M2DGR: A Multi-sensor and Multi-scenario SLAM Dataset for Ground Robots
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Abstract (arXiv)
We introduce M2DGR: a novel large-scale dataset collected by a ground robot with a full sensor-suite including six fish-eye and one sky-pointing RGB cameras, an infrared camera, an event camera, a Visual-Inertial Sensor (VI-sensor), an inertial measurement unit (IMU), a LiDAR, a consumer-grade Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) receiver and a GNSS-IMU navigation system with real-time kinematic (RTK) signals. All those sensors were well-calibrated and synchronized, and their data were recorded simultaneously. The ground truth trajectories were obtained by the motion capture device, a laser 3D tracker, and an RTK receiver. The dataset comprises 36 sequences (about 1TB) captured in diverse scenarios including both indoor and outdoor environments. We evaluate state-of-the-art SLAM algorithms on M2DGR. Results show that existing solutions perform poorly in some scenarios. For the benefit of the research community, we make the dataset and tools public. The webpage of our project is https://github.com/SJTU-ViSYS/M2DGR.
Key facts. Cited by 25 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026). Builds on 25 of its 54 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 19 Dec 2021.
Builds on
25 of 54 references.
References · 25
- 2019nuScenes: A multimodal dataset for autonomous drivingcited by 4,523
- 2019Scalability in Perception for Autonomous Driving: Waymo Open Datasetcited by 2,451
- 2020ORB-SLAM3: An Accurate Open-Source Library for Visual, Visual-Inertial and Multi-Map SLAMcited by 878
- 2017VINS-Mono: A Robust and Versatile Monocular Visual-Inertial State Estimatorcited by 423
- 2016Past, Present, and Future of Simultaneous Localization And Mapping: Towards the Robust-Perception Agecited by 411
- 2016The Event-Camera Dataset and Simulator: Event-based Data for Pose Estimation, Visual Odometry, and SLAMcited by 203
- 2020A2D2: Audi Autonomous Driving Datasetcited by 190
- 2020LIO-SAM: Tightly-coupled Lidar Inertial Odometry via Smoothing and Mappingcited by 188
- 2017Ultimate SLAM? Combining Events, Images, and IMU for Robust Visual SLAM in HDR and High Speed Scenarioscited by 150
- 2018The TUM VI Benchmark for Evaluating Visual-Inertial Odometrycited by 99
- 2018InteriorNet: Mega-scale Multi-sensor Photo-realistic Indoor Scenes Datasetcited by 87
- 2021LVI-SAM: Tightly-coupled Lidar-Visual-Inertial Odometry via Smoothing and Mappingcited by 45
13 more
- 2019A General Optimization-based Framework for Global Pose Estimation with Multiple Sensorscited by 44
- 2019Are We Ready for Service Robots? The OpenLORIS-Scene Datasets for Lifelong SLAMcited by 42
- 2021Are We Ready for Unmanned Surface Vehicles in Inland Waterways? The USVInland Multisensor Dataset and Benchmarkcited by 21
- 2019Brno Urban Dataset -- The New Data for Self-Driving Agents and Mapping Taskscited by 19
- 2019LINS: A Lidar-Inertial State Estimator for Robust and Efficient Navigationcited by 17
- 2019UrbanLoco: A Full Sensor Suite Dataset for Mapping and Localization in Urban Scenescited by 17
- 2018CubemapSLAM: A Piecewise-Pinhole Monocular Fisheye SLAM Systemcited by 14
- 2021R2LIVE: A Robust, Real-time, LiDAR-Inertial-Visual tightly-coupled state Estimator and mappingcited by 12
- 2016MultiCol-SLAM - A Modular Real-Time Multi-Camera SLAM Systemcited by 11
- 2019ROVO: Robust Omnidirectional Visual Odometry for Wide-baseline Wide-FOV Camera Systemscited by 10
- 2020Targetless Calibration of LiDAR-IMU System Based on Continuous-time Batch Estimationcited by 7
- 2020Pit30M: A Benchmark for Global Localization in the Age of Self-Driving Carscited by 6
- 2020P3-LOAM: PPP/LiDAR Loosely Coupled SLAM with Accurate Covariance Estimation and Robust RAIM in Urban Canyon Environmentcited by 1
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Citing papers per year: 2022: 1; 2023: 8; 2024: 4; 2025: 5; 2026: 7.
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- 2023Single-Model and Any-Modality for Video Object Trackingcited by 65
- 2024PIN-SLAM: LiDAR SLAM Using a Point-Based Implicit Neural Representation for Achieving Global Map Consistencycited by 42
- 2023Towards Robust Robot 3D Perception in Urban Environments: The UT Campus Object Datasetcited by 28
- 2023Swarm-SLAM : Sparse Decentralized Collaborative Simultaneous Localization and Mapping Framework for Multi-Robot Systemscited by 21
- 2023Event-based Simultaneous Localization and Mapping: A Comprehensive Surveycited by 17
- 2023Implicit Event-RGBD Neural SLAMcited by 16
- 2025ViSTA-SLAM: Visual SLAM with Symmetric Two-view Associationcited by 16
- 2024Leveraging Thermal Modality to Enhance Reconstruction in Low-Light Conditionscited by 12
- 2023End-to-end 2D-3D Registration between Image and LiDAR Point Cloud for Vehicle Localizationcited by 9
- 2022LinK3D: Linear Keypoints Representation for 3D LiDAR Point Cloudcited by 5
- 2025cuVSLAM: CUDA accelerated visual odometry and mappingcited by 4
- 2023Tightly-Coupled LiDAR-Visual SLAM Based on Geometric Features for Mobile Agentscited by 2
13 more
- 2024pyrtklib: An open-source package for tightly coupled deep learning and GNSS integration for positioning in urban canyonscited by 2
- 2024DIDLM: A SLAM Dataset for Difficult Scenarios Featuring Infrared, Depth Cameras, LIDAR, 4D Radar, and Others under Adverse Weather, Low Light Conditions, and Rough Roadscited by 1
- 2025EdgePoint2: Compact Descriptors for Superior Efficiency and Accuracycited by 1
- 2026The S3LI Vulcano Dataset: A Dataset for Multi-Modal SLAM in Unstructured Planetary Environmentscited by 1
- 2026Feasibility of Indoor Frame-Wise Lidar Semantic Segmentation via Distillation from Visual Foundation Modelcited by 1
- 2023Uncertainty Propagation through Trained Deep Neural Networks Using Factor Graphscited by 0
- 2025Multi-LVI-SAM: A Robust LiDAR-Visual-Inertial Odometry for Multiple Fisheye Camerascited by 0
- 2025WildfireX-SLAM: A Large-scale Low-altitude RGB-D Dataset for Wildfire SLAM and Beyondcited by 0
- 2026LST-SLAM: A Stereo Thermal SLAM System for Kilometer-Scale Dynamic Environmentscited by 0
- 2026PLS-Calib: A Partial Least Squares Framework for Event Camera and Odometry Calibration under Ground Motion Constraintscited by 0
- 2026UpDown-SC: Gravity-Canonicalized Dual-Envelope Scan Context for Indoor LiDAR Place Recognitioncited by 0
- 2026MIRAGE: Metric Inference and Reliability-Aware Gaussian Estimation from Feed-Forward Visioncited by 0
- 2026From Pixels to Executable Physics: Behavior-Grounded World Models for Embodied Action Consequence Predictioncited by 0
- 2026From Pixels to Executable Physics: Behavior-Grounded World Models for Embodied Action Consequence Prediction13 Oct 2026
- 2026MIRAGE: Metric Inference and Reliability-Aware Gaussian Estimation from Feed-Forward Vision8 Oct 2026
- 2026UpDown-SC: Gravity-Canonicalized Dual-Envelope Scan Context for Indoor LiDAR Place Recognition24 Sep 2026
- 2026PLS-Calib: A Partial Least Squares Framework for Event Camera and Odometry Calibration under Ground Motion Constraints4 Aug 2026
- 2026Feasibility of Indoor Frame-Wise Lidar Semantic Segmentation via Distillation from Visual Foundation Model20 Apr 2026
- 2026LST-SLAM: A Stereo Thermal SLAM System for Kilometer-Scale Dynamic Environments24 Feb 2026
- 2026The S3LI Vulcano Dataset: A Dataset for Multi-Modal SLAM in Unstructured Planetary Environments27 Jan 2026
- 2025WildfireX-SLAM: A Large-scale Low-altitude RGB-D Dataset for Wildfire SLAM and Beyond31 Oct 2025
- 2025Multi-LVI-SAM: A Robust LiDAR-Visual-Inertial Odometry for Multiple Fisheye Cameras6 Sep 2025
- 2025ViSTA-SLAM: Visual SLAM with Symmetric Two-view Association1 Sep 2025
- 2025cuVSLAM: CUDA accelerated visual odometry and mapping4 Jun 2025
- 2025EdgePoint2: Compact Descriptors for Superior Efficiency and Accuracy24 Apr 2025
13 more
- 2024pyrtklib: An open-source package for tightly coupled deep learning and GNSS integration for positioning in urban canyons19 Sep 2024
- 2024DIDLM: A SLAM Dataset for Difficult Scenarios Featuring Infrared, Depth Cameras, LIDAR, 4D Radar, and Others under Adverse Weather, Low Light Conditions, and Rough Roads15 Apr 2024
- 2024Leveraging Thermal Modality to Enhance Reconstruction in Low-Light Conditions21 Mar 2024
- 2024PIN-SLAM: LiDAR SLAM Using a Point-Based Implicit Neural Representation for Achieving Global Map Consistency17 Jan 2024
- 2023Uncertainty Propagation through Trained Deep Neural Networks Using Factor Graphs10 Dec 2023
- 2023Single-Model and Any-Modality for Video Object Tracking27 Nov 2023
- 2023Implicit Event-RGBD Neural SLAM18 Nov 2023
- 2023Towards Robust Robot 3D Perception in Urban Environments: The UT Campus Object Dataset24 Sep 2023
- 2023Tightly-Coupled LiDAR-Visual SLAM Based on Geometric Features for Mobile Agents15 Jul 2023
- 2023End-to-end 2D-3D Registration between Image and LiDAR Point Cloud for Vehicle Localization20 Jun 2023
- 2023Event-based Simultaneous Localization and Mapping: A Comprehensive Survey19 Apr 2023
- 2023Swarm-SLAM : Sparse Decentralized Collaborative Simultaneous Localization and Mapping Framework for Multi-Robot Systems16 Jan 2023
- 2022LinK3D: Linear Keypoints Representation for 3D LiDAR Point Cloud13 Jun 2022
- 2023Single-Model and Any-Modality for Video Object Trackingcited by 65
- 2024PIN-SLAM: LiDAR SLAM Using a Point-Based Implicit Neural Representation for Achieving Global Map Consistencycited by 42
- 2023Towards Robust Robot 3D Perception in Urban Environments: The UT Campus Object Datasetcited by 28
- 2023Swarm-SLAM : Sparse Decentralized Collaborative Simultaneous Localization and Mapping Framework for Multi-Robot Systemscited by 21
- 2023Event-based Simultaneous Localization and Mapping: A Comprehensive Surveycited by 17
- 2023Implicit Event-RGBD Neural SLAMcited by 16
- 2025ViSTA-SLAM: Visual SLAM with Symmetric Two-view Associationcited by 16
- 2024Leveraging Thermal Modality to Enhance Reconstruction in Low-Light Conditionscited by 12
- 2023End-to-end 2D-3D Registration between Image and LiDAR Point Cloud for Vehicle Localizationcited by 9
- 2022LinK3D: Linear Keypoints Representation for 3D LiDAR Point Cloudcited by 5
- 2025cuVSLAM: CUDA accelerated visual odometry and mappingcited by 4
- 2023Tightly-Coupled LiDAR-Visual SLAM Based on Geometric Features for Mobile Agentscited by 2
12 most cited of 24 All 24 (JSON)
- 2026MIRAGE: Metric Inference and Reliability-Aware Gaussian Estimation from Feed-Forward Vision8 Oct 2026
- 2026UpDown-SC: Gravity-Canonicalized Dual-Envelope Scan Context for Indoor LiDAR Place Recognition24 Sep 2026
- 2026PLS-Calib: A Partial Least Squares Framework for Event Camera and Odometry Calibration under Ground Motion Constraints4 Aug 2026
- 2026Feasibility of Indoor Frame-Wise Lidar Semantic Segmentation via Distillation from Visual Foundation Model20 Apr 2026
- 2026LST-SLAM: A Stereo Thermal SLAM System for Kilometer-Scale Dynamic Environments24 Feb 2026
- 2026The S3LI Vulcano Dataset: A Dataset for Multi-Modal SLAM in Unstructured Planetary Environments27 Jan 2026
- 2025WildfireX-SLAM: A Large-scale Low-altitude RGB-D Dataset for Wildfire SLAM and Beyond31 Oct 2025
- 2025Multi-LVI-SAM: A Robust LiDAR-Visual-Inertial Odometry for Multiple Fisheye Cameras6 Sep 2025
- 2025ViSTA-SLAM: Visual SLAM with Symmetric Two-view Association1 Sep 2025
- 2025cuVSLAM: CUDA accelerated visual odometry and mapping4 Jun 2025
- 2025EdgePoint2: Compact Descriptors for Superior Efficiency and Accuracy24 Apr 2025
- 2024pyrtklib: An open-source package for tightly coupled deep learning and GNSS integration for positioning in urban canyons19 Sep 2024
12 newest of 24 All 24 (JSON)