Dual Radar: A Multi-modal Dataset with Dual 4D Radar for Autonomous Driving
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Abstract (arXiv)
Radar has stronger adaptability in adverse scenarios for autonomous driving environmental perception compared to widely adopted cameras and LiDARs. Compared with commonly used 3D radars, the latest 4D radars have precise vertical resolution and higher point cloud density, making it a highly promising sensor for autonomous driving in complex environmental perception. However, due to the much higher noise than LiDAR, manufacturers choose different filtering strategies, resulting in an inverse ratio between noise level and point cloud density. There is still a lack of comparative analysis on which method is beneficial for deep learning-based perception algorithms in autonomous driving. One of the main reasons is that current datasets only adopt one type of 4D radar, making it difficult to compare different 4D radars in the same scene. Therefore, in this paper, we introduce a novel large-scale multi-modal dataset featuring, for the first time, two types of 4D radars captured simultaneously. This dataset enables further research into effective 4D radar perception algorithms.Our dataset consists of 151 consecutive series, most of which last 20 seconds and contain 10,007 meticulously synchronized and annotated frames. Moreover, our dataset captures a variety of challenging driving scenarios, including many road conditions, weather conditions, nighttime and daytime with different lighting intensities and periods. Our dataset annotates consecutive frames, which can be applied to 3D object detection and tracking, and also supports the study of multi-modal tasks. We experimentally validate our dataset, providing valuable results for studying different types of 4D radars. This dataset is released on https://github.com/adept-thu/Dual-Radar.
Key facts. Cited by 32 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026). Builds on 25 of its 71 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 11 Oct 2023.
Builds on
25 of 71 references.
References · 25
- 2019nuScenes: A multimodal dataset for autonomous drivingcited by 4,523
- 2018PointPillars: Fast Encoders for Object Detection from Point Cloudscited by 1,715
- 2022BEVFormer: Learning Bird's-Eye-View Representation from Multi-Camera Images via Spatiotemporal Transformerscited by 1,218
- 2021FCOS3D: Fully Convolutional One-Stage Monocular 3D Object Detectioncited by 447
- 2020Voxel R-CNN: Towards High Performance Voxel-based 3D Object Detectioncited by 410
- 20163D Bounding Box Estimation Using Deep Learning and Geometrycited by 278
- 2022K-Radar: 4D Radar Object Detection for Autonomous Driving in Various Weather Conditionscited by 108
- 2020RADIATE: A Radar Dataset for Automotive Perception in Bad Weathercited by 100
- 2022TJ4DRadSet: A 4D Radar Dataset for Autonomous Drivingcited by 75
- 2023BEVHeight: A Robust Framework for Vision-based Roadside 3D Object Detectioncited by 75
- 2021Raw High-Definition Radar for Multi-Task Learningcited by 69
- 2021RadarScenes: A Real-World Radar Point Cloud Data Set for Automotive Applicationscited by 61
13 more
- 2022Voxel Field Fusion for 3D Object Detectioncited by 50
- 2022CAMO-MOT: Combined Appearance-Motion Optimization for 3D Multi-Object Tracking with Camera-LiDAR Fusioncited by 50
- 20192D Car Detection in Radar Data with PointNetscited by 38
- 2019FuseMODNet: Real-Time Camera and LiDAR based Moving Object Detection for robust low-light Autonomous Drivingcited by 26
- 2022Pointillism: Accurate 3D bounding box estimation with multi-radarscited by 23
- 2022Mix-Teaching: A Simple, Unified and Effective Semi-Supervised Learning Framework for Monocular 3D Object Detectioncited by 23
- 2021ColoRadar: The Direct 3D Millimeter Wave Radar Datasetcited by 21
- 2023FollowNet: A Comprehensive Benchmark for Car-Following Behavior Modelingcited by 21
- 2021PixSet : An Opportunity for 3D Computer Vision to Go Beyond Point Clouds With a Full-Waveform LiDAR Datasetcited by 20
- 2022Rethinking IoU-based Optimization for Single-stage 3D Object Detectioncited by 19
- 2017LiDAR-Camera Calibration using 3D-3D Point correspondencescited by 18
- 2021Lite-FPN for Keypoint-based Monocular 3D Object Detectioncited by 10
- 2019Training a Fast Object Detector for LiDAR Range Images Using Labeled Data from Sensors with Higher Resolutioncited by 1
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Citing papers per year: 2023: 1; 2024: 11; 2025: 14; 2026: 6.
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- 2025Foundation Models in Autonomous Driving: A Survey on Scenario Generation and Scenario Analysiscited by 38
- 2024RadarOcc: Robust 3D Occupancy Prediction with 4D Imaging Radarcited by 33
- 2024OmniHD-Scenes: A Next-Generation Multimodal Dataset for Autonomous Drivingcited by 27
- 2023Exploring Radar Data Representations in Autonomous Driving: A Comprehensive Reviewcited by 22
- 2024V2X-Radar: A Multi-modal Dataset with 4D Radar for Cooperative Perceptioncited by 22
- 2024RoboFusion: Towards Robust Multi-Modal 3D Object Detection via SAMcited by 20
- 2024Radar and Camera Fusion for Object Detection and Tracking: A Comprehensive Surveycited by 9
- 2024RoadBEV: Road Surface Reconstruction in Bird's Eye Viewcited by 8
- 2024SparseDet: A Simple and Effective Framework for Fully Sparse LiDAR-based 3D Object Detectioncited by 7
- 2024Bosch Street Dataset: A Multi-Modal Dataset with Imaging Radar for Automated Drivingcited by 7
- 2025MutualForce: Mutual-Aware Enhancement for 4D Radar-LiDAR 3D Object Detectioncited by 6
- 2025HeRCULES: Heterogeneous Radar Dataset in Complex Urban Environment for Multi-session Radar SLAMcited by 5
20 more
- 2025Availability-aware Sensor Fusion via Unified Canonical Spacecited by 5
- 20254D mmWave Radar for Sensing Enhancement in Adverse Environments: Advances and Challengescited by 4
- 2025USVTrack: USV-Based 4D Radar-Camera Tracking Dataset for Autonomous Driving in Inland Waterwayscited by 4
- 2025CORENet: Cross-Modal 4D Radar Denoising Network with LiDAR Supervision for Autonomous Drivingcited by 4
- 2025Wavelet-based Multi-View Fusion of 4D Radar Tensor and Camera for Robust 3D Object Detectioncited by 4
- 2025Forging Spatial Intelligence: A Roadmap of Multi-Modal Data Pre-Training for Autonomous Systemscited by 4
- 2024LEROjD: Lidar Extended Radar-Only Object Detectioncited by 3
- 2025MetaOcc: Spatio-Temporal Fusion of Surround-View 4D Radar and Camera for 3D Occupancy Prediction with Dual Training Strategiescited by 3
- 2025L2RDaS: Synthesizing 4D Radar Tensors for Model Generalization via Dataset Expansioncited by 3
- 2025SpikingRTNH: Spiking Neural Network for 4D Radar Object Detectioncited by 2
- 2026Towards Next-Generation SLAM: A Survey on 3DGS-SLAM Focusing on Performance, Robustness, and Future Directionscited by 2
- 2024AVS-Net: Point Sampling with Adaptive Voxel Size for 3D Scene Understandingcited by 1
- 2024DIDLM: A SLAM Dataset for Difficult Scenarios Featuring Infrared, Depth Cameras, LIDAR, 4D Radar, and Others under Adverse Weather, Low Light Conditions, and Rough Roadscited by 1
- 2025Deep Learning-Based Multi-Modal Fusion for Robust Robot Perception and Navigationcited by 1
- 2025MSDNet: Efficient 4D Radar Super-Resolution via Multi-Stage Distillationcited by 0
- 2026CLRNet: Targetless Extrinsic Calibration for Camera, Lidar and 4D Radar Using Deep Learningcited by 0
- 2026Revisiting Radar Perception With Spectral Point Cloudscited by 0
- 2026Accuracy- and Real-Time-Aware 4D Radar Preprocessing for Autonomous Driving Perception Systemscited by 0
- 20264D Radar Perception Algorithms for Autonomous Driving: A Reviewcited by 0
- 2026RCVLA: 4D Radar-Grounded Semantic Reasoning and Trajectory Arbitration for Autonomous Drivingcited by 0
- 2026RCVLA: 4D Radar-Grounded Semantic Reasoning and Trajectory Arbitration for Autonomous Driving26 Sep 2026
- 20264D Radar Perception Algorithms for Autonomous Driving: A Review16 Sep 2026
- 2026Accuracy- and Real-Time-Aware 4D Radar Preprocessing for Autonomous Driving Perception Systems16 Sep 2026
- 2026Revisiting Radar Perception With Spectral Point Clouds9 Apr 2026
- 2026CLRNet: Targetless Extrinsic Calibration for Camera, Lidar and 4D Radar Using Deep Learning16 Mar 2026
- 2026Towards Next-Generation SLAM: A Survey on 3DGS-SLAM Focusing on Performance, Robustness, and Future Directions4 Feb 2026
- 2025Forging Spatial Intelligence: A Roadmap of Multi-Modal Data Pre-Training for Autonomous Systems30 Dec 2025
- 2025Wavelet-based Multi-View Fusion of 4D Radar Tensor and Camera for Robust 3D Object Detection28 Dec 2025
- 2025MSDNet: Efficient 4D Radar Super-Resolution via Multi-Stage Distillation16 Sep 2025
- 2025CORENet: Cross-Modal 4D Radar Denoising Network with LiDAR Supervision for Autonomous Driving19 Aug 2025
- 2025USVTrack: USV-Based 4D Radar-Camera Tracking Dataset for Autonomous Driving in Inland Waterways23 Jun 2025
- 2025Foundation Models in Autonomous Driving: A Survey on Scenario Generation and Scenario Analysis13 Jun 2025
20 more
- 2025Deep Learning-Based Multi-Modal Fusion for Robust Robot Perception and Navigation26 Apr 2025
- 20254D mmWave Radar for Sensing Enhancement in Adverse Environments: Advances and Challenges31 Mar 2025
- 2025Availability-aware Sensor Fusion via Unified Canonical Space10 Mar 2025
- 2025L2RDaS: Synthesizing 4D Radar Tensors for Model Generalization via Dataset Expansion5 Mar 2025
- 2025HeRCULES: Heterogeneous Radar Dataset in Complex Urban Environment for Multi-session Radar SLAM4 Feb 2025
- 2025SpikingRTNH: Spiking Neural Network for 4D Radar Object Detection31 Jan 2025
- 2025MetaOcc: Spatio-Temporal Fusion of Surround-View 4D Radar and Camera for 3D Occupancy Prediction with Dual Training Strategies26 Jan 2025
- 2025MutualForce: Mutual-Aware Enhancement for 4D Radar-LiDAR 3D Object Detection17 Jan 2025
- 2024OmniHD-Scenes: A Next-Generation Multimodal Dataset for Autonomous Driving14 Dec 2024
- 2024V2X-Radar: A Multi-modal Dataset with 4D Radar for Cooperative Perception17 Nov 2024
- 2024Radar and Camera Fusion for Object Detection and Tracking: A Comprehensive Survey24 Oct 2024
- 2024LEROjD: Lidar Extended Radar-Only Object Detection9 Sep 2024
- 2024Bosch Street Dataset: A Multi-Modal Dataset with Imaging Radar for Automated Driving24 Jun 2024
- 2024SparseDet: A Simple and Effective Framework for Fully Sparse LiDAR-based 3D Object Detection16 Jun 2024
- 2024RadarOcc: Robust 3D Occupancy Prediction with 4D Imaging Radar22 May 2024
- 2024DIDLM: A SLAM Dataset for Difficult Scenarios Featuring Infrared, Depth Cameras, LIDAR, 4D Radar, and Others under Adverse Weather, Low Light Conditions, and Rough Roads15 Apr 2024
- 2024RoadBEV: Road Surface Reconstruction in Bird's Eye View9 Apr 2024
- 2024AVS-Net: Point Sampling with Adaptive Voxel Size for 3D Scene Understanding27 Feb 2024
- 2024RoboFusion: Towards Robust Multi-Modal 3D Object Detection via SAM8 Jan 2024
- 2023Exploring Radar Data Representations in Autonomous Driving: A Comprehensive Review8 Dec 2023
- 2024RadarOcc: Robust 3D Occupancy Prediction with 4D Imaging Radarcited by 33
- 2024OmniHD-Scenes: A Next-Generation Multimodal Dataset for Autonomous Drivingcited by 27
- 2023Exploring Radar Data Representations in Autonomous Driving: A Comprehensive Reviewcited by 22
- 2024V2X-Radar: A Multi-modal Dataset with 4D Radar for Cooperative Perceptioncited by 22
- 2024RoboFusion: Towards Robust Multi-Modal 3D Object Detection via SAMcited by 20
- 2024Radar and Camera Fusion for Object Detection and Tracking: A Comprehensive Surveycited by 9
- 2024RoadBEV: Road Surface Reconstruction in Bird's Eye Viewcited by 8
- 2024SparseDet: A Simple and Effective Framework for Fully Sparse LiDAR-based 3D Object Detectioncited by 7
- 2024Bosch Street Dataset: A Multi-Modal Dataset with Imaging Radar for Automated Drivingcited by 7
- 2025MutualForce: Mutual-Aware Enhancement for 4D Radar-LiDAR 3D Object Detectioncited by 6
- 2025HeRCULES: Heterogeneous Radar Dataset in Complex Urban Environment for Multi-session Radar SLAMcited by 5
- 2025Availability-aware Sensor Fusion via Unified Canonical Spacecited by 5
12 most cited of 29 All 29 (JSON)
- 20264D Radar Perception Algorithms for Autonomous Driving: A Review16 Sep 2026
- 2026Accuracy- and Real-Time-Aware 4D Radar Preprocessing for Autonomous Driving Perception Systems16 Sep 2026
- 2026Revisiting Radar Perception With Spectral Point Clouds9 Apr 2026
- 2026CLRNet: Targetless Extrinsic Calibration for Camera, Lidar and 4D Radar Using Deep Learning16 Mar 2026
- 2026Towards Next-Generation SLAM: A Survey on 3DGS-SLAM Focusing on Performance, Robustness, and Future Directions4 Feb 2026
- 2025Forging Spatial Intelligence: A Roadmap of Multi-Modal Data Pre-Training for Autonomous Systems30 Dec 2025
- 2025Wavelet-based Multi-View Fusion of 4D Radar Tensor and Camera for Robust 3D Object Detection28 Dec 2025
- 2025CORENet: Cross-Modal 4D Radar Denoising Network with LiDAR Supervision for Autonomous Driving19 Aug 2025
- 2025USVTrack: USV-Based 4D Radar-Camera Tracking Dataset for Autonomous Driving in Inland Waterways23 Jun 2025
- 2025Deep Learning-Based Multi-Modal Fusion for Robust Robot Perception and Navigation26 Apr 2025
- 20254D mmWave Radar for Sensing Enhancement in Adverse Environments: Advances and Challenges31 Mar 2025
- 2025Availability-aware Sensor Fusion via Unified Canonical Space10 Mar 2025
12 newest of 29 All 29 (JSON)