Bag of Tricks for Adversarial Training
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Abstract (arXiv)
Adversarial training (AT) is one of the most effective strategies for promoting model robustness. However, recent benchmarks show that most of the proposed improvements on AT are less effective than simply early stopping the training procedure. This counter-intuitive fact motivates us to investigate the implementation details of tens of AT methods. Surprisingly, we find that the basic settings (e.g., weight decay, training schedule, etc.) used in these methods are highly inconsistent. In this work, we provide comprehensive evaluations on CIFAR-10, focusing on the effects of mostly overlooked training tricks and hyperparameters for adversarially trained models. Our empirical observations suggest that adversarial robustness is much more sensitive to some basic training settings than we thought. For example, a slightly different value of weight decay can reduce the model robust accuracy by more than 7%, which is probable to override the potential promotion induced by the proposed methods. We conclude a baseline training setting and re-implement previous defenses to achieve new state-of-the-art results. These facts also appeal to more concerns on the overlooked confounders when benchmarking defenses.
Key facts. Cited by 199 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). First posted on arXiv 1 Oct 2020.
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Citing papers per year: 2021: 45; 2022: 54; 2023: 47; 2024: 26; 2025: 17; 2026: 10.
199 papers.
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- 2021Recent Advances in Adversarial Training for Adversarial Robustnesscited by 276
- 2021Improving Robustness using Generated Datacited by 233
- 2023Better Diffusion Models Further Improve Adversarial Trainingcited by 207
- 2023Cross-Entropy Loss Functions: Theoretical Analysis and Applicationscited by 206
- 2022Understanding Zero-Shot Adversarial Robustness for Large-Scale Modelscited by 117
- 2021Robust Learning Meets Generative Models: Can Proxy Distributions Improve Adversarial Robustness?cited by 113
- 2022Robustness and Accuracy Could Be Reconcilable by (Proper) Definitioncited by 109
- 2021On the Adversarial Robustness of Vision Transformerscited by 104
- 2021Stable Neural ODE with Lyapunov-Stable Equilibrium Points for Defending Against Adversarial Attackscited by 91
- 2023A Comprehensive Study on Robustness of Image Classification Models: Benchmarking and Rethinkingcited by 85
- 2023Revisiting Adversarial Training for ImageNet: Architectures, Training and Generalization across Threat Modelscited by 79
- 2021RobustART: Benchmarking Robustness on Architecture Design and Training Techniquescited by 78
38 more
- 2021When Does Contrastive Learning Preserve Adversarial Robustness from Pretraining to Finetuning?cited by 76
- 2021Exploring Architectural Ingredients of Adversarially Robust Deep Neural Networkscited by 73
- 2023How Deep Learning Sees the World: A Survey on Adversarial Attacks & Defensescited by 65
- 2022A Light Recipe to Train Robust Vision Transformerscited by 64
- 2022When Adversarial Training Meets Vision Transformers: Recipes from Training to Architecturecited by 64
- 2021Better Safe Than Sorry: Preventing Delusive Adversaries with Adversarial Trainingcited by 58
- 2021Relating Adversarially Robust Generalization to Flat Minimacited by 57
- 2021Probabilistic Margins for Instance Reweighting in Adversarial Trainingcited by 57
- 2021Exploring Memorization in Adversarial Trainingcited by 55
- 2021Adversarial Robustness under Long-Tailed Distributioncited by 50
- 2022Understanding Robust Overfitting of Adversarial Training and Beyondcited by 50
- 2021Adversarial Attacks are Reversible with Natural Supervisioncited by 47
- 2022Efficient and Effective Augmentation Strategy for Adversarial Trainingcited by 43
- 2021Consistency Regularization for Adversarial Robustnesscited by 42
- 2022Enhancing Adversarial Training with Second-Order Statistics of Weightscited by 42
- 2022Sparsity Winning Twice: Better Robust Generalization from More Efficient Trainingcited by 41
- 2021Boosting Fast Adversarial Training with Learnable Adversarial Initializationcited by 40
- 2022Query-Efficient Black-box Adversarial Attacks Guided by a Transfer-based Priorcited by 38
- 2022A Unified Wasserstein Distributional Robustness Framework for Adversarial Trainingcited by 36
- 2022Prior-Guided Adversarial Initialization for Fast Adversarial Trainingcited by 34
- 2022DISCO: Adversarial Defense with Local Implicit Functionscited by 33
- 2024Revisiting Adversarial Training at Scalecited by 33
- 2023Towards Trustworthy and Aligned Machine Learning: A Data-centric Survey with Causality Perspectivescited by 30
- 2021Low Curvature Activations Reduce Overfitting in Adversarial Trainingcited by 29
- 2021A Review of Adversarial Attack and Defense for Classification Methodscited by 29
- 2022Revisiting Residual Networks for Adversarial Robustness: An Architectural Perspectivecited by 28
- 2023Randomized Adversarial Training via Taylor Expansioncited by 28
- 2023WAT: Improve the Worst-class Robustness in Adversarial Trainingcited by 27
- 2021LAFEAT: Piercing Through Adversarial Defenses with Latent Featurescited by 24
- 2024On the Duality Between Sharpness-Aware Minimization and Adversarial Trainingcited by 24
- 2021On the Effect of Pruning on Adversarial Robustnesscited by 23
- 2023Improving Generalization of Adversarial Training via Robust Critical Fine-Tuningcited by 23
- 2021Parameterizing Activation Functions for Adversarial Robustnesscited by 22
- 2021LibFewShot: A Comprehensive Library for Few-shot Learningcited by 21
- 2022Decoupled Adversarial Contrastive Learning for Self-supervised Adversarial Robustnesscited by 20
- 2022Scaling Adversarial Training to Large Perturbation Boundscited by 20
- 2023Rethinking the Effect of Data Augmentation in Adversarial Contrastive Learningcited by 20
- 2023Towards Viewpoint-Invariant Visual Recognition via Adversarial Trainingcited by 19
50 most cited of 199 All 199 (JSON)
- 2026Recent advances in weakly supervised learning: New supervision paradigms, assumption relaxations, and practical solutions7 Aug 2026
- 2026Dual Adversarial Fine-tuning for Enhancing Robustness of Large Vision Language Model21 Jul 2026
- 2026GRAPE: Guided Parameter-Space Evolution for Compact Adversarial Robustness12 Jun 2026
- 2026When Muon Optimizer Meets Adversarial Training: A Theoretical and Empirical Study26 May 2026
- 2026Taming the Long Tail: Rebalancing Adversarial Training via Adaptive Perturbation13 May 2026
- 2026Robust Alignment: Harmonizing Clean Accuracy and Adversarial Robustness in Adversarial Training29 Apr 2026
- 2026Useful nonrobust features are ubiquitous in biomedical images24 Apr 2026
- 2026S2O: Enhancing Adversarial Training with Second-Order Statistics of Weights1 Mar 2026
- 2026Decoupling Defense Strategies for Robust Image Watermarking23 Feb 2026
- 2026LipNeXt: Scaling up Lipschitz-based Certified Robustness to Billion-parameter Models26 Jan 2026
- 2025Vulnerability-Aware Robust Multimodal Adversarial Training22 Nov 2025
- 2025Stabilizing Multi-Attack Adversarial Training via Bandit Optimization15 Nov 2025
38 more
- 2025Robust Fine-Tuning from Non-Robust Pretrained Models: Mitigating Suboptimal Transfer With Epsilon-Scheduling27 Sep 2025
- 2025Rethinking Safety in LLM Fine-tuning: An Optimization Perspective17 Aug 2025
- 2025Keep It Real: Challenges in Attacking Compression-Based Adversarial Purification7 Aug 2025
- 2025Failure Cases Are Better Learned But Boundary Says Sorry: Facilitating Smooth Perception Change for Accuracy-Robustness Trade-Off in Adversarial Training4 Aug 2025
- 2025SHIELD: Secure Hypernetworks for Incremental Expansion Learning Defense9 Jun 2025
- 2025Identifying and Understanding Cross-Class Features in Adversarial Training5 Jun 2025
- 2025Demystifying Adversarial Robustness in Diffusion Models: Compression, Randomness, and Geometry28 May 2025
- 2025Lifelong Safety Alignment for Language Models26 May 2025
- 2025Adversarial Examples in Environment Perception for Automated Driving (Review)11 Apr 2025
- 2025Deep Positive-Negative Prototypes for Adversarially Robust Discriminative Prototypical Learning3 Apr 2025
- 2025Evolution-based Region Adversarial Prompt Learning for Robustness Enhancement in Vision-Language Models17 Mar 2025
- 2025Long-tailed Adversarial Training with Self-Distillation9 Mar 2025
- 2025Sharpness-Aware Minimization: General Analysis and Improved Rates4 Mar 2025
- 2025One Stone, Two Birds: Enhancing Adversarial Defense Through the Lens of Distributional Discrepancy4 Mar 2025
- 2025Double Visual Defense: Adversarial Pre-training and Instruction Tuning for Improving Vision-Language Model Robustness16 Jan 2025
- 2024Holistic Adversarially Robust Pruning19 Dec 2024
- 2024New Paradigm of Adversarial Training: Releasing Accuracy-Robustness Trade-Off via Dummy Class16 Oct 2024
- 2024Adversarial Robustness Overestimation and Instability in TRADES10 Oct 2024
- 2024Characterizing Model Robustness via Natural Input Gradients30 Sep 2024
- 2024Revisiting Semi-supervised Adversarial Robustness via Noise-aware Online Robust Distillation19 Sep 2024
- 2024Dynamic Guidance Adversarial Distillation with Enhanced Teacher Knowledge3 Sep 2024
- 2024Deep Limit Model-free Prediction in Regression18 Aug 2024
- 2024Label Augmentation for Neural Networks Robustness4 Aug 2024
- 2024Interpreting Global Perturbation Robustness of Image Models using Axiomatic Spectral Importance Decomposition2 Aug 2024
- 2024Improving Fast Adversarial Training Paradigm: An Example Taxonomy Perspective22 Jul 2024
- 2024Preventing Catastrophic Overfitting in Fast Adversarial Training: A Bi-level Optimization Perspective17 Jul 2024
- 2024ProFeAT: Projected Feature Adversarial Training for Self-Supervised Learning of Robust Representations9 Jun 2024
- 2024Adversarial Training via Adaptive Knowledge Amalgamation of an Ensemble of Teachers22 May 2024
- 2024Enhancing Adversarial Robustness of Vision-Language Models through Low-Rank Adaptation20 Apr 2024
- 2024On adversarial training and the 1 Nearest Neighbor classifier9 Apr 2024
- 2024Defense without Forgetting: Continual Adversarial Defense with Anisotropic & Isotropic Pseudo Replay2 Apr 2024
- 2024Benchmarking the Robustness of Temporal Action Detection Models Against Temporal Corruptions29 Mar 2024
- 2024Towards Understanding Dual BN In Hybrid Adversarial Training28 Mar 2024
- 2024Illuminating Blind Spots of Language Models with Targeted Agent-in-the-Loop Synthetic Data26 Mar 2024
- 2024Soften to Defend: Towards Adversarial Robustness via Self-Guided Label Refinement14 Mar 2024
- 2024Are Classification Robustness and Explanation Robustness Really Strongly Correlated? An Analysis Through Input Loss Landscape9 Mar 2024
- 2024On the Duality Between Sharpness-Aware Minimization and Adversarial Training23 Feb 2024
- 2024Partially Recentralization Softmax Loss for Vision-Language Models Robustness6 Feb 2024
50 newest of 199 All 199 (JSON)
- 2022Understanding Zero-Shot Adversarial Robustness for Large-Scale Modelscited by 117
- 2025Double Visual Defense: Adversarial Pre-training and Instruction Tuning for Improving Vision-Language Model Robustnesscited by 10
- 2024Enhancing Adversarial Robustness of Vision-Language Models through Low-Rank Adaptationcited by 8
- 2025Evolution-based Region Adversarial Prompt Learning for Robustness Enhancement in Vision-Language Modelscited by 6
- 2024Partially Recentralization Softmax Loss for Vision-Language Models Robustnesscited by 0
- 2026Dual Adversarial Fine-tuning for Enhancing Robustness of Large Vision Language Modelcited by 0
- 2026Dual Adversarial Fine-tuning for Enhancing Robustness of Large Vision Language Model21 Jul 2026
- 2025Evolution-based Region Adversarial Prompt Learning for Robustness Enhancement in Vision-Language Models17 Mar 2025
- 2025Double Visual Defense: Adversarial Pre-training and Instruction Tuning for Improving Vision-Language Model Robustness16 Jan 2025
- 2024Enhancing Adversarial Robustness of Vision-Language Models through Low-Rank Adaptation20 Apr 2024
- 2024Partially Recentralization Softmax Loss for Vision-Language Models Robustness6 Feb 2024
- 2022Understanding Zero-Shot Adversarial Robustness for Large-Scale Models14 Dec 2022
- 2021Recent Advances in Adversarial Training for Adversarial Robustnesscited by 276
- 2021Improving Robustness using Generated Datacited by 233
- 2023Cross-Entropy Loss Functions: Theoretical Analysis and Applicationscited by 206
- 2021Robust Learning Meets Generative Models: Can Proxy Distributions Improve Adversarial Robustness?cited by 113
- 2022Robustness and Accuracy Could Be Reconcilable by (Proper) Definitioncited by 109
- 2021On the Adversarial Robustness of Vision Transformerscited by 104
- 2021Stable Neural ODE with Lyapunov-Stable Equilibrium Points for Defending Against Adversarial Attackscited by 91
- 2023A Comprehensive Study on Robustness of Image Classification Models: Benchmarking and Rethinkingcited by 85
- 2023Revisiting Adversarial Training for ImageNet: Architectures, Training and Generalization across Threat Modelscited by 79
- 2021RobustART: Benchmarking Robustness on Architecture Design and Training Techniquescited by 78
- 2021When Does Contrastive Learning Preserve Adversarial Robustness from Pretraining to Finetuning?cited by 76
- 2021Exploring Architectural Ingredients of Adversarially Robust Deep Neural Networkscited by 73
12 most cited of 187 All 187 (JSON)
- 2026Recent advances in weakly supervised learning: New supervision paradigms, assumption relaxations, and practical solutions7 Aug 2026
- 2026GRAPE: Guided Parameter-Space Evolution for Compact Adversarial Robustness12 Jun 2026
- 2026When Muon Optimizer Meets Adversarial Training: A Theoretical and Empirical Study26 May 2026
- 2026Taming the Long Tail: Rebalancing Adversarial Training via Adaptive Perturbation13 May 2026
- 2026Robust Alignment: Harmonizing Clean Accuracy and Adversarial Robustness in Adversarial Training29 Apr 2026
- 2026Useful nonrobust features are ubiquitous in biomedical images24 Apr 2026
- 2026S2O: Enhancing Adversarial Training with Second-Order Statistics of Weights1 Mar 2026
- 2026Decoupling Defense Strategies for Robust Image Watermarking23 Feb 2026
- 2026LipNeXt: Scaling up Lipschitz-based Certified Robustness to Billion-parameter Models26 Jan 2026
- 2025Vulnerability-Aware Robust Multimodal Adversarial Training22 Nov 2025
- 2025Stabilizing Multi-Attack Adversarial Training via Bandit Optimization15 Nov 2025
- 2025Robust Fine-Tuning from Non-Robust Pretrained Models: Mitigating Suboptimal Transfer With Epsilon-Scheduling27 Sep 2025
12 newest of 187 All 187 (JSON)