mlsanityData to 7 Oct 2026

End-to-end anti-spoofing with RawNet2

arXiv 2011.01108 ↗First posted 2 Nov 2020eess.AScited by 160

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Abstract (arXiv)

Spoofing countermeasures aim to protect automatic speaker verification systems from attempts to manipulate their reliability with the use of spoofed speech signals. While results from the most recent ASVspoof 2019 evaluation show great potential to detect most forms of attack, some continue to evade detection. This paper reports the first application of RawNet2 to anti-spoofing. RawNet2 ingests raw audio and has potential to learn cues that are not detectable using more traditional countermeasure solutions. We describe modifications made to the original RawNet2 architecture so that it can be applied to anti-spoofing. For A17 attacks, our RawNet2 systems results are the second-best reported, while the fusion of RawNet2 and baseline countermeasures gives the second-best results reported for the full ASVspoof 2019 logical access condition. Our results are reproducible with open source software.

Key facts. Cited by 160 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). First posted on arXiv 2 Nov 2020.

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Cited by year (2026 to 7 Oct)

Citing papers per year: 2021: 11; 2022: 19; 2023: 13; 2024: 43; 2025: 27; 2026: 47.

160 papers.

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  1. 2021AASIST: Audio Anti-Spoofing using Integrated Spectro-Temporal Graph Attention Networkscited by 173
  2. 2021ASVspoof 2021: accelerating progress in spoofed and deepfake speech detectioncited by 157
  3. 2022Does Audio Deepfake Detection Generalize?cited by 129
  4. 2024ASVspoof 5: Crowdsourced Speech Data, Deepfakes, and Adversarial Attacks at Scalecited by 88
  5. 2021WaveFake: A Data Set to Facilitate Audio Deepfake Detectioncited by 78
  6. 2024Detecting Multimedia Generated by Large AI Models: A Surveycited by 73
  7. 2025Deepfake-Eval-2024: A Multi-Modal In-the-Wild Benchmark of Deepfakes Circulated in 2024cited by 40
  8. 2023Improved DeepFake Detection Using Whisper Featurescited by 28
  9. 2024XLSR-Mamba: A Dual-Column Bidirectional State Space Model for Spoofing Attack Detectioncited by 27
  10. 2024Temporal-Channel Modeling in Multi-head Self-Attention for Synthetic Speech Detectioncited by 24
  11. 2024Circumventing shortcuts in audio-visual deepfake detection datasets with unsupervised learningcited by 23
  12. 2024SpoofCeleb: Speech Deepfake Detection and SASV In The Wildcited by 22
38 more
  1. 2024SONICS: Synthetic Or Not -- Identifying Counterfeit Songscited by 21
  2. 2024DFADD: The Diffusion and Flow-Matching Based Audio Deepfake Datasetcited by 20
  3. 2024SafeEar: Content Privacy-Preserving Audio Deepfake Detectioncited by 20
  4. 2024Mixture of Experts Fusion for Fake Audio Detection Using Frozen wav2vec 2.0cited by 20
  5. 2025Speech DF Arena: A Leaderboard for Speech DeepFake Detection Modelscited by 20
  6. 2021Channel-wise Gated Res2Net: Towards Robust Detection of Synthetic Speech Attackscited by 18
  7. 2021ASVspoof 2021: Automatic Speaker Verification Spoofing and Countermeasures Challenge Evaluation Plancited by 18
  8. 2022SAMO: Speaker Attractor Multi-Center One-Class Learning for Voice Anti-Spoofingcited by 18
  9. 2024Attentive Merging of Hidden Embeddings from Pre-trained Speech Model for Anti-spoofing Detectioncited by 17
  10. 2025ALLM4ADD: Unlocking the Capabilities of Audio Large Language Models for Audio Deepfake Detectioncited by 17
  11. 2021Human Perception of Audio Deepfakescited by 15
  12. 2022An Initial Investigation for Detecting Vocoder Fingerprints of Fake Audiocited by 12
  13. 2022Defense Against Adversarial Attacks on Audio DeepFake Detectioncited by 12
  14. 2024I Can Hear You: Selective Robust Training for Deepfake Audio Detectioncited by 12
  15. 2022Deepfake audio detection by speaker verificationcited by 11
  16. 2024Where are we in audio deepfake detection? A systematic analysis over generative and detection modelscited by 11
  17. 2025EnvSDD: Benchmarking Environmental Sound Deepfake Detectioncited by 11
  18. 2022Fully Automated End-to-End Fake Audio Detectioncited by 10
  19. 2023Malafide: a novel adversarial convolutive noise attack against deepfake and spoofing detection systemscited by 10
  20. 2023Single and Multi-Speaker Cloned Voice Detection: From Perceptual to Learned Featurescited by 10
  21. 2024Exploring WavLM Back-ends for Speech Spoofing and Deepfake Detectioncited by 10
  22. 2024Deepfake Media Generation and Detection in the Generative AI Era: A Survey and Outlookcited by 10
  23. 2021Partially-Connected Differentiable Architecture Search for Deepfake and Spoofing Detectioncited by 9
  24. 2022Attack Agnostic Dataset: Towards Generalization and Stabilization of Audio DeepFake Detectioncited by 9
  25. 2022SpecRNet: Towards Faster and More Accessible Audio DeepFake Detectioncited by 9
  26. 2023Learning From Yourself: A Self-Distillation Method for Fake Speech Detectioncited by 9
  27. 2024CLAD: Robust Audio Deepfake Detection Against Manipulation Attacks with Contrastive Learningcited by 9
  28. 2024Harder or Different? Understanding Generalization of Audio Deepfake Detectioncited by 9
  29. 2025BiCrossMamba-ST: Speech Deepfake Detection with Bidirectional Mamba Spectro-Temporal Cross-Attentioncited by 9
  30. 2021FastAudio: A Learnable Audio Front-End for Spoof Speech Detectioncited by 8
  31. 2022Anti-Spoofing Using Transfer Learning with Variational Information Bottleneckcited by 8
  32. 2022Audio Deepfake Detection Based on a Combination of F0 Information and Real Plus Imaginary Spectrogram Featurescited by 8
  33. 2024Training-Free Deepfake Voice Recognition by Leveraging Large-Scale Pre-Trained Modelscited by 8
  34. 2023Deepfake CAPTCHA: A Method for Preventing Fake Callscited by 7
  35. 2024Fake Artificial Intelligence Generated Contents (FAIGC): A Survey of Theories, Detection Methods, and Opportunitiescited by 7
  36. 2024USTC-KXDIGIT System Description for ASVspoof5 Challengecited by 7
  37. 2025Adversarial Attacks on Audio Deepfake Detection: A Benchmark and Comparative Studycited by 7
  38. 2021FMFCC-A: A Challenging Mandarin Dataset for Synthetic Speech Detectioncited by 6

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