RADIATE: A Radar Dataset for Automotive Perception in Bad Weather
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Abstract (arXiv)
Datasets for autonomous cars are essential for the development and benchmarking of perception systems. However, most existing datasets are captured with camera and LiDAR sensors in good weather conditions. In this paper, we present the RAdar Dataset In Adverse weaThEr (RADIATE), aiming to facilitate research on object detection, tracking and scene understanding using radar sensing for safe autonomous driving. RADIATE includes 3 hours of annotated radar images with more than 200K labelled road actors in total, on average about 4.6 instances per radar image. It covers 8 different categories of actors in a variety of weather conditions (e.g., sun, night, rain, fog and snow) and driving scenarios (e.g., parked, urban, motorway and suburban), representing different levels of challenge. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first public radar dataset which provides high-resolution radar images on public roads with a large amount of road actors labelled. The data collected in adverse weather, e.g., fog and snowfall, is unique. Some baseline results of radar based object detection and recognition are given to show that the use of radar data is promising for automotive applications in bad weather, where vision and LiDAR can fail. RADIATE also has stereo images, 32-channel LiDAR and GPS data, directed at other applications such as sensor fusion, localisation and mapping. The public dataset can be accessed at http://pro.hw.ac.uk/radiate/.
Key facts. Cited by 98 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). First posted on arXiv 18 Oct 2020.
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Citing papers per year: 2021: 9; 2022: 19; 2023: 19; 2024: 26; 2025: 12; 2026: 13.
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- 2022K-Radar: 4D Radar Object Detection for Autonomous Driving in Various Weather Conditionscited by 107
- 2022TJ4DRadSet: A 4D Radar Dataset for Autonomous Drivingcited by 74
- 2021Raw High-Definition Radar for Multi-Task Learningcited by 69
- 2024A Survey on Autonomous Driving Datasets: Statistics, Annotation Quality, and a Future Outlookcited by 65
- 2021Multi-Modal 3D Object Detection in Autonomous Driving: a Surveycited by 63
- 2021RadarScenes: A Real-World Radar Point Cloud Data Set for Automotive Applicationscited by 61
- 2023Radar-Camera Fusion for Object Detection and Semantic Segmentation in Autonomous Driving: A Comprehensive Reviewcited by 57
- 2021An Application-Driven Conceptualization of Corner Cases for Perception in Highly Automated Drivingcited by 33
- 2023Dual Radar: A Multi-modal Dataset with Dual 4D Radar for Autonomous Drivingcited by 32
- 2024MUSES: The Multi-Sensor Semantic Perception Dataset for Driving under Uncertaintycited by 32
- 2022CramNet: Camera-Radar Fusion with Ray-Constrained Cross-Attention for Robust 3D Object Detectioncited by 30
- 2022aiMotive Dataset: A Multimodal Dataset for Robust Autonomous Driving with Long-Range Perceptioncited by 29
38 more
- 2024OmniHD-Scenes: A Next-Generation Multimodal Dataset for Autonomous Drivingcited by 27
- 2023Echoes Beyond Points: Unleashing the Power of Raw Radar Data in Multi-modality Fusioncited by 25
- 2023RadarGNN: Transformation Invariant Graph Neural Network for Radar-based Perceptioncited by 24
- 2021Rethinking of Radar's Role: A Camera-Radar Dataset and Systematic Annotator via Coordinate Alignmentcited by 23
- 2023Survey on LiDAR Perception in Adverse Weather Conditionscited by 23
- 2022Exploiting Temporal Relations on Radar Perception for Autonomous Drivingcited by 22
- 2023Exploring Radar Data Representations in Autonomous Driving: A Comprehensive Reviewcited by 22
- 2024DPFT: Dual Perspective Fusion Transformer for Camera-Radar-based Object Detectioncited by 19
- 2022HydraFusion: Context-Aware Selective Sensor Fusion for Robust and Efficient Autonomous Vehicle Perceptioncited by 16
- 2023Enhanced K-Radar: Optimal Density Reduction to Improve Detection Performance and Accessibility of 4D Radar Tensor-based Object Detectioncited by 15
- 2025RadarSplat: Radar Gaussian Splatting for High-Fidelity Data Synthesis and 3D Reconstruction of Autonomous Driving Scenescited by 15
- 2023ADCNet: Learning from Raw Radar Data via Distillationcited by 14
- 2024RadSimReal: Bridging the Gap Between Synthetic and Real Data in Radar Object Detection With Simulationcited by 14
- 2022EcoFusion: Energy-Aware Adaptive Sensor Fusion for Efficient Autonomous Vehicle Perceptioncited by 13
- 2022Fusing Event-based Camera and Radar for SLAM Using Spiking Neural Networks with Continual STDP Learningcited by 13
- 2022Ad-datasets: a meta-collection of data sets for autonomous drivingcited by 11
- 2022RadSegNet: A Reliable Approach to Radar Camera Fusioncited by 11
- 2022General Place Recognition Survey: Towards the Real-world Autonomy Agecited by 11
- 2023Radars for Autonomous Driving: A Review of Deep Learning Methods and Challengescited by 10
- 2024LiRaFusion: Deep Adaptive LiDAR-Radar Fusion for 3D Object Detectioncited by 10
- 2024MMVR: Millimeter-wave Multi-View Radar Dataset and Benchmark for Indoor Perceptioncited by 10
- 2024Radar and Camera Fusion for Object Detection and Tracking: A Comprehensive Surveycited by 9
- 2022PeSOTIF: a Challenging Visual Dataset for Perception SOTIF Problems in Long-tail Traffic Scenarioscited by 8
- 2023Reviewing 3D Object Detectors in the Context of High-Resolution 3+1D Radarcited by 8
- 2022Semantic Visual Simultaneous Localization and Mapping: A Surveycited by 7
- 2024Bosch Street Dataset: A Multi-Modal Dataset with Imaging Radar for Automated Drivingcited by 7
- 2024Open-RadVLAD: Fast and Robust Radar Place Recognitioncited by 6
- 2025Towards Foundational Models for Single-Chip Radarcited by 6
- 2021Contrastive Learning for Unsupervised Radar Place Recognitioncited by 5
- 20224Seasons: Benchmarking Visual SLAM and Long-Term Localization for Autonomous Driving in Challenging Conditionscited by 5
- 2024Vulnerable Road User Detection and Safety Enhancement: A Comprehensive Surveycited by 5
- 2024SparseRadNet: Sparse Perception Neural Network on Subsampled Radar Datacited by 5
- 2024Deep Learning-Based Robust Multi-Object Tracking via Fusion of mmWave Radar and Camera Sensorscited by 5
- 2025HeRCULES: Heterogeneous Radar Dataset in Complex Urban Environment for Multi-session Radar SLAMcited by 5
- 2025Radar-Guided Polynomial Fitting for Metric Depth Estimationcited by 5
- 2025RICO: Two Realistic Benchmarks and an In-Depth Analysis for Incremental Learning in Object Detectioncited by 5
- 2023Vision meets mmWave Radar: 3D Object Perception Benchmark for Autonomous Drivingcited by 4
- 2024SIRA: Scalable Inter-frame Relation and Association for Radar Perceptioncited by 4
50 most cited of 98 All 98 (JSON)
- 2026STAR: Scene- and Task-Aware 4D Radar Preprocessing Towards End-to-End Cognitive Radar21 Sep 2026
- 2026Do Spinning Radar Doppler Velocity Measurements Improve Vehicle Detection and Tracking?17 Sep 2026
- 20263D Point Splatting for mmWave Radar Novel View Synthesis10 Sep 2026
- 2026Segment Any Motion with Radar: Robust Multimodal Moving-Object Segmentation and Tracking8 Sep 2026
- 2026Rad-R: A Raw-ADC Radar Dataset and Capture-Invariant SSM for Hardware-Fault Diagnosis31 Aug 2026
- 2026Belief-Space Perception Routing under Coupled Sensor Faults and Compute Contention31 Jul 2026
- 2026ObsDriveBench: Benchmarking Multimodal Understanding under Adverse Weather with Observability Awareness26 Jul 2026
- 2026Boosting Robustness for All-Weather Self-Supervised Depth Estimation in Autonomous Driving23 Jul 2026
- 2026What to Test Next: Interpretable Coverage Gap Discovery in Driving VLMs1 Jun 2026
- 2026REFNet++: Multi-Task Efficient Fusion of Camera and Radar Sensor Data in Bird's-Eye Polar View12 May 2026
- 2026RadarSplat-RIO: Indoor Radar-Inertial Odometry with Gaussian Splatting-Based Radar Bundle Adjustment15 Apr 2026
- 2026On Learning Spatial Structure from Pre-Beamforming Per-Antenna Range-Doppler Radar Measurements2 Apr 2026
38 more
- 2026AdaRadar: Rate Adaptive Spectral Compression for Radar-based Perception18 Mar 2026
- 2025AVOID: The Adverse Visual Conditions Dataset with Obstacles for Driving Scene Understanding29 Dec 2025
- 2025RLM: A Vision-Language Model Approach for Radar Scene Understanding26 Nov 2025
- 2025Estimating Fog Parameters from a Sequence of Stereo Images25 Nov 2025
- 2025REXO: Indoor Multi-View Radar Object Detection via 3D Bounding Box Diffusion21 Nov 2025
- 2025PAN: Pillars-Attention-Based Network for 3D Object Detection19 Sep 2025
- 2025Towards Foundational Models for Single-Chip Radar15 Sep 2025
- 2025RICO: Two Realistic Benchmarks and an In-Depth Analysis for Incremental Learning in Object Detection19 Aug 2025
- 2025RadarSplat: Radar Gaussian Splatting for High-Fidelity Data Synthesis and 3D Reconstruction of Autonomous Driving Scenes2 Jun 2025
- 2025AttentiveGRU: Recurrent Spatio-Temporal Modeling for Advanced Radar-Based BEV Object Detection1 Apr 2025
- 2025Radar-Guided Polynomial Fitting for Metric Depth Estimation21 Mar 2025
- 2025Targetless 6DoF Calibration of LiDAR and 2D Scanning Radar Based on Cylindrical Occupancy21 Mar 2025
- 2025HeRCULES: Heterogeneous Radar Dataset in Complex Urban Environment for Multi-session Radar SLAM4 Feb 2025
- 2024OmniHD-Scenes: A Next-Generation Multimodal Dataset for Autonomous Driving14 Dec 2024
- 2024MOANA: Multi-Radar Dataset for Maritime Odometry and Autonomous Navigation Application5 Dec 2024
- 2024A Resource Efficient Fusion Network for Object Detection in Bird's-Eye View using Camera and Raw Radar Data20 Nov 2024
- 2024SIRA: Scalable Inter-frame Relation and Association for Radar Perception4 Nov 2024
- 2024Radar and Camera Fusion for Object Detection and Tracking: A Comprehensive Survey24 Oct 2024
- 2024Resource-Efficient Sensor Fusion via System-Wide Dynamic Gated Neural Networks22 Oct 2024
- 2024A Generative Adversarial Network-based Method for LiDAR-Assisted Radar Image Enhancement30 Aug 2024
- 2024Exploring Domain Shift on Radar-Based 3D Object Detection Amidst Diverse Environmental Conditions13 Aug 2024
- 2024Boosting Online 3D Multi-Object Tracking through Camera-Radar Cross Check18 Jul 2024
- 2024Deep Learning-Based Robust Multi-Object Tracking via Fusion of mmWave Radar and Camera Sensors10 Jul 2024
- 2024SID: Stereo Image Dataset for Autonomous Driving in Adverse Conditions6 Jul 2024
- 2024Bosch Street Dataset: A Multi-Modal Dataset with Imaging Radar for Automated Driving24 Jun 2024
- 2024MMVR: Millimeter-wave Multi-View Radar Dataset and Benchmark for Indoor Perception15 Jun 2024
- 2024SparseRadNet: Sparse Perception Neural Network on Subsampled Radar Data15 Jun 2024
- 2024SemanticSpray++: A Multimodal Dataset for Autonomous Driving in Wet Surface Conditions14 Jun 2024
- 2024Redefining Automotive Radar Imaging: A Domain-Informed 1D Deep Learning Approach for High-Resolution and Efficient Performance11 Jun 2024
- 2024A Survey of Deep Learning Based Radar and Vision Fusion for 3D Object Detection in Autonomous Driving2 Jun 2024
- 2024Vulnerable Road User Detection and Safety Enhancement: A Comprehensive Survey29 May 2024
- 2024RadSimReal: Bridging the Gap Between Synthetic and Real Data in Radar Object Detection With Simulation28 Apr 2024
- 2024BoostRad: Enhancing Object Detection by Boosting Radar Reflections27 Apr 2024
- 2024DIDLM: A SLAM Dataset for Difficult Scenarios Featuring Infrared, Depth Cameras, LIDAR, 4D Radar, and Others under Adverse Weather, Low Light Conditions, and Rough Roads15 Apr 2024
- 2024DPFT: Dual Perspective Fusion Transformer for Camera-Radar-based Object Detection3 Apr 2024
- 2024LiRaFusion: Deep Adaptive LiDAR-Radar Fusion for 3D Object Detection18 Feb 2024
- 2024Open-RadVLAD: Fast and Robust Radar Place Recognition27 Jan 2024
- 2024MUSES: The Multi-Sensor Semantic Perception Dataset for Driving under Uncertainty23 Jan 2024
50 newest of 98 All 98 (JSON)
- 2022K-Radar: 4D Radar Object Detection for Autonomous Driving in Various Weather Conditionscited by 107
- 2022TJ4DRadSet: A 4D Radar Dataset for Autonomous Drivingcited by 74
- 2021Raw High-Definition Radar for Multi-Task Learningcited by 69
- 2024A Survey on Autonomous Driving Datasets: Statistics, Annotation Quality, and a Future Outlookcited by 65
- 2021Multi-Modal 3D Object Detection in Autonomous Driving: a Surveycited by 63
- 2021RadarScenes: A Real-World Radar Point Cloud Data Set for Automotive Applicationscited by 61
- 2023Radar-Camera Fusion for Object Detection and Semantic Segmentation in Autonomous Driving: A Comprehensive Reviewcited by 57
- 2021An Application-Driven Conceptualization of Corner Cases for Perception in Highly Automated Drivingcited by 33
- 2023Dual Radar: A Multi-modal Dataset with Dual 4D Radar for Autonomous Drivingcited by 32
- 2024MUSES: The Multi-Sensor Semantic Perception Dataset for Driving under Uncertaintycited by 32
- 2022CramNet: Camera-Radar Fusion with Ray-Constrained Cross-Attention for Robust 3D Object Detectioncited by 30
- 2022aiMotive Dataset: A Multimodal Dataset for Robust Autonomous Driving with Long-Range Perceptioncited by 29
12 most cited of 93 All 93 (JSON)
- 2026STAR: Scene- and Task-Aware 4D Radar Preprocessing Towards End-to-End Cognitive Radar21 Sep 2026
- 2026Do Spinning Radar Doppler Velocity Measurements Improve Vehicle Detection and Tracking?17 Sep 2026
- 20263D Point Splatting for mmWave Radar Novel View Synthesis10 Sep 2026
- 2026Segment Any Motion with Radar: Robust Multimodal Moving-Object Segmentation and Tracking8 Sep 2026
- 2026Rad-R: A Raw-ADC Radar Dataset and Capture-Invariant SSM for Hardware-Fault Diagnosis31 Aug 2026
- 2026Belief-Space Perception Routing under Coupled Sensor Faults and Compute Contention31 Jul 2026
- 2026Boosting Robustness for All-Weather Self-Supervised Depth Estimation in Autonomous Driving23 Jul 2026
- 2026REFNet++: Multi-Task Efficient Fusion of Camera and Radar Sensor Data in Bird's-Eye Polar View12 May 2026
- 2026RadarSplat-RIO: Indoor Radar-Inertial Odometry with Gaussian Splatting-Based Radar Bundle Adjustment15 Apr 2026
- 2026On Learning Spatial Structure from Pre-Beamforming Per-Antenna Range-Doppler Radar Measurements2 Apr 2026
- 2026AdaRadar: Rate Adaptive Spectral Compression for Radar-based Perception18 Mar 2026
- 2025AVOID: The Adverse Visual Conditions Dataset with Obstacles for Driving Scene Understanding29 Dec 2025
12 newest of 93 All 93 (JSON)