mlsanityData to 7 Oct 2026

Towards a Rigorous Evaluation of XAI Methods on Time Series

arXiv 1909.07082 ↗First posted 16 Sep 2019cs.LG cs.AIcited by 67

Not on the map. Why?

Abstract (arXiv)

Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI) methods are typically deployed to explain and debug black-box machine learning models. However, most proposed XAI methods are black-boxes themselves and designed for images. Thus, they rely on visual interpretability to evaluate and prove explanations. In this work, we apply XAI methods previously used in the image and text-domain on time series. We present a methodology to test and evaluate various XAI methods on time series by introducing new verification techniques to incorporate the temporal dimension. We further conduct preliminary experiments to assess the quality of selected XAI method explanations with various verification methods on a range of datasets and inspecting quality metrics on it. We demonstrate that in our initial experiments, SHAP works robust for all models, but others like DeepLIFT, LRP, and Saliency Maps work better with specific architectures.

Key facts. Cited by 67 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). First posted on arXiv 16 Sep 2019.

Builds on

No reference list yet.

Built on by

Cited by year (2026 to 7 Oct)

Citing papers per year: 2021: 11; 2022: 11; 2023: 14; 2024: 10; 2025: 17; 2026: 4.

67 papers.

Sort:

  1. 2022Deep Learning for Time Series Anomaly Detection: A Surveycited by 130
  2. 2021Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI) on TimeSeries Data: A Surveycited by 71
  3. 2021Beyond Expertise and Roles: A Framework to Characterize the Stakeholders of Interpretable Machine Learning and their Needscited by 64
  4. 2022Evaluation of post-hoc interpretability methods in time-series classificationcited by 53
  5. 2023Encoding Time-Series Explanations through Self-Supervised Model Behavior Consistencycited by 42
  6. 2021TS-MULE: Local Interpretable Model-Agnostic Explanations for Time Series Forecast Modelscited by 28
  7. 2021Collective eXplainable AI: Explaining Cooperative Strategies and Agent Contribution in Multiagent Reinforcement Learning with Shapley Valuescited by 24
  8. 2022WindowSHAP: An Efficient Framework for Explaining Time-series Classifiers based on Shapley Valuescited by 24
  9. 2023Explainable AI for Time Series via Virtual Inspection Layerscited by 23
  10. 2023XAIR: A Framework of Explainable AI in Augmented Realitycited by 17
  11. 2021A Survey on AI Assurancecited by 16
  12. 2023Interpretation of Time-Series Deep Models: A Surveycited by 15
38 more
  1. 2022Motif-guided Time Series Counterfactual Explanationscited by 12
  2. 2023A Deep Dive into Perturbations as Evaluation Technique for Time Series XAIcited by 11
  3. 2021Towards a Rigorous Evaluation of Explainability for Multivariate Time Seriescited by 9
  4. 2022Shapelet-Based Counterfactual Explanations for Multivariate Time Seriescited by 9
  5. 2025Probabilistic Stability Guarantees for Feature Attributionscited by 9
  6. 2021Time Series Model Attribution Visualizations as Explanationscited by 8
  7. 2021XAI Methods for Neural Time Series Classification: A Brief Reviewcited by 7
  8. 2023Robust Explainer Recommendation for Time Series Classificationcited by 7
  9. 2024Right on Time: Revising Time Series Models by Constraining their Explanationscited by 7
  10. 2022Class-Specific Explainability for Deep Time Series Classifierscited by 6
  11. 2023On the Soundness of XAI in Prognostics and Health Management (PHM)cited by 6
  12. 2024Shapelet-based Model-agnostic Counterfactual Local Explanations for Time Series Classificationcited by 6
  13. 2024Time is Not Enough: Time-Frequency based Explanation for Time-Series Black-Box Modelscited by 6
  14. 2024FLEXtime: Filterbank learning to explain time seriescited by 6
  15. 2021Applications of Explainable AI for 6G: Technical Aspects, Use Cases, and Research Challengescited by 5
  16. 2022ReX: A Framework for Incorporating Temporal Information in Model-Agnostic Local Explanation Techniquescited by 5
  17. 2023TsSHAP: Robust model agnostic feature-based explainability for time series forecastingcited by 5
  18. 2023Explaining Exchange Rate Forecasts with Macroeconomic Fundamentals Using Interpretive Machine Learningcited by 5
  19. 2023Visual Explanations with Attributions and Counterfactuals on Time Series Classificationcited by 5
  20. 2025Class-Dependent Perturbation Effects in Evaluating Time Series Attributionscited by 5
  21. 2022Don't Get Me Wrong: How to Apply Deep Visual Interpretations to Time Seriescited by 4
  22. 2024CAFO: Feature-Centric Explanation on Time Series Classificationcited by 4
  23. 2022Explainable AI for tailored electricity consumption feedback -- an experimental evaluation of visualizationscited by 3
  24. 2023XTSC-Bench: Quantitative Benchmarking for Explainers on Time Series Classificationcited by 3
  25. 2024ShapG: new feature importance method based on the Shapley valuecited by 3
  26. 2024Interactive Counterfactual Generation for Univariate Time Seriescited by 3
  27. 2024Explanation Space: A New Perspective into Time Series Interpretabilitycited by 3
  28. 2025C-SHAP for time series: An approach to high-level temporal explanationscited by 3
  29. 2023On the Consistency and Robustness of Saliency Explanations for Time Series Classificationcited by 2
  30. 2023Introducing the Attribution Stability Indicator: a Measure for Time Series XAI Attributionscited by 2
  31. 2025Why Do Class-Dependent Evaluation Effects Occur with Time Series Feature Attributions? A Synthetic Data Investigationcited by 2
  32. 2025From Confusion to Clarity: ProtoScore -- A Framework for Evaluating Prototype-Based XAIcited by 2
  33. 2021PatchX: Explaining Deep Models by Intelligible Pattern Patches for Time-series Classificationcited by 1
  34. 2021Towards Explainable Artificial Intelligence in Banking and Financial Servicescited by 1
  35. 2022Interpretable Time Series Clustering Using Local Explanationscited by 1
  36. 2024Interactive dense pixel visualizations for time series and model attribution explanationscited by 1
  37. 2024Interpreting Outliers in Time Series Data through Decoding Autoencodercited by 1
  38. 2025Explaining Deep Learning-based Anomaly Detection in Energy Consumption Data by Focusing on Contextually Relevant Datacited by 1

50 most cited of 67 All 67 (JSON)