Bi-directional Adapter for Multi-modal Tracking
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Abstract (arXiv)
Due to the rapid development of computer vision, single-modal (RGB) object tracking has made significant progress in recent years. Considering the limitation of single imaging sensor, multi-modal images (RGB, Infrared, etc.) are introduced to compensate for this deficiency for all-weather object tracking in complex environments. However, as acquiring sufficient multi-modal tracking data is hard while the dominant modality changes with the open environment, most existing techniques fail to extract multi-modal complementary information dynamically, yielding unsatisfactory tracking performance. To handle this problem, we propose a novel multi-modal visual prompt tracking model based on a universal bi-directional adapter, cross-prompting multiple modalities mutually. Our model consists of a universal bi-directional adapter and multiple modality-specific transformer encoder branches with sharing parameters. The encoders extract features of each modality separately by using a frozen pre-trained foundation model. We develop a simple but effective light feature adapter to transfer modality-specific information from one modality to another, performing visual feature prompt fusion in an adaptive manner. With adding fewer (0.32M) trainable parameters, our model achieves superior tracking performance in comparison with both the full fine-tuning methods and the prompt learning-based methods. Our code is available: https://github.com/SparkTempest/BAT.
Key facts. Cited by 46 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026). Builds on 16 of its 25 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 17 Dec 2023.
Builds on
16 of 25 references.
References · 16
- 2021Transformer Trackingcited by 412
- 2021Learning Spatio-Temporal Transformer for Visual Trackingcited by 350
- 2022Joint Feature Learning and Relation Modeling for Tracking: A One-Stream Frameworkcited by 330
- 2018ATOM: Accurate Tracking by Overlap Maximizationcited by 285
- 2022MixFormer: End-to-End Tracking with Iterative Mixed Attentioncited by 281
- 2019SiamFC++: Towards Robust and Accurate Visual Tracking with Target Estimation Guidelinescited by 177
- 2018RGB-T Object Tracking:Benchmark and Baselinecited by 121
- 2021LasHeR: A Large-scale High-diversity Benchmark for RGBT Trackingcited by 96
- 2022Visible-Thermal UAV Tracking: A Large-Scale Benchmark and New Baselinecited by 91
- 2019Multi-Modal Fusion for End-to-End RGB-T Trackingcited by 63
- 2020Challenge-Aware RGBT Trackingcited by 53
- 2020Jointly Modeling Motion and Appearance Cues for Robust RGB-T Trackingcited by 48
4 more
- 2019Dense Feature Aggregation and Pruning for RGBT Trackingcited by 40
- 2020Duality-Gated Mutual Condition Network for RGBT Trackingcited by 35
- 2020RGBT Tracking via Multi-Adapter Network with Hierarchical Divergence Losscited by 32
- 2022ProContEXT: Exploring Progressive Context Transformer for Trackingcited by 14
Built on by
Citing papers per year: 2023: 1; 2024: 14; 2025: 17; 2026: 14.
46 papers.
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- 2024StitchFusion: Weaving Any Visual Modalities to Enhance Multimodal Semantic Segmentationcited by 39
- 2025Towards Universal Modal Tracking with Online Dense Temporal Token Learningcited by 30
- 2024XTrack: Multimodal Training Boosts RGB-X Video Object Trackerscited by 21
- 2023Modality-missing RGBT Tracking: Invertible Prompt Learning and High-quality Benchmarkscited by 17
- 2024RGBT Tracking via All-layer Multimodal Interactions with Progressive Fusion Mambacited by 17
- 2024MambaVT: Spatio-Temporal Contextual Modeling for robust RGB-T Trackingcited by 14
- 2024U3M: Unbiased Multiscale Modal Fusion Model for Multimodal Semantic Segmentationcited by 13
- 2024Breaking Modality Gap in RGBT Tracking: Coupled Knowledge Distillationcited by 11
- 2025Adaptive Perception for Unified Visual Multi-modal Object Trackingcited by 11
- 2025CSTrack: Enhancing RGB-X Tracking via Compact Spatiotemporal Featurescited by 10
- 2024AFter: Attention-based Fusion Router for RGBT Trackingcited by 7
- 2024RGB-Sonar Tracking Benchmark and Spatial Cross-Attention Transformer Trackercited by 6
34 more
- 2024Transformer-based RGB-T Tracking with Channel and Spatial Feature Fusioncited by 4
- 2025Collaborating Vision, Depth, and Thermal Signals for Multi-Modal Tracking: Dataset and Algorithmcited by 3
- 2026SEATrack: Simple, Efficient, and Adaptive Multimodal Trackercited by 3
- 2024From Two-Stream to One-Stream: Efficient RGB-T Tracking via Mutual Prompt Learning and Knowledge Distillationcited by 2
- 2024Visual Object Tracking across Diverse Data Modalities: A Reviewcited by 2
- 2025Breaking Shallow Limits: Task-Driven Pixel Fusion for Gap-free RGBT Trackingcited by 2
- 2025Omni Survey for Multimodality Analysis in Visual Object Trackingcited by 2
- 2026UETrack: A Unified and Efficient Framework for Single Object Trackingcited by 2
- 2026RAGTrack: Language-aware RGBT Tracking with Retrieval-Augmented Generationcited by 2
- 2025BTMTrack: Robust RGB-T Tracking via Dual-template Bridging and Temporal-Modal Candidate Eliminationcited by 1
- 2025UASTrack: A Unified Adaptive Selection Framework with Modality-Customization in Single Object Trackingcited by 1
- 2025Towards General Multimodal Visual Trackingcited by 1
- 2025Optimal Transport Adapter Tuning for Bridging Modality Gaps in Few-Shot Remote Sensing Scene Classificationcited by 1
- 2025Learning Frequency and Memory-Aware Prompts for Multi-Modal Object Trackingcited by 1
- 2025DMTrack: Spatio-Temporal Multimodal Tracking via Dual-Adaptercited by 1
- 2025SUIT: Spatial-Spectral Union-Intersection Interaction Network for Hyperspectral Object Trackingcited by 1
- 2025SwiTrack: Tri-State Switch for Cross-Modal Object Trackingcited by 1
- 2026GOT-Edit: Geometry-Aware Generic Object Tracking via Online Model Editingcited by 1
- 2026Spatio-Temporal Conditional Denoising Transformer for Modality-Missing RGBT Trackingcited by 1
- 2024Revisiting RGBT Tracking Benchmarks from the Perspective of Modality Validity: A New Benchmark, Problem, and Solutioncited by 0
- 2024Global-Local Distillation Network-Based Audio-Visual Speaker Tracking with Incomplete Modalitiescited by 0
- 2024Open-RGBT: Open-vocabulary RGB-T Zero-shot Semantic Segmentation in Open-world Environmentscited by 0
- 2025Hyperspectral Adapter for Object Tracking based on Hyperspectral Videocited by 0
- 2025Serial Over Parallel: Learning Continual Unification for Multi-Modal Visual Object Tracking and Benchmarkingcited by 0
- 2025Robust RGB-T Tracking via Learnable Visual Fourier Prompt Fine-tuning and Modality Fusion Prompt Generationcited by 0
- 2026UBATrack: Spatio-Temporal State Space Model for General Multi-Modal Trackingcited by 0
- 2026RGBX-R1: Visual Modality Chain-of-Thought Guided Reinforcement Learning for Multimodal Groundingcited by 0
- 2026Sparse-Dense Mixture of Experts Adapter for Multi-Modal Trackingcited by 0
- 2026Learning Progressive Adaptation for Multi-Modal Trackingcited by 0
- 2026CrossWeaver: Cross-modal Weaving for Arbitrary-Modality Semantic Segmentationcited by 0
- 2026Cross-Modal UAV Object Tracking: State-Aware Representation Learning and A Unified Benchmarkcited by 0
- 2026DRGBT-1K: A Large-scale High-quality Benchmark for Dynamic RGBT Trackingcited by 0
- 2026Towards Compact Unified Multimodal Tracking: Synergizing Knowledge Distillation with Structural Pruningcited by 0
- 2026MSP-Net: Manifold-Guided Spectral Prompt Network for Hyperspectral Object Trackingcited by 0
- 2026MSP-Net: Manifold-Guided Spectral Prompt Network for Hyperspectral Object Tracking10 Aug 2026
- 2026Towards Compact Unified Multimodal Tracking: Synergizing Knowledge Distillation with Structural Pruning2 Aug 2026
- 2026Spatio-Temporal Conditional Denoising Transformer for Modality-Missing RGBT Tracking27 Jul 2026
- 2026DRGBT-1K: A Large-scale High-quality Benchmark for Dynamic RGBT Tracking22 Jul 2026
- 2026Cross-Modal UAV Object Tracking: State-Aware Representation Learning and A Unified Benchmark21 Jul 2026
- 2026SEATrack: Simple, Efficient, and Adaptive Multimodal Tracker14 Apr 2026
- 2026CrossWeaver: Cross-modal Weaving for Arbitrary-Modality Semantic Segmentation3 Apr 2026
- 2026Learning Progressive Adaptation for Multi-Modal Tracking22 Mar 2026
- 2026Sparse-Dense Mixture of Experts Adapter for Multi-Modal Tracking14 Mar 2026
- 2026RAGTrack: Language-aware RGBT Tracking with Retrieval-Augmented Generation4 Mar 2026
- 2026UETrack: A Unified and Efficient Framework for Single Object Tracking2 Mar 2026
- 2026GOT-Edit: Geometry-Aware Generic Object Tracking via Online Model Editing9 Feb 2026
34 more
- 2026RGBX-R1: Visual Modality Chain-of-Thought Guided Reinforcement Learning for Multimodal Grounding31 Jan 2026
- 2026UBATrack: Spatio-Temporal State Space Model for General Multi-Modal Tracking21 Jan 2026
- 2025SwiTrack: Tri-State Switch for Cross-Modal Object Tracking20 Nov 2025
- 2025Collaborating Vision, Depth, and Thermal Signals for Multi-Modal Tracking: Dataset and Algorithm29 Sep 2025
- 2025Robust RGB-T Tracking via Learnable Visual Fourier Prompt Fine-tuning and Modality Fusion Prompt Generation24 Sep 2025
- 2025Omni Survey for Multimodality Analysis in Visual Object Tracking18 Aug 2025
- 2025Serial Over Parallel: Learning Continual Unification for Multi-Modal Visual Object Tracking and Benchmarking14 Aug 2025
- 2025SUIT: Spatial-Spectral Union-Intersection Interaction Network for Hyperspectral Object Tracking10 Aug 2025
- 2025DMTrack: Spatio-Temporal Multimodal Tracking via Dual-Adapter3 Aug 2025
- 2025Towards Universal Modal Tracking with Online Dense Temporal Token Learning27 Jul 2025
- 2025Learning Frequency and Memory-Aware Prompts for Multi-Modal Object Tracking30 Jun 2025
- 2025CSTrack: Enhancing RGB-X Tracking via Compact Spatiotemporal Features26 May 2025
- 2025Hyperspectral Adapter for Object Tracking based on Hyperspectral Video28 Mar 2025
- 2025Optimal Transport Adapter Tuning for Bridging Modality Gaps in Few-Shot Remote Sensing Scene Classification19 Mar 2025
- 2025Breaking Shallow Limits: Task-Driven Pixel Fusion for Gap-free RGBT Tracking14 Mar 2025
- 2025Towards General Multimodal Visual Tracking14 Mar 2025
- 2025UASTrack: A Unified Adaptive Selection Framework with Modality-Customization in Single Object Tracking25 Feb 2025
- 2025Adaptive Perception for Unified Visual Multi-modal Object Tracking10 Feb 2025
- 2025BTMTrack: Robust RGB-T Tracking via Dual-template Bridging and Temporal-Modal Candidate Elimination7 Jan 2025
- 2024Visual Object Tracking across Diverse Data Modalities: A Review13 Dec 2024
- 2024Breaking Modality Gap in RGBT Tracking: Coupled Knowledge Distillation15 Oct 2024
- 2024Open-RGBT: Open-vocabulary RGB-T Zero-shot Semantic Segmentation in Open-world Environments9 Oct 2024
- 2024Global-Local Distillation Network-Based Audio-Visual Speaker Tracking with Incomplete Modalities26 Aug 2024
- 2024RGBT Tracking via All-layer Multimodal Interactions with Progressive Fusion Mamba16 Aug 2024
- 2024MambaVT: Spatio-Temporal Contextual Modeling for robust RGB-T Tracking15 Aug 2024
- 2024StitchFusion: Weaving Any Visual Modalities to Enhance Multimodal Semantic Segmentation2 Aug 2024
- 2024RGB-Sonar Tracking Benchmark and Spatial Cross-Attention Transformer Tracker11 Jun 2024
- 2024XTrack: Multimodal Training Boosts RGB-X Video Object Trackers28 May 2024
- 2024U3M: Unbiased Multiscale Modal Fusion Model for Multimodal Semantic Segmentation24 May 2024
- 2024Transformer-based RGB-T Tracking with Channel and Spatial Feature Fusion6 May 2024
- 2024AFter: Attention-based Fusion Router for RGBT Tracking4 May 2024
- 2024Revisiting RGBT Tracking Benchmarks from the Perspective of Modality Validity: A New Benchmark, Problem, and Solution30 Apr 2024
- 2024From Two-Stream to One-Stream: Efficient RGB-T Tracking via Mutual Prompt Learning and Knowledge Distillation25 Mar 2024
- 2023Modality-missing RGBT Tracking: Invertible Prompt Learning and High-quality Benchmarks25 Dec 2023
- 2024Breaking Modality Gap in RGBT Tracking: Coupled Knowledge Distillationcited by 11
- 2024From Two-Stream to One-Stream: Efficient RGB-T Tracking via Mutual Prompt Learning and Knowledge Distillationcited by 2
- 2026Towards Compact Unified Multimodal Tracking: Synergizing Knowledge Distillation with Structural Pruningcited by 0
- 2026Towards Compact Unified Multimodal Tracking: Synergizing Knowledge Distillation with Structural Pruning2 Aug 2026
- 2024Breaking Modality Gap in RGBT Tracking: Coupled Knowledge Distillation15 Oct 2024
- 2024From Two-Stream to One-Stream: Efficient RGB-T Tracking via Mutual Prompt Learning and Knowledge Distillation25 Mar 2024
- 2024StitchFusion: Weaving Any Visual Modalities to Enhance Multimodal Semantic Segmentationcited by 39
- 2025Towards Universal Modal Tracking with Online Dense Temporal Token Learningcited by 30
- 2024XTrack: Multimodal Training Boosts RGB-X Video Object Trackerscited by 21
- 2023Modality-missing RGBT Tracking: Invertible Prompt Learning and High-quality Benchmarkscited by 17
- 2024U3M: Unbiased Multiscale Modal Fusion Model for Multimodal Semantic Segmentationcited by 13
- 2025Adaptive Perception for Unified Visual Multi-modal Object Trackingcited by 11
- 2025CSTrack: Enhancing RGB-X Tracking via Compact Spatiotemporal Featurescited by 10
- 2024AFter: Attention-based Fusion Router for RGBT Trackingcited by 7
- 2024RGB-Sonar Tracking Benchmark and Spatial Cross-Attention Transformer Trackercited by 6
- 2024Transformer-based RGB-T Tracking with Channel and Spatial Feature Fusioncited by 4
- 2025Collaborating Vision, Depth, and Thermal Signals for Multi-Modal Tracking: Dataset and Algorithmcited by 3
- 2026SEATrack: Simple, Efficient, and Adaptive Multimodal Trackercited by 3
12 most cited of 37 All 37 (JSON)
- 2026MSP-Net: Manifold-Guided Spectral Prompt Network for Hyperspectral Object Tracking10 Aug 2026
- 2026Spatio-Temporal Conditional Denoising Transformer for Modality-Missing RGBT Tracking27 Jul 2026
- 2026DRGBT-1K: A Large-scale High-quality Benchmark for Dynamic RGBT Tracking22 Jul 2026
- 2026Cross-Modal UAV Object Tracking: State-Aware Representation Learning and A Unified Benchmark21 Jul 2026
- 2026SEATrack: Simple, Efficient, and Adaptive Multimodal Tracker14 Apr 2026
- 2026CrossWeaver: Cross-modal Weaving for Arbitrary-Modality Semantic Segmentation3 Apr 2026
- 2026Learning Progressive Adaptation for Multi-Modal Tracking22 Mar 2026
- 2026UETrack: A Unified and Efficient Framework for Single Object Tracking2 Mar 2026
- 2026GOT-Edit: Geometry-Aware Generic Object Tracking via Online Model Editing9 Feb 2026
- 2025SwiTrack: Tri-State Switch for Cross-Modal Object Tracking20 Nov 2025
- 2025Collaborating Vision, Depth, and Thermal Signals for Multi-Modal Tracking: Dataset and Algorithm29 Sep 2025
- 2025Robust RGB-T Tracking via Learnable Visual Fourier Prompt Fine-tuning and Modality Fusion Prompt Generation24 Sep 2025
12 newest of 37 All 37 (JSON)