Raw High-Definition Radar for Multi-Task Learning
Not on the map. Why?
Abstract (arXiv)
With their robustness to adverse weather conditions and ability to measure speeds, radar sensors have been part of the automotive landscape for more than two decades. Recent progress toward High Definition (HD) Imaging radar has driven the angular resolution below the degree, thus approaching laser scanning performance. However, the amount of data a HD radar delivers and the computational cost to estimate the angular positions remain a challenge. In this paper, we propose a novel HD radar sensing model, FFT-RadNet, that eliminates the overhead of computing the range-azimuth-Doppler 3D tensor, learning instead to recover angles from a range-Doppler spectrum. FFT-RadNet is trained both to detect vehicles and to segment free driving space. On both tasks, it competes with the most recent radar-based models while requiring less compute and memory. Also, we collected and annotated 2-hour worth of raw data from synchronized automotive-grade sensors (camera, laser, HD radar) in various environments (city street, highway, countryside road). This unique dataset, nick-named RADIal for "Radar, Lidar et al.", is available at https://github.com/valeoai/RADIal.
Key facts. Cited by 69 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). Builds on 26 of its 47 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 20 Dec 2021.
Builds on
26 of 47 references.
References · 26
- 2015Deep Residual Learning for Image Recognitioncited by 51,809
- 2014Adam: A Method for Stochastic Optimizationcited by 36,960
- 2016Feature Pyramid Networks for Object Detectioncited by 5,021
- 2019nuScenes: A multimodal dataset for autonomous drivingcited by 4,485
- 2016The Cityscapes Dataset for Semantic Urban Scene Understandingcited by 4,427
- 2018Encoder-Decoder with Atrous Separable Convolution for Semantic Image Segmentationcited by 3,210
- 2016Pyramid Scene Parsing Networkcited by 2,472
- 2018PointPillars: Fast Encoders for Object Detection from Point Cloudscited by 1,707
- 2019PIXOR: Real-time 3D Object Detection from Point Cloudscited by 358
- 2019The Oxford Radar RobotCar Dataset: A Radar Extension to the Oxford RobotCar Datasetcited by 133
- 2020RADIATE: A Radar Dataset for Automotive Perception in Bad Weathercited by 98
- 2021RadarScenes: A Real-World Radar Point Cloud Data Set for Automotive Applicationscited by 61
14 more
- 2020CARRADA Dataset: Camera and Automotive Radar with Range-Angle-Doppler Annotationscited by 60
- 2021RADDet: Range-Azimuth-Doppler based Radar Object Detection for Dynamic Road Userscited by 52
- 2021RODNet: A Real-Time Radar Object Detection Network Cross-Supervised by Camera-Radar Fused Object 3D Localizationcited by 49
- 2020CNN based Road User Detection using the 3D Radar Cubecited by 47
- 2019Seeing Around Street Corners: Non-Line-of-Sight Detection and Tracking In-the-Wild Using Doppler Radarcited by 40
- 20192D Car Detection in Radar Data with PointNetscited by 38
- 2021Multi-View Radar Semantic Segmentationcited by 34
- 2020RAMP-CNN: A Novel Neural Network for Enhanced Automotive Radar Object Recognitioncited by 30
- 2020Probabilistic Oriented Object Detection in Automotive Radarcited by 27
- 2021Rethinking of Radar's Role: A Camera-Radar Dataset and Systematic Annotator via Coordinate Alignmentcited by 23
- 2019Deep Radar Detectorcited by 22
- 2020RSS-Net: Weakly-Supervised Multi-Class Semantic Segmentation with FMCW Radarcited by 22
- 2019Object Detection and 3D Estimation via an FMCW Radar Using a Fully Convolutional Networkcited by 17
- 2021PolarNet: Accelerated Deep Open Space Segmentation Using Automotive Radar in Polar Domaincited by 6
Built on by
Citing papers per year: 2022: 4; 2023: 19; 2024: 18; 2025: 11; 2026: 17.
69 papers.
Sort:
By area:
- 2022TJ4DRadSet: A 4D Radar Dataset for Autonomous Drivingcited by 74
- 2023Radar-Camera Fusion for Object Detection and Semantic Segmentation in Autonomous Driving: A Comprehensive Reviewcited by 57
- 2023LXL: LiDAR Excluded Lean 3D Object Detection with 4D Imaging Radar and Camera Fusioncited by 57
- 2023SMURF: Spatial Multi-Representation Fusion for 3D Object Detection with 4D Imaging Radarcited by 48
- 2023Dual Radar: A Multi-modal Dataset with Dual 4D Radar for Autonomous Drivingcited by 32
- 2024RadarOcc: Robust 3D Occupancy Prediction with 4D Imaging Radarcited by 32
- 2022aiMotive Dataset: A Multimodal Dataset for Robust Autonomous Driving with Long-Range Perceptioncited by 29
- 2024OmniHD-Scenes: A Next-Generation Multimodal Dataset for Autonomous Drivingcited by 27
- 2023Echoes Beyond Points: Unleashing the Power of Raw Radar Data in Multi-modality Fusioncited by 25
- 2023T-FFTRadNet: Object Detection with Swin Vision Transformers from Raw ADC Radar Signalscited by 24
- 2023RadarGNN: Transformation Invariant Graph Neural Network for Radar-based Perceptioncited by 24
- 2023Exploring Radar Data Representations in Autonomous Driving: A Comprehensive Reviewcited by 22
38 more
- 2024DART: Implicit Doppler Tomography for Radar Novel View Synthesiscited by 19
- 2024DPFT: Dual Perspective Fusion Transformer for Camera-Radar-based Object Detectioncited by 19
- 2024Radar Fields: Frequency-Space Neural Scene Representations for FMCW Radarcited by 18
- 2023NTU4DRadLM: 4D Radar-centric Multi-Modal Dataset for Localization and Mappingcited by 17
- 2023OpenForest: A data catalogue for machine learning in forest monitoringcited by 15
- 2023ADCNet: Learning from Raw Radar Data via Distillationcited by 14
- 2024RadSimReal: Bridging the Gap Between Synthetic and Real Data in Radar Object Detection With Simulationcited by 14
- 2024HGSFusion: Radar-Camera Fusion with Hybrid Generation and Synchronization for 3D Object Detectioncited by 14
- 2024MMVR: Millimeter-wave Multi-View Radar Dataset and Benchmark for Indoor Perceptioncited by 10
- 2022A recurrent CNN for online object detection on raw radar framescited by 9
- 2023TransRadar: Adaptive-Directional Transformer for Real-Time Multi-View Radar Semantic Segmentationcited by 9
- 2023Bootstrapping Autonomous Driving Radars with Self-Supervised Learningcited by 9
- 2023Reviewing 3D Object Detectors in the Context of High-Resolution 3+1D Radarcited by 8
- 2024Bosch Street Dataset: A Multi-Modal Dataset with Imaging Radar for Automated Drivingcited by 7
- 2023Improved Multi-Scale Grid Rendering of Point Clouds for Radar Object Detection Networkscited by 6
- 2024Radar Spectra-Language Model for Automotive Scene Parsingcited by 6
- 2025DoppDrive: Doppler-Driven Temporal Aggregation for Improved Radar Object Detectioncited by 6
- 2025Towards Foundational Models for Single-Chip Radarcited by 6
- 2024SparseRadNet: Sparse Perception Neural Network on Subsampled Radar Datacited by 5
- 2025HeRCULES: Heterogeneous Radar Dataset in Complex Urban Environment for Multi-session Radar SLAMcited by 5
- 2024SIRA: Scalable Inter-frame Relation and Association for Radar Perceptioncited by 4
- 20254D mmWave Radar for Sensing Enhancement in Adverse Environments: Advances and Challengescited by 4
- 2025Self-diffusion for Solving Inverse Problemscited by 4
- 2025Wavelet-based Multi-View Fusion of 4D Radar Tensor and Camera for Robust 3D Object Detectioncited by 4
- 2024LEROjD: Lidar Extended Radar-Only Object Detectioncited by 3
- 2025L2RDaS: Synthesizing 4D Radar Tensors for Model Generalization via Dataset Expansioncited by 3
- 2023Improving Extrinsics between RADAR and LIDAR using Learningcited by 2
- 2023ROFusion: Efficient Object Detection using Hybrid Point-wise Radar-Optical Fusioncited by 2
- 2024BoostRad: Enhancing Object Detection by Boosting Radar Reflectionscited by 2
- 2025Unsupervised Radar Point Cloud Enhancement via Arbitrary LiDAR Guided Diffusion Priorcited by 2
- 2026RADE-Net: Robust Attention Network for Radar-Only Object Detection in Adverse Weathercited by 2
- 2026DSERT-RoLL: Robust Multi-Modal Perception for Diverse Driving Conditions with Stereo Event-RGB-Thermal Cameras, 4D Radar, and Dual-LiDARcited by 2
- 2026RadarSim: Simulating Single-Chip Radar via Multimodal Neural Fieldscited by 2
- 2022Deep learning for radar data exploitation of autonomous vehiclecited by 1
- 2023ThermRad: A Multi-modal Dataset for Robust 3D Object Detection under Challenging Conditionscited by 1
- 2024Leveraging Self-Supervised Instance Contrastive Learning for Radar Object Detectioncited by 1
- 2024Redefining Automotive Radar Imaging: A Domain-Informed 1D Deep Learning Approach for High-Resolution and Efficient Performancecited by 1
- 2024A Resource Efficient Fusion Network for Object Detection in Bird's-Eye View using Camera and Raw Radar Datacited by 1
50 most cited of 69 All 69 (JSON)
- 2026DyRAD: Radar Novel View Synthesis for Dynamic Driving Scenes30 Sep 2026
- 2026STAR: Scene- and Task-Aware 4D Radar Preprocessing Towards End-to-End Cognitive Radar21 Sep 2026
- 20263D Point Splatting for mmWave Radar Novel View Synthesis10 Sep 2026
- 2026Stereo 4D Radar for 3D Object Detection: Integrating Geometric Alignment and Absolute Velocity Estimation2 Sep 2026
- 2026Rad-R: A Raw-ADC Radar Dataset and Capture-Invariant SSM for Hardware-Fault Diagnosis31 Aug 2026
- 2026DeeperRadar: End-to-End MIMO Radar Design and Multi-Modal Fusion for Autonomous Vehicle Perception19 Jul 2026
- 2026Learning Structurally Consistent Representations for Multi-View Radar Semantic Segmentation30 Jun 2026
- 2026RadarSim: Simulating Single-Chip Radar via Multimodal Neural Fields25 May 2026
- 2026REFNet++: Multi-Task Efficient Fusion of Camera and Radar Sensor Data in Bird's-Eye Polar View12 May 2026
- 2026Revisiting Radar Perception With Spectral Point Clouds9 Apr 2026
- 2026DinoRADE: Full Spectral Radar-Camera Fusion with Vision Foundation Model Features for Multi-class Object Detection in Adverse Weather9 Apr 2026
- 2026RAVEN: Radar Adaptive Vision Encoders for Efficient Chirp-wise Object Detection and Segmentation6 Apr 2026
38 more
- 2026DSERT-RoLL: Robust Multi-Modal Perception for Diverse Driving Conditions with Stereo Event-RGB-Thermal Cameras, 4D Radar, and Dual-LiDAR4 Apr 2026
- 2026On Learning Spatial Structure from Pre-Beamforming Per-Antenna Range-Doppler Radar Measurements2 Apr 2026
- 2026AdaRadar: Rate Adaptive Spectral Compression for Radar-based Perception18 Mar 2026
- 2026RadarXFormer: Robust Object Detection via Cross-Dimension Fusion of 4D Radar Spectra and Images for Autonomous Driving16 Mar 2026
- 2026RADE-Net: Robust Attention Network for Radar-Only Object Detection in Adverse Weather23 Feb 2026
- 2025Wavelet-based Multi-View Fusion of 4D Radar Tensor and Camera for Robust 3D Object Detection28 Dec 2025
- 2025Self-diffusion for Solving Inverse Problems24 Oct 2025
- 2025Towards Foundational Models for Single-Chip Radar15 Sep 2025
- 2025mRadNet: A Compact Radar Object Detector with MetaFormer11 Sep 2025
- 2025DoppDrive: Doppler-Driven Temporal Aggregation for Improved Radar Object Detection17 Aug 2025
- 2025Unsupervised Radar Point Cloud Enhancement via Arbitrary LiDAR Guided Diffusion Prior15 May 2025
- 20254D mmWave Radar for Sensing Enhancement in Adverse Environments: Advances and Challenges31 Mar 2025
- 2025L2RDaS: Synthesizing 4D Radar Tensors for Model Generalization via Dataset Expansion5 Mar 2025
- 2025Enhanced 3D Object Detection via Diverse Feature Representations of 4D Radar Tensor10 Feb 2025
- 20254DR P2T: 4D Radar Tensor Synthesis with Point Clouds8 Feb 2025
- 2025HeRCULES: Heterogeneous Radar Dataset in Complex Urban Environment for Multi-session Radar SLAM4 Feb 2025
- 2024HGSFusion: Radar-Camera Fusion with Hybrid Generation and Synchronization for 3D Object Detection16 Dec 2024
- 2024OmniHD-Scenes: A Next-Generation Multimodal Dataset for Autonomous Driving14 Dec 2024
- 2024A Resource Efficient Fusion Network for Object Detection in Bird's-Eye View using Camera and Raw Radar Data20 Nov 2024
- 2024SIRA: Scalable Inter-frame Relation and Association for Radar Perception4 Nov 2024
- 2024LEROjD: Lidar Extended Radar-Only Object Detection9 Sep 2024
- 2024Bosch Street Dataset: A Multi-Modal Dataset with Imaging Radar for Automated Driving24 Jun 2024
- 2024MMVR: Millimeter-wave Multi-View Radar Dataset and Benchmark for Indoor Perception15 Jun 2024
- 2024SparseRadNet: Sparse Perception Neural Network on Subsampled Radar Data15 Jun 2024
- 2024Redefining Automotive Radar Imaging: A Domain-Informed 1D Deep Learning Approach for High-Resolution and Efficient Performance11 Jun 2024
- 2024Radar Spectra-Language Model for Automotive Scene Parsing4 Jun 2024
- 2024RadarOcc: Robust 3D Occupancy Prediction with 4D Imaging Radar22 May 2024
- 2024Radar Fields: Frequency-Space Neural Scene Representations for FMCW Radar7 May 2024
- 2024RadSimReal: Bridging the Gap Between Synthetic and Real Data in Radar Object Detection With Simulation28 Apr 2024
- 2024BoostRad: Enhancing Object Detection by Boosting Radar Reflections27 Apr 2024
- 2024DPFT: Dual Perspective Fusion Transformer for Camera-Radar-based Object Detection3 Apr 2024
- 2024Depth Estimation fusing Image and Radar Measurements with Uncertain Directions23 Mar 2024
- 2024DART: Implicit Doppler Tomography for Radar Novel View Synthesis6 Mar 2024
- 2024Leveraging Self-Supervised Instance Contrastive Learning for Radar Object Detection13 Feb 2024
- 2023Exploring Radar Data Representations in Autonomous Driving: A Comprehensive Review8 Dec 2023
- 2023Bootstrapping Autonomous Driving Radars with Self-Supervised Learning7 Dec 2023
- 2023OpenForest: A data catalogue for machine learning in forest monitoring1 Nov 2023
- 2023Dual Radar: A Multi-modal Dataset with Dual 4D Radar for Autonomous Driving11 Oct 2023
50 newest of 69 All 69 (JSON)
- 2022TJ4DRadSet: A 4D Radar Dataset for Autonomous Drivingcited by 74
- 2023Radar-Camera Fusion for Object Detection and Semantic Segmentation in Autonomous Driving: A Comprehensive Reviewcited by 57
- 2023LXL: LiDAR Excluded Lean 3D Object Detection with 4D Imaging Radar and Camera Fusioncited by 57
- 2023SMURF: Spatial Multi-Representation Fusion for 3D Object Detection with 4D Imaging Radarcited by 48
- 2023Dual Radar: A Multi-modal Dataset with Dual 4D Radar for Autonomous Drivingcited by 32
- 2024RadarOcc: Robust 3D Occupancy Prediction with 4D Imaging Radarcited by 32
- 2022aiMotive Dataset: A Multimodal Dataset for Robust Autonomous Driving with Long-Range Perceptioncited by 29
- 2024OmniHD-Scenes: A Next-Generation Multimodal Dataset for Autonomous Drivingcited by 27
- 2023Echoes Beyond Points: Unleashing the Power of Raw Radar Data in Multi-modality Fusioncited by 25
- 2023T-FFTRadNet: Object Detection with Swin Vision Transformers from Raw ADC Radar Signalscited by 24
- 2023RadarGNN: Transformation Invariant Graph Neural Network for Radar-based Perceptioncited by 24
- 2023Exploring Radar Data Representations in Autonomous Driving: A Comprehensive Reviewcited by 22
12 most cited of 66 All 66 (JSON)
- 2026STAR: Scene- and Task-Aware 4D Radar Preprocessing Towards End-to-End Cognitive Radar21 Sep 2026
- 20263D Point Splatting for mmWave Radar Novel View Synthesis10 Sep 2026
- 2026Stereo 4D Radar for 3D Object Detection: Integrating Geometric Alignment and Absolute Velocity Estimation2 Sep 2026
- 2026Rad-R: A Raw-ADC Radar Dataset and Capture-Invariant SSM for Hardware-Fault Diagnosis31 Aug 2026
- 2026Learning Structurally Consistent Representations for Multi-View Radar Semantic Segmentation30 Jun 2026
- 2026RadarSim: Simulating Single-Chip Radar via Multimodal Neural Fields25 May 2026
- 2026REFNet++: Multi-Task Efficient Fusion of Camera and Radar Sensor Data in Bird's-Eye Polar View12 May 2026
- 2026Revisiting Radar Perception With Spectral Point Clouds9 Apr 2026
- 2026DinoRADE: Full Spectral Radar-Camera Fusion with Vision Foundation Model Features for Multi-class Object Detection in Adverse Weather9 Apr 2026
- 2026RAVEN: Radar Adaptive Vision Encoders for Efficient Chirp-wise Object Detection and Segmentation6 Apr 2026
- 2026DSERT-RoLL: Robust Multi-Modal Perception for Diverse Driving Conditions with Stereo Event-RGB-Thermal Cameras, 4D Radar, and Dual-LiDAR4 Apr 2026
- 2026On Learning Spatial Structure from Pre-Beamforming Per-Antenna Range-Doppler Radar Measurements2 Apr 2026
12 newest of 66 All 66 (JSON)