The TUM VI Benchmark for Evaluating Visual-Inertial Odometry
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Abstract (arXiv)
Visual odometry and SLAM methods have a large variety of applications in domains such as augmented reality or robotics. Complementing vision sensors with inertial measurements tremendously improves tracking accuracy and robustness, and thus has spawned large interest in the development of visual-inertial (VI) odometry approaches. In this paper, we propose the TUM VI benchmark, a novel dataset with a diverse set of sequences in different scenes for evaluating VI odometry. It provides camera images with 1024x1024 resolution at 20 Hz, high dynamic range and photometric calibration. An IMU measures accelerations and angular velocities on 3 axes at 200 Hz, while the cameras and IMU sensors are time-synchronized in hardware. For trajectory evaluation, we also provide accurate pose ground truth from a motion capture system at high frequency (120 Hz) at the start and end of the sequences which we accurately aligned with the camera and IMU measurements. The full dataset with raw and calibrated data is publicly available. We also evaluate state-of-the-art VI odometry approaches on our dataset.
Key facts. Cited by 94 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). First posted on arXiv 17 Apr 2018.
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Citing papers per year: 2021: 18; 2022: 14; 2023: 14; 2024: 14; 2025: 20; 2026: 14.
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- 2021TUM-VIE: The TUM Stereo Visual-Inertial Event Datasetcited by 41
- 2024The Oxford Spires Dataset: Benchmarking Large-Scale LiDAR-Visual Localisation, Reconstruction and Radiance Field Methodscited by 27
- 2021IDOL: Inertial Deep Orientation-Estimation and Localizationcited by 26
- 2021M2DGR: A Multi-sensor and Multi-scenario SLAM Dataset for Ground Robotscited by 23
- 2022DM-VIO: Delayed Marginalization Visual-Inertial Odometrycited by 22
- 2024MM3DGS SLAM: Multi-modal 3D Gaussian Splatting for SLAM Using Vision, Depth, and Inertial Measurementscited by 22
- 2021LIFT-SLAM: a deep-learning feature-based monocular visual SLAM methodcited by 20
- 2021The Hilti SLAM Challenge Datasetcited by 18
- 2021Multi-Camera LiDAR Inertial Extension to the Newer College Datasetcited by 17
- 2024Deep Learning-based Depth Estimation Methods from Monocular Image and Videos: A Comprehensive Surveycited by 15
- 2021BabelCalib: A Universal Approach to Calibrating Central Camerascited by 14
- 2021From SLAM to Situational Awareness: Challenges and Surveycited by 14
38 more
- 2025Benchmarking Egocentric Visual-Inertial SLAM at City Scalecited by 12
- 2022LF-VISLAM: A SLAM Framework for Large Field-of-View Cameras with Negative Imaging Plane on Mobile Agentscited by 11
- 2022High Definition, Inexpensive, Underwater Mappingcited by 9
- 2022D3FlowSLAM: Self-Supervised Dynamic SLAM with Flow Motion Decomposition and DINO Guidancecited by 9
- 2021HybVIO: Pushing the Limits of Real-time Visual-inertial Odometrycited by 8
- 2022SmartPortraits: Depth Powered Handheld Smartphone Dataset of Human Portraits for State Estimation, Reconstruction and Synthesiscited by 7
- 2024Unifying Local and Global Multimodal Features for Place Recognition in Aliased and Low-Texture Environmentscited by 7
- 2021RIANN -- A Robust Neural Network Outperforms Attitude Estimation Filterscited by 6
- 2023AirIMU: Learning Uncertainty Propagation for Inertial Odometrycited by 6
- 2025The Monado SLAM Dataset for Egocentric Visual-Inertial Trackingcited by 6
- 2021Square Root Marginalization for Sliding-Window Bundle Adjustmentcited by 5
- 20224Seasons: Benchmarking Visual SLAM and Long-Term Localization for Autonomous Driving in Challenging Conditionscited by 5
- 2023Recent Advancements in Deep Learning Applications and Methods for Autonomous Navigation: A Comprehensive Reviewcited by 5
- 2023The Drunkard's Odometry: Estimating Camera Motion in Deforming Scenescited by 5
- 2023SchurVINS: Schur Complement-Based Lightweight Visual Inertial Navigation Systemcited by 5
- 2023Generalizable End-to-End Deep Learning Frameworks for Real-Time Attitude Estimation Using 6DoF Inertial Measurement Unitscited by 4
- 2023SUPS: A Simulated Underground Parking Scenario Dataset for Autonomous Drivingcited by 4
- 2023H-SLAM: Hybrid Direct-Indirect Visual SLAMcited by 4
- 2024DBA-Fusion: Tightly Integrating Deep Dense Visual Bundle Adjustment with Multiple Sensors for Large-Scale Localization and Mappingcited by 4
- 2025ZeroVO: Visual Odometry with Minimal Assumptionscited by 4
- 2021Robust 360-8PA: Redesigning The Normalized 8-point Algorithm for 360-FoV Imagescited by 3
- 2021Comparison of modern open-source visual SLAM approachescited by 3
- 2022Are We Ready for Robust and Resilient SLAM? A Framework For Quantitative Characterization of SLAM Datasetscited by 3
- 2022IBISCape: A Simulated Benchmark for multi-modal SLAM Systems Evaluation in Large-scale Dynamic Environmentscited by 3
- 2022LGC-Net: A Lightweight Gyroscope Calibration Network for Efficient Attitude Estimationcited by 3
- 2023LF-PGVIO: A Visual-Inertial-Odometry Framework for Large Field-of-View Cameras using Points and Geodesic Segmentscited by 3
- 2024Gyro-based Neural Single Image Deblurringcited by 3
- 2024Alignment Scores: Robust Metrics for Multiview Pose Accuracy Evaluationcited by 3
- 2025cuVSLAM: CUDA accelerated visual odometry and mappingcited by 3
- 2025Princeton365: A Diverse Dataset with Accurate Camera Posecited by 3
- 2021Distributed Visual-Inertial Cooperative Localizationcited by 2
- 2021Benchmarking Pedestrian Odometry: The Brown Pedestrian Odometry Dataset (BPOD)cited by 2
- 2022Benchmarking Visual-Inertial Deep Multimodal Fusion for Relative Pose Regression and Odometry-aided Absolute Pose Regressioncited by 2
- 2022Evaluation and comparison of eight popular Lidar and Visual SLAM algorithmscited by 2
- 2025Improving Monocular Visual-Inertial Initialization with Structureless Visual-Inertial Bundle Adjustmentcited by 2
- 2025UNO: Unified Self-Supervised Monocular Odometry for Platform-Agnostic Deploymentcited by 2
- 2021A comparative evaluation of learned feature descriptors on hybrid monocular visual SLAM methodscited by 1
- 2022SRVIO: Super Robust Visual Inertial Odometry for dynamic environments and challenging Loop-closure conditionscited by 1
50 most cited of 94 All 94 (JSON)
- 2026VkVIO: Cross-platform GPU Acceleration for Visual-Inertial Odometry with Vulkan24 Sep 2026
- 2026CGS-SLAM: Collaborative Gaussian Splatting based SLAM for Multi-Agent Reconstruction27 Aug 2026
- 2026KLTNet: Learning Sparse Feature Tracking for Robust and Accurate Monocular Visual-Inertial Odometry25 Aug 2026
- 2026SweepLSD: A One-Pass, O(width)-Memory Line Segment Detector with an Integer-Only Streaming Core and a Real-Time FPGA Realization22 Aug 2026
- 2026SLAM in Low-Light Environments: Project Report20 Jul 2026
- 2026RayTun3R: Online Camera Adaptation in 3D Foundation Models2 Jul 2026
- 2026VOCA: Visual Odometry with Codec Awareness30 Jun 2026
- 2026Sensor Configuration Matters: A Systematic Evaluation of Multimodal SLAM on Quadruped Robots17 Jun 2026
- 2026Efficient Feature-Free Initialization for Monocular Visual-Inertial Systems Using a Feed-Forward 3D Model17 May 2026
- 2026Hardware-Aware Neural Feature Extraction for Resource-Constrained Devices5 May 2026
- 2026Robust Camera-to-Mocap Calibration and Verification for Large-Scale Multi-Camera Data Capture23 Apr 2026
- 2026Online Adaptation of Visual Odometry Frontends with Image-Conditioned Reinforcement Learning23 Mar 2026
38 more
- 2026GravCal: Single-Image Calibration of IMU Gravity Priors with Per-Sample Confidence20 Mar 2026
- 2026Feeling the Space: Egomotion-Aware Video Representation for Efficient and Accurate 3D Scene Understanding18 Mar 2026
- 2025Adaptive Covariance and Quaternion-Focused Hybrid Error-State EKF/UKF for Visual-Inertial Odometry19 Dec 2025
- 2025SMF-VO: Direct Ego-Motion Estimation via Sparse Motion Fields12 Nov 2025
- 2025WildfireX-SLAM: A Large-scale Low-altitude RGB-D Dataset for Wildfire SLAM and Beyond31 Oct 2025
- 2025CorVS+: Correspondence-Driven Association of Video Trajectories and Sensors for Identity-Aware Person Localization in Warehouses30 Oct 2025
- 2025Benchmarking Egocentric Visual-Inertial SLAM at City Scale30 Sep 2025
- 2025Unleashing the Power of Discrete-Time State Representation: Ultrafast Target-based IMU-Camera Spatial-Temporal Calibration16 Sep 2025
- 2025The Monado SLAM Dataset for Egocentric Visual-Inertial Tracking31 Jul 2025
- 2025Princeton365: A Diverse Dataset with Accurate Camera Pose10 Jun 2025
- 2025ZeroVO: Visual Odometry with Minimal Assumptions9 Jun 2025
- 2025UNO: Unified Self-Supervised Monocular Odometry for Platform-Agnostic Deployment8 Jun 2025
- 2025cuVSLAM: CUDA accelerated visual odometry and mapping4 Jun 2025
- 2025Structureless VIO18 May 2025
- 2025Edge-Enabled VIO with Long-Tracked Features for High-Accuracy Low-Altitude IoT Navigation10 May 2025
- 2025SLAM&Render: A Benchmark for the Intersection Between Neural Rendering, Gaussian Splatting and SLAM18 Apr 2025
- 2025A Plug-and-Play Learning-based IMU Bias Factor for Robust Visual-Inertial Odometry16 Mar 2025
- 2025Ev-Layout: A Large-scale Event-based Multi-modal Dataset for Indoor Layout Estimation and Tracking11 Mar 2025
- 2025DVM-SLAM: Decentralized Visual Monocular Simultaneous Localization and Mapping for Multi-Agent Systems6 Mar 2025
- 2025Improving Monocular Visual-Inertial Initialization with Structureless Visual-Inertial Bundle Adjustment23 Feb 2025
- 2025CULTURE3D: A Large-Scale and Diverse Dataset of Cultural Landmarks and Terrains for Gaussian-Based Scene Rendering12 Jan 2025
- 2025Universal Online Temporal Calibration for Optimization-based Visual-Inertial Navigation Systems3 Jan 2025
- 2024The Oxford Spires Dataset: Benchmarking Large-Scale LiDAR-Visual Localisation, Reconstruction and Radiance Field Methods15 Nov 2024
- 2024Lost in Tracking Translation: A Comprehensive Analysis of Visual SLAM in Human-Centered XR and IoT Ecosystems11 Nov 2024
- 2024Are Minimal Radial Distortion Solvers Necessary for Relative Pose Estimation?8 Oct 2024
- 2024P2U-SLAM: A Monocular Wide-FoV SLAM System Based on Point Uncertainty and Pose Uncertainty16 Sep 2024
- 2024Alignment Scores: Robust Metrics for Multiview Pose Accuracy Evaluation29 Jul 2024
- 2024Fisheye-Calib-Adapter: An Easy Tool for Fisheye Camera Model Conversion17 Jul 2024
- 2024Deep Learning-based Depth Estimation Methods from Monocular Image and Videos: A Comprehensive Survey28 Jun 2024
- 2024DIDLM: A SLAM Dataset for Difficult Scenarios Featuring Infrared, Depth Cameras, LIDAR, 4D Radar, and Others under Adverse Weather, Low Light Conditions, and Rough Roads15 Apr 2024
- 2024MM3DGS SLAM: Multi-modal 3D Gaussian Splatting for SLAM Using Vision, Depth, and Inertial Measurements1 Apr 2024
- 2024Gyro-based Neural Single Image Deblurring1 Apr 2024
- 2024DBA-Fusion: Tightly Integrating Deep Dense Visual Bundle Adjustment with Multiple Sensors for Large-Scale Localization and Mapping20 Mar 2024
- 2024Unifying Local and Global Multimodal Features for Place Recognition in Aliased and Low-Texture Environments20 Mar 2024
- 2024Joint Spatial-Temporal Calibration for Camera and Global Pose Sensor1 Mar 2024
- 2024Amirkabir campus dataset: Real-world challenges and scenarios of Visual Inertial Odometry (VIO) for visually impaired people7 Jan 2024
- 2023SchurVINS: Schur Complement-Based Lightweight Visual Inertial Navigation System4 Dec 2023
- 2023Inertial Guided Uncertainty Estimation of Feature Correspondence in Visual-Inertial Odometry/SLAM7 Nov 2023
50 newest of 94 All 94 (JSON)
- 2021TUM-VIE: The TUM Stereo Visual-Inertial Event Datasetcited by 41
- 2024The Oxford Spires Dataset: Benchmarking Large-Scale LiDAR-Visual Localisation, Reconstruction and Radiance Field Methodscited by 27
- 2021IDOL: Inertial Deep Orientation-Estimation and Localizationcited by 26
- 2021M2DGR: A Multi-sensor and Multi-scenario SLAM Dataset for Ground Robotscited by 23
- 2022DM-VIO: Delayed Marginalization Visual-Inertial Odometrycited by 22
- 2024MM3DGS SLAM: Multi-modal 3D Gaussian Splatting for SLAM Using Vision, Depth, and Inertial Measurementscited by 22
- 2021LIFT-SLAM: a deep-learning feature-based monocular visual SLAM methodcited by 20
- 2021The Hilti SLAM Challenge Datasetcited by 18
- 2021Multi-Camera LiDAR Inertial Extension to the Newer College Datasetcited by 17
- 2024Deep Learning-based Depth Estimation Methods from Monocular Image and Videos: A Comprehensive Surveycited by 15
- 2021BabelCalib: A Universal Approach to Calibrating Central Camerascited by 14
- 2021From SLAM to Situational Awareness: Challenges and Surveycited by 14
12 most cited of 93 All 93 (JSON)
- 2026VkVIO: Cross-platform GPU Acceleration for Visual-Inertial Odometry with Vulkan24 Sep 2026
- 2026CGS-SLAM: Collaborative Gaussian Splatting based SLAM for Multi-Agent Reconstruction27 Aug 2026
- 2026KLTNet: Learning Sparse Feature Tracking for Robust and Accurate Monocular Visual-Inertial Odometry25 Aug 2026
- 2026SweepLSD: A One-Pass, O(width)-Memory Line Segment Detector with an Integer-Only Streaming Core and a Real-Time FPGA Realization22 Aug 2026
- 2026SLAM in Low-Light Environments: Project Report20 Jul 2026
- 2026RayTun3R: Online Camera Adaptation in 3D Foundation Models2 Jul 2026
- 2026VOCA: Visual Odometry with Codec Awareness30 Jun 2026
- 2026Sensor Configuration Matters: A Systematic Evaluation of Multimodal SLAM on Quadruped Robots17 Jun 2026
- 2026Efficient Feature-Free Initialization for Monocular Visual-Inertial Systems Using a Feed-Forward 3D Model17 May 2026
- 2026Hardware-Aware Neural Feature Extraction for Resource-Constrained Devices5 May 2026
- 2026Robust Camera-to-Mocap Calibration and Verification for Large-Scale Multi-Camera Data Capture23 Apr 2026
- 2026Online Adaptation of Visual Odometry Frontends with Image-Conditioned Reinforcement Learning23 Mar 2026
12 newest of 93 All 93 (JSON)