mlsanityData to 7 Oct 2026

Fr'echet Audio Distance: A Metric for Evaluating Music Enhancement Algorithms

arXiv 1812.08466 ↗First posted 20 Dec 2018eess.AS cs.SDcited by 221

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Cited by 74 in Diffusion models, but placed by its own abstract, which didn’t fit.

Abstract (arXiv)

We propose the Fr'echet Audio Distance (FAD), a novel, reference-free evaluation metric for music enhancement algorithms. We demonstrate how typical evaluation metrics for speech enhancement and blind source separation can fail to accurately measure the perceived effect of a wide variety of distortions. As an alternative, we propose adapting the Fr'echet Inception Distance (FID) metric used to evaluate generative image models to the audio domain. FAD is validated using a wide variety of artificial distortions and is compared to the signal based metrics signal to distortion ratio (SDR), cosine distance and magnitude L2 distance. We show that, with a correlation coefficient of 0.52, FAD correlates more closely with human perception than either SDR, cosine distance or magnitude L2 distance, with correlation coefficients of 0.39, -0.15 and -0.01 respectively.

Key facts. Cited by 221 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). First posted on arXiv 20 Dec 2018.

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Citing papers per year: 2021: 6; 2022: 3; 2023: 25; 2024: 73; 2025: 66; 2026: 48.

221 papers.

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  1. 2023Simple and Controllable Music Generationcited by 480
  2. 2024Stable Audio Opencited by 192
  3. 2024Fast Timing-Conditioned Latent Audio Diffusioncited by 178
  4. 2023Noise2Music: Text-conditioned Music Generation with Diffusion Modelscited by 173
  5. 2021Taming Visually Guided Sound Generationcited by 136
  6. 2024MMAudio: Taming Multimodal Joint Training for High-Quality Video-to-Audio Synthesiscited by 134
  7. 2024D-Flow: Differentiating through Flows for Controlled Generationcited by 115
  8. 2024TFG: Unified Training-Free Guidance for Diffusion Modelscited by 103
  9. 2023PreDiff: Precipitation Nowcasting with Latent Diffusion Modelscited by 96
  10. 2024WavChat: A Survey of Spoken Dialogue Modelscited by 88
  11. 2023AV-Deepfake1M: A Large-Scale LLM-Driven Audio-Visual Deepfake Datasetcited by 79
  12. 2024DITTO: Diffusion Inference-Time T-Optimization for Music Generationcited by 73
38 more
  1. 2023V2A-Mapper: A Lightweight Solution for Vision-to-Audio Generation by Connecting Foundation Modelscited by 65
  2. 2024LD-Pruner: Efficient Pruning of Latent Diffusion Models using Task-Agnostic Insightscited by 65
  3. 2023GibbsDDRM: A Partially Collapsed Gibbs Sampler for Solving Blind Inverse Problems with Denoising Diffusion Restorationcited by 58
  4. 2024Zero-Shot Unsupervised and Text-Based Audio Editing Using DDPM Inversioncited by 58
  5. 2024Masked Audio Generation using a Single Non-Autoregressive Transformercited by 50
  6. 2024Video-Guided Foley Sound Generation with Multimodal Controlscited by 49
  7. 2024OmniFlow: Any-to-Any Generation with Multi-Modal Rectified Flowscited by 45
  8. 2025Ask in Any Modality: A Comprehensive Survey on Multimodal Retrieval-Augmented Generationcited by 42
  9. 2024VidMuse: A Simple Video-to-Music Generation Framework with Long-Short-Term Modelingcited by 39
  10. 2021CRASH: Raw Audio Score-based Generative Modeling for Controllable High-resolution Drum Sound Synthesiscited by 37
  11. 2024Tell What You Hear From What You See -- Video to Audio Generation Through Textcited by 34
  12. 2025ThinkSound: Chain-of-Thought Reasoning in Multimodal Large Language Models for Audio Generation and Editingcited by 33
  13. 2023E3 TTS: Easy End-to-End Diffusion-based Text to Speechcited by 30
  14. 2023Controllable Music Production with Diffusion Models and Guidance Gradientscited by 29
  15. 2025SongGen: A Single Stage Auto-regressive Transformer for Text-to-Song Generationcited by 29
  16. 2024Taming Data and Transformers for Audio Generationcited by 28
  17. 2024Masked Generative Video-to-Audio Transformers with Enhanced Synchronicitycited by 28
  18. 2024Both Ears Wide Open: Towards Language-Driven Spatial Audio Generationcited by 25
  19. 2026Self-Supervised Flow Matching for Scalable Multi-Modal Synthesiscited by 25
  20. 2023SyncFusion: Multimodal Onset-synchronized Video-to-Audio Foley Synthesiscited by 24
  21. 2025KAD: No More FAD! An Effective and Efficient Evaluation Metric for Audio Generationcited by 24
  22. 2024From Vision to Audio and Beyond: A Unified Model for Audio-Visual Representation and Generationcited by 23
  23. 2024AudioLCM: Text-to-Audio Generation with Latent Consistency Modelscited by 21
  24. 2024Action2Sound: Ambient-Aware Generation of Action Sounds from Egocentric Videoscited by 21
  25. 2024FlowSep: Language-Queried Sound Separation with Rectified Flow Matchingcited by 21
  26. 2023CLIPSonic: Text-to-Audio Synthesis with Unlabeled Videos and Pretrained Language-Vision Modelscited by 20
  27. 2025Challenges and Trends in Egocentric Vision: A Surveycited by 20
  28. 2023Content-based Controls For Music Large Language Modelingcited by 19
  29. 2024UniMuMo: Unified Text, Music and Motion Generationcited by 19
  30. 2024FlashAudio: Rectified Flows for Fast and High-Fidelity Text-to-Audio Generationcited by 19
  31. 2022Unsupervised vocal dereverberation with diffusion-based generative modelscited by 18
  32. 2024FLUX that Plays Musiccited by 18
  33. 2024Images that Sound: Composing Images and Sounds on a Single Canvascited by 17
  34. 2024A Versatile Diffusion Transformer with Mixture of Noise Levels for Audiovisual Generationcited by 17
  35. 2025OmniAudio: Generating Spatial Audio from 360-Degree Videocited by 17
  36. 2024Video-Foley: Two-Stage Video-To-Sound Generation via Temporal Event Condition For Foley Soundcited by 16
  37. 2024Presto! Distilling Steps and Layers for Accelerating Music Generationcited by 16
  38. 2024VinTAGe: Joint Video and Text Conditioning for Holistic Audio Generationcited by 16

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