Towards a Rigorous Evaluation of XAI Methods on Time Series
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Abstract (arXiv)
Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI) methods are typically deployed to explain and debug black-box machine learning models. However, most proposed XAI methods are black-boxes themselves and designed for images. Thus, they rely on visual interpretability to evaluate and prove explanations. In this work, we apply XAI methods previously used in the image and text-domain on time series. We present a methodology to test and evaluate various XAI methods on time series by introducing new verification techniques to incorporate the temporal dimension. We further conduct preliminary experiments to assess the quality of selected XAI method explanations with various verification methods on a range of datasets and inspecting quality metrics on it. We demonstrate that in our initial experiments, SHAP works robust for all models, but others like DeepLIFT, LRP, and Saliency Maps work better with specific architectures.
Key facts. Cited by 67 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). First posted on arXiv 16 Sep 2019.
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Citing papers per year: 2021: 11; 2022: 11; 2023: 14; 2024: 10; 2025: 17; 2026: 4.
67 papers.
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- 2022Deep Learning for Time Series Anomaly Detection: A Surveycited by 130
- 2021Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI) on TimeSeries Data: A Surveycited by 71
- 2021Beyond Expertise and Roles: A Framework to Characterize the Stakeholders of Interpretable Machine Learning and their Needscited by 64
- 2022Evaluation of post-hoc interpretability methods in time-series classificationcited by 53
- 2023Encoding Time-Series Explanations through Self-Supervised Model Behavior Consistencycited by 42
- 2021TS-MULE: Local Interpretable Model-Agnostic Explanations for Time Series Forecast Modelscited by 28
- 2021Collective eXplainable AI: Explaining Cooperative Strategies and Agent Contribution in Multiagent Reinforcement Learning with Shapley Valuescited by 24
- 2022WindowSHAP: An Efficient Framework for Explaining Time-series Classifiers based on Shapley Valuescited by 24
- 2023Explainable AI for Time Series via Virtual Inspection Layerscited by 23
- 2023XAIR: A Framework of Explainable AI in Augmented Realitycited by 17
- 2021A Survey on AI Assurancecited by 16
- 2023Interpretation of Time-Series Deep Models: A Surveycited by 15
38 more
- 2022Motif-guided Time Series Counterfactual Explanationscited by 12
- 2023A Deep Dive into Perturbations as Evaluation Technique for Time Series XAIcited by 11
- 2021Towards a Rigorous Evaluation of Explainability for Multivariate Time Seriescited by 9
- 2022Shapelet-Based Counterfactual Explanations for Multivariate Time Seriescited by 9
- 2025Probabilistic Stability Guarantees for Feature Attributionscited by 9
- 2021Time Series Model Attribution Visualizations as Explanationscited by 8
- 2021XAI Methods for Neural Time Series Classification: A Brief Reviewcited by 7
- 2023Robust Explainer Recommendation for Time Series Classificationcited by 7
- 2024Right on Time: Revising Time Series Models by Constraining their Explanationscited by 7
- 2022Class-Specific Explainability for Deep Time Series Classifierscited by 6
- 2023On the Soundness of XAI in Prognostics and Health Management (PHM)cited by 6
- 2024Shapelet-based Model-agnostic Counterfactual Local Explanations for Time Series Classificationcited by 6
- 2024Time is Not Enough: Time-Frequency based Explanation for Time-Series Black-Box Modelscited by 6
- 2024FLEXtime: Filterbank learning to explain time seriescited by 6
- 2021Applications of Explainable AI for 6G: Technical Aspects, Use Cases, and Research Challengescited by 5
- 2022ReX: A Framework for Incorporating Temporal Information in Model-Agnostic Local Explanation Techniquescited by 5
- 2023TsSHAP: Robust model agnostic feature-based explainability for time series forecastingcited by 5
- 2023Explaining Exchange Rate Forecasts with Macroeconomic Fundamentals Using Interpretive Machine Learningcited by 5
- 2023Visual Explanations with Attributions and Counterfactuals on Time Series Classificationcited by 5
- 2025Class-Dependent Perturbation Effects in Evaluating Time Series Attributionscited by 5
- 2022Don't Get Me Wrong: How to Apply Deep Visual Interpretations to Time Seriescited by 4
- 2024CAFO: Feature-Centric Explanation on Time Series Classificationcited by 4
- 2022Explainable AI for tailored electricity consumption feedback -- an experimental evaluation of visualizationscited by 3
- 2023XTSC-Bench: Quantitative Benchmarking for Explainers on Time Series Classificationcited by 3
- 2024ShapG: new feature importance method based on the Shapley valuecited by 3
- 2024Interactive Counterfactual Generation for Univariate Time Seriescited by 3
- 2024Explanation Space: A New Perspective into Time Series Interpretabilitycited by 3
- 2025C-SHAP for time series: An approach to high-level temporal explanationscited by 3
- 2023On the Consistency and Robustness of Saliency Explanations for Time Series Classificationcited by 2
- 2023Introducing the Attribution Stability Indicator: a Measure for Time Series XAI Attributionscited by 2
- 2025Why Do Class-Dependent Evaluation Effects Occur with Time Series Feature Attributions? A Synthetic Data Investigationcited by 2
- 2025From Confusion to Clarity: ProtoScore -- A Framework for Evaluating Prototype-Based XAIcited by 2
- 2021PatchX: Explaining Deep Models by Intelligible Pattern Patches for Time-series Classificationcited by 1
- 2021Towards Explainable Artificial Intelligence in Banking and Financial Servicescited by 1
- 2022Interpretable Time Series Clustering Using Local Explanationscited by 1
- 2024Interactive dense pixel visualizations for time series and model attribution explanationscited by 1
- 2024Interpreting Outliers in Time Series Data through Decoding Autoencodercited by 1
- 2025Explaining Deep Learning-based Anomaly Detection in Energy Consumption Data by Focusing on Contextually Relevant Datacited by 1
50 most cited of 67 All 67 (JSON)
- 2026Beyond Local Inspection: Global, Guideline-Grounded Evaluation of Post-hoc XAI Methods for ECG Classification27 Jul 2026
- 2026Does Explanation Correctness Matter? Linking Computational XAI Evaluation to Human Understanding26 Mar 2026
- 2026L2GTX: From Local to Global Time Series Explanations13 Mar 2026
- 2026Navigating Time's Possibilities: Plausible Counterfactual Explanations for Multivariate Time-Series Forecast through Genetic Algorithms1 Mar 2026
- 2025From Confusion to Clarity: ProtoScore -- A Framework for Evaluating Prototype-Based XAI11 Nov 2025
- 2025A Comprehensive Forecasting-Based Framework for Time Series Anomaly Detection: Benchmarking on the Numenta Anomaly Benchmark (NAB)13 Oct 2025
- 2025On Identifying Why and When Foundation Models Perform Well on Time-Series Forecasting Using Automated Explanations and Rating28 Aug 2025
- 2025Explainable AI (XAI) for Arrhythmia detection from electrocardiograms24 Aug 2025
- 2025Holistic Explainable AI (H-XAI): Extending Transparency Beyond Developers in AI-Driven Decision Making7 Aug 2025
- 2025Towards Explainable Deep Clustering for Time Series Data28 Jul 2025
- 2025KnowIt: Deep Time Series Modeling and Interpretation8 Jul 2025
- 2025Towards transparent and data-driven fault detection in manufacturing: A case study on univariate, discrete time series30 Jun 2025
38 more
- 2025An Interpretable Transformer-Based Foundation Model for Cross-Procedural Skill Assessment Using Raw fNIRS Signals21 Jun 2025
- 2025Why Do Class-Dependent Evaluation Effects Occur with Time Series Feature Attributions? A Synthetic Data Investigation13 Jun 2025
- 2025CRITS: Convolutional Rectifier for Interpretable Time Series Classification24 May 2025
- 2025Evaluating Simplification Algorithms for Interpretability of Time Series Classification13 May 2025
- 2025Implet: A Post-hoc Subsequence Explainer for Time Series Models13 May 2025
- 2025Probabilistic Stability Guarantees for Feature Attributions18 Apr 2025
- 2025C-SHAP for time series: An approach to high-level temporal explanations15 Apr 2025
- 2025Class-Dependent Perturbation Effects in Evaluating Time Series Attributions24 Feb 2025
- 2025Explaining Deep Learning-based Anomaly Detection in Energy Consumption Data by Focusing on Contextually Relevant Data10 Jan 2025
- 2024FLEXtime: Filterbank learning to explain time series6 Nov 2024
- 2024Interpreting Outliers in Time Series Data through Decoding Autoencoder3 Sep 2024
- 2024Explanation Space: A New Perspective into Time Series Interpretability2 Sep 2024
- 2024Interactive dense pixel visualizations for time series and model attribution explanations27 Aug 2024
- 2024Interactive Counterfactual Generation for Univariate Time Series20 Aug 2024
- 2024Time is Not Enough: Time-Frequency based Explanation for Time-Series Black-Box Models7 Aug 2024
- 2024ShapG: new feature importance method based on the Shapley value29 Jun 2024
- 2024CAFO: Feature-Centric Explanation on Time Series Classification3 Jun 2024
- 2024Right on Time: Revising Time Series Models by Constraining their Explanations20 Feb 2024
- 2024Shapelet-based Model-agnostic Counterfactual Local Explanations for Time Series Classification2 Feb 2024
- 2023Feature Attribution Explanations for Spiking Neural Networks2 Nov 2023
- 2023XTSC-Bench: Quantitative Benchmarking for Explainers on Time Series Classification23 Oct 2023
- 2023Introducing the Attribution Stability Indicator: a Measure for Time Series XAI Attributions6 Oct 2023
- 2023On the Consistency and Robustness of Saliency Explanations for Time Series Classification4 Sep 2023
- 2023Visual Explanations with Attributions and Counterfactuals on Time Series Classification14 Jul 2023
- 2023A Deep Dive into Perturbations as Evaluation Technique for Time Series XAI11 Jul 2023
- 2023Robust Explainer Recommendation for Time Series Classification8 Jun 2023
- 2023Encoding Time-Series Explanations through Self-Supervised Model Behavior Consistency3 Jun 2023
- 2023Interpretation of Time-Series Deep Models: A Survey23 May 2023
- 2023XAIR: A Framework of Explainable AI in Augmented Reality28 Mar 2023
- 2023Explaining Exchange Rate Forecasts with Macroeconomic Fundamentals Using Interpretive Machine Learning23 Mar 2023
- 2023TsSHAP: Robust model agnostic feature-based explainability for time series forecasting22 Mar 2023
- 2023Explainable AI for Time Series via Virtual Inspection Layers11 Mar 2023
- 2023On the Soundness of XAI in Prognostics and Health Management (PHM)9 Mar 2023
- 2022Evaluating Feature Attribution Methods for Electrocardiogram23 Nov 2022
- 2022WindowSHAP: An Efficient Framework for Explaining Time-series Classifiers based on Shapley Values11 Nov 2022
- 2022Deep Learning for Time Series Anomaly Detection: A Survey9 Nov 2022
- 2022Motif-guided Time Series Counterfactual Explanations8 Nov 2022
- 2022Class-Specific Explainability for Deep Time Series Classifiers11 Oct 2022
50 newest of 67 All 67 (JSON)
- 2022Deep Learning for Time Series Anomaly Detection: A Surveycited by 130
- 2021Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI) on TimeSeries Data: A Surveycited by 71
- 2021Beyond Expertise and Roles: A Framework to Characterize the Stakeholders of Interpretable Machine Learning and their Needscited by 64
- 2022Evaluation of post-hoc interpretability methods in time-series classificationcited by 53
- 2023Encoding Time-Series Explanations through Self-Supervised Model Behavior Consistencycited by 42
- 2021TS-MULE: Local Interpretable Model-Agnostic Explanations for Time Series Forecast Modelscited by 28
- 2021Collective eXplainable AI: Explaining Cooperative Strategies and Agent Contribution in Multiagent Reinforcement Learning with Shapley Valuescited by 24
- 2022WindowSHAP: An Efficient Framework for Explaining Time-series Classifiers based on Shapley Valuescited by 24
- 2023Explainable AI for Time Series via Virtual Inspection Layerscited by 23
- 2023XAIR: A Framework of Explainable AI in Augmented Realitycited by 17
- 2021A Survey on AI Assurancecited by 16
- 2023Interpretation of Time-Series Deep Models: A Surveycited by 15
12 most cited of 67 All 67 (JSON)
- 2026Beyond Local Inspection: Global, Guideline-Grounded Evaluation of Post-hoc XAI Methods for ECG Classification27 Jul 2026
- 2026Does Explanation Correctness Matter? Linking Computational XAI Evaluation to Human Understanding26 Mar 2026
- 2026L2GTX: From Local to Global Time Series Explanations13 Mar 2026
- 2026Navigating Time's Possibilities: Plausible Counterfactual Explanations for Multivariate Time-Series Forecast through Genetic Algorithms1 Mar 2026
- 2025From Confusion to Clarity: ProtoScore -- A Framework for Evaluating Prototype-Based XAI11 Nov 2025
- 2025A Comprehensive Forecasting-Based Framework for Time Series Anomaly Detection: Benchmarking on the Numenta Anomaly Benchmark (NAB)13 Oct 2025
- 2025On Identifying Why and When Foundation Models Perform Well on Time-Series Forecasting Using Automated Explanations and Rating28 Aug 2025
- 2025Explainable AI (XAI) for Arrhythmia detection from electrocardiograms24 Aug 2025
- 2025Holistic Explainable AI (H-XAI): Extending Transparency Beyond Developers in AI-Driven Decision Making7 Aug 2025
- 2025Towards Explainable Deep Clustering for Time Series Data28 Jul 2025
- 2025KnowIt: Deep Time Series Modeling and Interpretation8 Jul 2025
- 2025Towards transparent and data-driven fault detection in manufacturing: A case study on univariate, discrete time series30 Jun 2025
12 newest of 67 All 67 (JSON)