Turning a Blind Eye: Explicit Removal of Biases and Variation from Deep Neural Network Embeddings
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Abstract (arXiv)
Neural networks achieve the state-of-the-art in image classification tasks. However, they can encode spurious variations or biases that may be present in the training data. For example, training an age predictor on a dataset that is not balanced for gender can lead to gender biased predicitons (e.g. wrongly predicting that males are older if only elderly males are in the training set). We present two distinct contributions: 1) An algorithm that can remove multiple sources of variation from the feature representation of a network. We demonstrate that this algorithm can be used to remove biases from the feature representation, and thereby improve classification accuracies, when training networks on extremely biased datasets. 2) An ancestral origin database of 14,000 images of individuals from East Asia, the Indian subcontinent, sub-Saharan Africa, and Western Europe. We demonstrate on this dataset, for a number of facial attribute classification tasks, that we are able to remove racial biases from the network feature representation.
Key facts. Cited by 114 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). First posted on arXiv 6 Sep 2018.
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Citing papers per year: 2021: 27; 2022: 31; 2023: 26; 2024: 18; 2025: 9; 2026: 3.
114 papers.
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- 2023Debiasing Vision-Language Models via Biased Promptscited by 147
- 2021EnD: Entangling and Disentangling deep representations for bias correctioncited by 105
- 2022A Prompt Array Keeps the Bias Away: Debiasing Vision-Language Models with Adversarial Learningcited by 104
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- 2022Leveling Down in Computer Vision: Pareto Inefficiencies in Fair Deep Classifierscited by 53
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- 2021Understanding and Mitigating Annotation Bias in Facial Expression Recognitioncited by 50
- 2022Discover and Mitigate Unknown Biases with Debiasing Alternate Networkscited by 47
- 2021A Step Toward More Inclusive People Annotations for Fairnesscited by 46
38 more
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- 2021One Label, One Billion Faces: Usage and Consistency of Racial Categories in Computer Visioncited by 33
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- 2023Human-Centric Multimodal Machine Learning: Recent Advances and Testbed on AI-based Recruitmentcited by 32
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- 2022Detecting Melanoma Fairly: Skin Tone Detection and Debiasing for Skin Lesion Classificationcited by 23
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- 2022FairDisCo: Fairer AI in Dermatology via Disentanglement Contrastive Learningcited by 22
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- 2021Skin Deep Unlearning: Artefact and Instrument Debiasing in the Context of Melanoma Classificationcited by 18
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- 2024Joint Vision-Language Social Bias Removal for CLIPcited by 17
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- 2022Epistemic Uncertainty-Weighted Loss for Visual Bias Mitigationcited by 11
- 2023The Role of Subgroup Separability in Group-Fair Medical Image Classificationcited by 11
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- 2023Bias and Diversity in Synthetic-based Face Recognitioncited by 11
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- 2024Social Debiasing for Fair Multi-modal LLMscited by 8
50 most cited of 114 All 114 (JSON)
- 2026Invisible Shortcuts: Why Vision Encoders Know Your Camera5 Aug 2026
- 2026Unraveling Machine Behavior by Multi-Level Bias Analysis and Detection: Methodology and Application to Computer Vision8 Jul 2026
- 2026The Voice of Equity: A Systematic Evaluation of Bias Mitigation Techniques for Speech-Based Cognitive Impairment Detection Across Architectures and Demographics7 Jan 2026
- 2025Mitigating Individual Skin Tone Bias in Skin Lesion Classification through Distribution-Aware Reweighting9 Dec 2025
- 2025Mitigating Bias with Words: Inducing Demographic Ambiguity in Face Recognition Templates by Text Encoding5 Dec 2025
- 2025Reliable and Reproducible Demographic Inference for Fairness in Face Analysis23 Oct 2025
- 2025Enhancing Fairness in Skin Lesion Classification for Medical Diagnosis Using Prune Learning31 Aug 2025
- 2025Bridging the gap in FER: addressing age bias in deep learning10 Jul 2025
- 2025Incorporating Rather Than Eliminating: Achieving Fairness for Skin Disease Diagnosis Through Group-Specific Expert21 Jun 2025
- 2025A Critical Review of Predominant Bias in Neural Networks16 Feb 2025
- 2025Diffusing DeBias: Synthetic Bias Amplification for Model Debiasing13 Feb 2025
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38 more
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- 2024Say My Name: a Model's Bias Discovery Framework18 Aug 2024
- 2024Social Debiasing for Fair Multi-modal LLMs13 Aug 2024
- 2024Model Debiasing by Learnable Data Augmentation9 Aug 2024
- 2024Evaluating Model Bias Requires Characterizing its Mistakes15 Jul 2024
- 2024Resampled Datasets Are Not Enough: Mitigating Societal Bias Beyond Single Attributes4 Jul 2024
- 2024Model Guidance via Explanations Turns Image Classifiers into Segmentation Models3 Jul 2024
- 2024OxonFair: A Flexible Toolkit for Algorithmic Fairness30 Jun 2024
- 2024Language-guided Detection and Mitigation of Unknown Dataset Bias5 Jun 2024
- 2024Biasing & Debiasing based Approach Towards Fair Knowledge Transfer for Equitable Skin Analysis16 May 2024
- 2024SDFD: Building a Versatile Synthetic Face Image Dataset with Diverse Attributes26 Apr 2024
- 2024Extracting Human Attention through Crowdsourced Patch Labeling22 Mar 2024
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- 2023SABAF: Removing Strong Attribute Bias from Neural Networks with Adversarial Filtering13 Nov 2023
- 2023Bias and Diversity in Synthetic-based Face Recognition7 Nov 2023
- 2023On Responsible Machine Learning Datasets with Fairness, Privacy, and Regulatory Norms24 Oct 2023
- 2023Fast Model Debias with Machine Unlearning19 Oct 2023
- 2023Information-Theoretic Bounds on The Removal of Attribute-Specific Bias From Neural Networks8 Oct 2023
- 2023Survey of Social Bias in Vision-Language Models24 Sep 2023
- 2023Partition-and-Debias: Agnostic Biases Mitigation via A Mixture of Biases-Specific Experts19 Aug 2023
- 2023No Fair Lunch: A Causal Perspective on Dataset Bias in Machine Learning for Medical Imaging31 Jul 2023
- 2023A Critical Review of Large Language Models: Sensitivity, Bias, and the Path Toward Specialized AI28 Jul 2023
- 2023The Role of Subgroup Separability in Group-Fair Medical Image Classification6 Jul 2023
- 2023Toward Fairness Through Fair Multi-Exit Framework for Dermatological Disease Diagnosis26 Jun 2023
- 2023Toward Fair Facial Expression Recognition with Improved Distribution Alignment11 Jun 2023
- 2023Mining bias-target Alignment from Voronoi Cells5 May 2023
- 2023FLAC: Fairness-Aware Representation Learning by Suppressing Attribute-Class Associations27 Apr 2023
- 2023ID2image: Leakage of non-ID information into face descriptors and inversion from descriptors to images15 Apr 2023
- 2023ImageCaptioner2: Image Captioner for Image Captioning Bias Amplification Assessment10 Apr 2023
- 2023Gradient Attention Balance Network: Mitigating Face Recognition Racial Bias via Gradient Attention5 Apr 2023
- 2023Implicit Visual Bias Mitigation by Posterior Estimate Sharpening of a Bayesian Neural Network29 Mar 2023
- 2023Using Positive Matching Contrastive Loss with Facial Action Units to mitigate bias in Facial Expression Recognition8 Mar 2023
- 2023Efficient fair PCA for fair representation learning26 Feb 2023
50 newest of 114 All 114 (JSON)
- 2023Debiasing Vision-Language Models via Biased Promptscited by 147
- 2022A Prompt Array Keeps the Bias Away: Debiasing Vision-Language Models with Adversarial Learningcited by 104
- 2024Core Knowledge Deficits in Multi-Modal Language Modelscited by 38
- 2023Survey of Social Bias in Vision-Language Modelscited by 26
- 2024Social Debiasing for Fair Multi-modal LLMscited by 8
- 2024Core Knowledge Deficits in Multi-Modal Language Models6 Oct 2024
- 2024Social Debiasing for Fair Multi-modal LLMs13 Aug 2024
- 2023Survey of Social Bias in Vision-Language Models24 Sep 2023
- 2023Debiasing Vision-Language Models via Biased Prompts31 Jan 2023
- 2022A Prompt Array Keeps the Bias Away: Debiasing Vision-Language Models with Adversarial Learning22 Mar 2022
- 2023Fast Model Debias with Machine Unlearningcited by 70
- 2023Fast Model Debias with Machine Unlearning19 Oct 2023
- 2021EnD: Entangling and Disentangling deep representations for bias correctioncited by 105
- 2021A Comprehensive Study on Face Recognition Biases Beyond Demographicscited by 86
- 2022Audio Self-supervised Learning: A Surveycited by 65
- 2022FairPrune: Achieving Fairness Through Pruning for Dermatological Disease Diagnosiscited by 59
- 2022Leveling Down in Computer Vision: Pareto Inefficiencies in Fair Deep Classifierscited by 53
- 2022Meta Balanced Network for Fair Face Recognitioncited by 53
- 2021Understanding and Mitigating Annotation Bias in Facial Expression Recognitioncited by 50
- 2022Discover and Mitigate Unknown Biases with Debiasing Alternate Networkscited by 47
- 2021A Step Toward More Inclusive People Annotations for Fairnesscited by 46
- 2022Unbiased Supervised Contrastive Learningcited by 40
- 2021PASS: Protected Attribute Suppression System for Mitigating Bias in Face Recognitioncited by 38
- 2022Gender Artifacts in Visual Datasetscited by 38
12 most cited of 107 All 107 (JSON)
- 2026Invisible Shortcuts: Why Vision Encoders Know Your Camera5 Aug 2026
- 2026Unraveling Machine Behavior by Multi-Level Bias Analysis and Detection: Methodology and Application to Computer Vision8 Jul 2026
- 2026The Voice of Equity: A Systematic Evaluation of Bias Mitigation Techniques for Speech-Based Cognitive Impairment Detection Across Architectures and Demographics7 Jan 2026
- 2025Mitigating Individual Skin Tone Bias in Skin Lesion Classification through Distribution-Aware Reweighting9 Dec 2025
- 2025Mitigating Bias with Words: Inducing Demographic Ambiguity in Face Recognition Templates by Text Encoding5 Dec 2025
- 2025Reliable and Reproducible Demographic Inference for Fairness in Face Analysis23 Oct 2025
- 2025Enhancing Fairness in Skin Lesion Classification for Medical Diagnosis Using Prune Learning31 Aug 2025
- 2025Bridging the gap in FER: addressing age bias in deep learning10 Jul 2025
- 2025Incorporating Rather Than Eliminating: Achieving Fairness for Skin Disease Diagnosis Through Group-Specific Expert21 Jun 2025
- 2025A Critical Review of Predominant Bias in Neural Networks16 Feb 2025
- 2025Information Subtraction: Learning Representations for Conditional Entropy2 Jan 2025
- 2024Learned Random Label Predictions as a Neural Network Complexity Metric29 Nov 2024
12 newest of 107 All 107 (JSON)