mlsanityData to 7 Oct 2026

Turning a Blind Eye: Explicit Removal of Biases and Variation from Deep Neural Network Embeddings

arXiv 1809.02169 ↗First posted 6 Sep 2018cs.CVcited by 114

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Abstract (arXiv)

Neural networks achieve the state-of-the-art in image classification tasks. However, they can encode spurious variations or biases that may be present in the training data. For example, training an age predictor on a dataset that is not balanced for gender can lead to gender biased predicitons (e.g. wrongly predicting that males are older if only elderly males are in the training set). We present two distinct contributions: 1) An algorithm that can remove multiple sources of variation from the feature representation of a network. We demonstrate that this algorithm can be used to remove biases from the feature representation, and thereby improve classification accuracies, when training networks on extremely biased datasets. 2) An ancestral origin database of 14,000 images of individuals from East Asia, the Indian subcontinent, sub-Saharan Africa, and Western Europe. We demonstrate on this dataset, for a number of facial attribute classification tasks, that we are able to remove racial biases from the network feature representation.

Key facts. Cited by 114 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). First posted on arXiv 6 Sep 2018.

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Cited by year (2026 to 7 Oct)

Citing papers per year: 2021: 27; 2022: 31; 2023: 26; 2024: 18; 2025: 9; 2026: 3.

114 papers.

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  1. 2023Debiasing Vision-Language Models via Biased Promptscited by 147
  2. 2021EnD: Entangling and Disentangling deep representations for bias correctioncited by 105
  3. 2022A Prompt Array Keeps the Bias Away: Debiasing Vision-Language Models with Adversarial Learningcited by 104
  4. 2021A Comprehensive Study on Face Recognition Biases Beyond Demographicscited by 86
  5. 2023Fast Model Debias with Machine Unlearningcited by 70
  6. 2022Audio Self-supervised Learning: A Surveycited by 65
  7. 2022FairPrune: Achieving Fairness Through Pruning for Dermatological Disease Diagnosiscited by 59
  8. 2022Leveling Down in Computer Vision: Pareto Inefficiencies in Fair Deep Classifierscited by 53
  9. 2022Meta Balanced Network for Fair Face Recognitioncited by 53
  10. 2021Understanding and Mitigating Annotation Bias in Facial Expression Recognitioncited by 50
  11. 2022Discover and Mitigate Unknown Biases with Debiasing Alternate Networkscited by 47
  12. 2021A Step Toward More Inclusive People Annotations for Fairnesscited by 46
38 more
  1. 2022Unbiased Supervised Contrastive Learningcited by 40
  2. 2021PASS: Protected Attribute Suppression System for Mitigating Bias in Face Recognitioncited by 38
  3. 2022Gender Artifacts in Visual Datasetscited by 38
  4. 2024Core Knowledge Deficits in Multi-Modal Language Modelscited by 38
  5. 2022Quantifying Societal Bias Amplification in Image Captioningcited by 37
  6. 2022Measuring Representational Harms in Image Captioningcited by 36
  7. 2021Perceptual Score: What Data Modalities Does Your Model Perceive?cited by 35
  8. 2021One Label, One Billion Faces: Usage and Consistency of Racial Categories in Computer Visioncited by 33
  9. 2021Learning Bias-Invariant Representation by Cross-Sample Mutual Information Minimizationcited by 32
  10. 2023Human-Centric Multimodal Machine Learning: Recent Advances and Testbed on AI-based Recruitmentcited by 32
  11. 2022FairGRAPE: Fairness-aware GRAdient Pruning mEthod for Face Attribute Classificationcited by 30
  12. 2023Survey of Social Bias in Vision-Language Modelscited by 26
  13. 2022Detecting Melanoma Fairly: Skin Tone Detection and Debiasing for Skin Lesion Classificationcited by 23
  14. 2023Efficient fair PCA for fair representation learningcited by 23
  15. 2022FairDisCo: Fairer AI in Dermatology via Disentanglement Contrastive Learningcited by 22
  16. 2022Mitigating Dataset Bias by Using Per-sample Gradientcited by 21
  17. 2021Skin Deep Unlearning: Artefact and Instrument Debiasing in the Context of Melanoma Classificationcited by 18
  18. 2023FLAC: Fairness-Aware Representation Learning by Suppressing Attribute-Class Associationscited by 18
  19. 2021FairCal: Fairness Calibration for Face Verificationcited by 17
  20. 2023Ethical Considerations for Responsible Data Curationcited by 17
  21. 2024Joint Vision-Language Social Bias Removal for CLIPcited by 17
  22. 2021Metadata Normalizationcited by 14
  23. 2023Toward Fairness Through Fair Multi-Exit Framework for Dermatological Disease Diagnosiscited by 14
  24. 2021Memes in the Wild: Assessing the Generalizability of the Hateful Memes Challenge Datasetcited by 13
  25. 2022NashAE: Disentangling Representations through Adversarial Covariance Minimizationcited by 13
  26. 2024OxonFair: A Flexible Toolkit for Algorithmic Fairnesscited by 12
  27. 2021Towards Unbiased Visual Emotion Recognition via Causal Interventioncited by 11
  28. 2021IFBiD: Inference-Free Bias Detectioncited by 11
  29. 2021Feature and Label Embedding Spaces Matter in Addressing Image Classifier Biascited by 11
  30. 2022A Deep Dive into Dataset Imbalance and Bias in Face Identificationcited by 11
  31. 2022Machine Learning and Deep Learning -- A review for Ecologistscited by 11
  32. 2022Epistemic Uncertainty-Weighted Loss for Visual Bias Mitigationcited by 11
  33. 2023The Role of Subgroup Separability in Group-Fair Medical Image Classificationcited by 11
  34. 2023No Fair Lunch: A Causal Perspective on Dataset Bias in Machine Learning for Medical Imagingcited by 11
  35. 2023Bias and Diversity in Synthetic-based Face Recognitioncited by 11
  36. 2022Are Two Heads the Same as One? Identifying Disparate Treatment in Fair Neural Networkscited by 10
  37. 2022Toward More Generalized Malicious URL Detection Modelscited by 9
  38. 2024Social Debiasing for Fair Multi-modal LLMscited by 8

50 most cited of 114 All 114 (JSON)