 2026
- 2026Individual Fairness In Strategic Classification4 Feb 2026
- 2026Performative Learning Theory4 Feb 2026
- 2025Computing Strategic Responses to Non-Linear Classifiers26 Nov 2025
- 2025PAC Learnability in the Presence of Performativity9 Oct 2025
- 2025Strategic Filtering for Content Moderation: Free Speech or Free of Distortion?26 Jul 2025
38 more
- 2025Conservative classifiers do consistently well with improving agents: characterizing statistical and online learning5 Jun 2025
- 2025The Disparate Effects of Partial Information in Bayesian Strategic Learning31 May 2025
- 2025COBRA: Contextual Bandit Algorithm for Ensuring Truthful Strategic Agents29 May 2025
- 2025Strategic Classification with Non-Linear Classifiers29 May 2025
- 2025Anticipating Gaming to Incentivize Improvement: Guiding Agents in (Fair) Strategic Classification8 May 2025
- 2025Incentive-Aware Machine Learning; Robustness, Fairness, Improvement & Causality8 May 2025
- 2025PAC Learning with Improvements5 Mar 2025
- 2025Learning Classifiers That Induce Markets27 Feb 2025
- 2025Incentivizing Desirable Effort Profiles in Strategic Classification: The Role of Causality and Uncertainty10 Feb 2025
- 2025Explanation Design in Strategic Learning: Sufficient Explanations that Induce Non-harmful Responses6 Feb 2025
- 2025Strategic Classification with Randomised Classifiers3 Feb 2025
- 2025How Strategic Agents Respond: Comparing Analytical Models with LLM-Generated Responses in Strategic Classification20 Jan 2025
- 2024Who's Gaming the System? A Causally-Motivated Approach for Detecting Strategic Adaptation2 Dec 2024
- 2024Microfoundation Inference for Strategic Prediction13 Nov 2024
- 2024Minimax Group Fairness in Strategic Classification3 Oct 2024
- 2024Strategic Littlestone Dimension: Improved Bounds on Online Strategic Classification16 Jul 2024
- 2024Adversaries With Incentives: A Strategic Alternative to Adversarial Robustness17 Jun 2024
- 2024Strategic Linear Contextual Bandits1 Jun 2024
- 2024Non-linear Welfare-Aware Strategic Learning3 May 2024
- 2024Algorithmic Decision-Making under Agents with Persistent Improvement3 May 2024
- 2024Learnability Gaps of Strategic Classification29 Feb 2024
- 2024Classification Under Strategic Self-Selection23 Feb 2024
- 2023One-Shot Strategic Classification Under Unknown Costs5 Nov 2023
- 2023Strategic Classification under Unknown Personalized Manipulation25 May 2023
- 2023Fundamental Bounds on Online Strategic Classification23 Feb 2023
- 2023Discovering Optimal Scoring Mechanisms in Causal Strategic Prediction14 Feb 2023
- 2023Causal Strategic Classification: A Tale of Two Shifts13 Feb 2023
- 2022Adversarial Robustness for Tabular Data through Cost and Utility Awareness27 Aug 2022
- 2022Strategic Representation17 Jun 2022
- 2022Strategic Classification with Graph Neural Networks31 May 2022
- 2022Learning Losses for Strategic Classification25 Mar 2022
- 2022Setting Fair Incentives to Maximize Improvement28 Feb 2022
- 2022Generalized Strategic Classification and the Case of Aligned Incentives9 Feb 2022
- 2021How to Learn when Data Gradually Reacts to Your Model13 Dec 2021
- 2021Strategic Classification Made Practical2 Mar 2021
- 2021Information Discrepancy in Strategic Learning1 Mar 2021
- 2021Combinatorial Bandits under Strategic Manipulations25 Feb 2021
- 2021Strategic Classification in the Dark23 Feb 2021
- 2021Strategic Classification in the Darkcited by 66
- 2021Strategic Classification Made Practicalcited by 58
- 2021Information Discrepancy in Strategic Learningcited by 48
- 2022Generalized Strategic Classification and the Case of Aligned Incentivescited by 34
- 2023Causal Strategic Classification: A Tale of Two Shiftscited by 30
- 2021How to Learn when Data Gradually Reacts to Your Modelcited by 29
- 2023Strategic Classification under Unknown Personalized Manipulationcited by 23
- 2022Learning Losses for Strategic Classificationcited by 22
- 2023Fundamental Bounds on Online Strategic Classificationcited by 17
- 2024Learnability Gaps of Strategic Classificationcited by 16
- 2022Strategic Classification with Graph Neural Networkscited by 14
- 2022Adversarial Robustness for Tabular Data through Cost and Utility Awarenesscited by 14
12 most cited of 49 All 49 (JSON)
- 2026Strategic Classification Has a Missing Lever: Audit Risk18 Sep 2026
- 2026The Role of Causality in Algorithmic Recourse30 Jul 2026
- 2026Robust Strategic Classification under Decision-Dependent Cost Uncertainty29 Jun 2026
- 2026Non-Linear Strategic Classification Made Practical26 Jun 2026
- 2026Linear Strategic Classification with Endogenous Improvements31 May 2026
- 2026Strategic PAC Learnability via Geometric Definability13 May 2026
- 2026On Randomized Algorithms in Online Strategic Classification5 Feb 2026
- 2026Individual Fairness In Strategic Classification4 Feb 2026
- 2026Performative Learning Theory4 Feb 2026
- 2025Computing Strategic Responses to Non-Linear Classifiers26 Nov 2025
- 2025PAC Learnability in the Presence of Performativity9 Oct 2025
- 2025Strategic Filtering for Content Moderation: Free Speech or Free of Distortion?26 Jul 2025
12 newest of 49 All 49 (JSON)