Disentangling Architecture and Training for Optical Flow
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Abstract (arXiv)
How important are training details and datasets to recent optical flow models like RAFT? And do they generalize? To explore these questions, rather than develop a new model, we revisit three prominent models, PWC-Net, IRR-PWC and RAFT, with a common set of modern training techniques and datasets, and observe significant performance gains, demonstrating the importance and generality of these training details. Our newly trained PWC-Net and IRR-PWC models show surprisingly large improvements, up to 30% versus original published results on Sintel and KITTI 2015 benchmarks. They outperform the more recent Flow1D on KITTI 2015 while being 3x faster during inference. Our newly trained RAFT achieves an Fl-all score of 4.31% on KITTI 2015, more accurate than all published optical flow methods at the time of writing. Our results demonstrate the benefits of separating the contributions of models, training techniques and datasets when analyzing performance gains of optical flow methods. Our source code will be publicly available.
Key facts. Cited by 32 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026). Builds on 46 of its 64 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 21 Mar 2022.
Builds on
46 of 64 references.
References · 46
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- 2020An Image is Worth 16x16 Words: Transformers for Image Recognition at Scalecited by 30,186
- 2020Training data-efficient image transformers & distillation through attentioncited by 4,586
- 2022A ConvNet for the 2020scited by 3,579
- 2020RAFT: Recurrent All-Pairs Field Transforms for Optical Flowcited by 2,415
- 2015FlowNet: Learning Optical Flow with Convolutional Networkscited by 1,059
- 2017PWC-Net: CNNs for Optical Flow Using Pyramid, Warping, and Cost Volumecited by 968
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- 2018Bag of Tricks for Image Classification with Convolutional Neural Networkscited by 431
- 2016Optical Flow Estimation using a Spatial Pyramid Networkcited by 424
34 more
- 2021ResNet strikes back: An improved training procedure in timmcited by 368
- 2021RAFT-Stereo: Multilevel Recurrent Field Transforms for Stereo Matchingcited by 353
- 2017Super SloMo: High Quality Estimation of Multiple Intermediate Frames for Video Interpolationcited by 326
- 2019Depth-Aware Video Frame Interpolationcited by 234
- 2021Learning to Estimate Hidden Motions with Global Motion Aggregationcited by 224
- 2018Competitive Collaboration: Joint Unsupervised Learning of Depth, Camera Motion, Optical Flow and Motion Segmentationcited by 222
- 2017UnFlow: Unsupervised Learning of Optical Flow with a Bidirectional Census Losscited by 202
- 2017Playing for Benchmarkscited by 169
- 2021Revisiting ResNets: Improved Training and Scaling Strategiescited by 158
- 2019The Sound of Motionscited by 146
- 2019Iterative Residual Refinement for Joint Optical Flow and Occlusion Estimationcited by 131
- 2019SelFlow: Self-Supervised Learning of Optical Flowcited by 128
- 2020Suppress and Balance: A Simple Gated Network for Salient Object Detectioncited by 126
- 2020What Matters in Unsupervised Optical Flowcited by 124
- 2020RAFT-3D: Scene Flow using Rigid-Motion Embeddingscited by 122
- 2020Learning by Analogy: Reliable Supervision from Transformations for Unsupervised Optical Flow Estimationcited by 120
- 2020MaskFlownet: Asymmetric Feature Matching with Learnable Occlusion Maskcited by 117
- 2019Deep Video Inpaintingcited by 109
- 2021AutoFlow: Learning a Better Training Set for Optical Flowcited by 102
- 2016Back to Basics: Unsupervised Learning of Optical Flow via Brightness Constancy and Motion Smoothnesscited by 101
- 2018Models Matter, So Does Training: An Empirical Study of CNNs for Optical Flow Estimationcited by 94
- 2018Hierarchical Discrete Distribution Decomposition for Match Density Estimationcited by 93
- 2018SegStereo: Exploiting Semantic Information for Disparity Estimationcited by 88
- 2021SMURF: Self-Teaching Multi-Frame Unsupervised RAFT with Full-Image Warpingcited by 74
- 2018D3D: Distilled 3D Networks for Video Action Recognitioncited by 60
- 2021High-Resolution Optical Flow from 1D Attention and Correlationcited by 54
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- 2018End-to-End Learning of Motion Representation for Video Understandingcited by 43
- 2018Learning Rigidity in Dynamic Scenes with a Moving Camera for 3D Motion Field Estimationcited by 38
- 2022Learning Optical Flow with Adaptive Graph Reasoningcited by 33
- 2020FOAL: Fast Online Adaptive Learning for Cardiac Motion Estimationcited by 21
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Citing papers per year: 2022: 2; 2023: 13; 2024: 8; 2025: 7; 2026: 2.
32 papers.
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- 2023VideoPoet: A Large Language Model for Zero-Shot Video Generationcited by 492
- 2023The Surprising Effectiveness of Diffusion Models for Optical Flow and Monocular Depth Estimationcited by 116
- 2024Stereo4D: Learning How Things Move in 3D from Internet Stereo Videoscited by 89
- 2024Local All-Pair Correspondence for Point Trackingcited by 80
- 2023DropMAE: Learning Representations via Masked Autoencoders with Spatial-Attention Dropout for Temporal Matching Taskscited by 22
- 20233D Implicit Transporter for Temporally Consistent Keypoint Discoverycited by 20
- 2023GAFlow: Incorporating Gaussian Attention into Optical Flowcited by 18
- 2023AnyFlow: Arbitrary Scale Optical Flow with Implicit Neural Representationcited by 17
- 2023CCMR: High Resolution Optical Flow Estimation via Coarse-to-Fine Context-Guided Motion Reasoningcited by 15
- 2023DistractFlow: Improving Optical Flow Estimation via Realistic Distractions and Pseudo-Labelingcited by 14
- 2022Self-supervised AutoFlowcited by 10
- 2025Direct Motion Models for Assessing Generated Videoscited by 10
20 more
- 2025FlowSeek: Optical Flow Made Easier with Depth Foundation Models and Motion Basescited by 10
- 2023Memory-Efficient Optical Flow via Radius-Distribution Orthogonal Cost Volumecited by 9
- 2022Lagrangian Motion Magnification with Double Sparse Optical Flow Decompositioncited by 7
- 2024A Survey on Future Frame Synthesis: Bridging Deterministic and Generative Approachescited by 7
- 2023Motion Segmentation from a Moving Monocular Cameracited by 6
- 2023Detection Defenses: An Empty Promise against Adversarial Patch Attacks on Optical Flowcited by 6
- 2025Eye2Eye: A Simple Approach for Monocular-to-Stereo Video Synthesiscited by 6
- 2024Zero-Shot Monocular Motion Segmentation in the Wild by Combining Deep Learning with Geometric Motion Model Fusioncited by 4
- 2023Open-DDVM: A Reproduction and Extension of Diffusion Model for Optical Flow Estimationcited by 3
- 2024Efficient Hybrid Zoom using Camera Fusion on Mobile Phonescited by 3
- 2025LinkTo-Anime: A 2D Animation Optical Flow Dataset from 3D Model Renderingcited by 2
- 2025PanMatch: Unleashing the Potential of Large Vision Models for Unified Matching Modelscited by 2
- 2023Interactive Control over Temporal Consistency while Stylizing Video Streamscited by 1
- 2025BAT: Learning Event-based Optical Flow with Bidirectional Adaptive Temporal Correlationcited by 1
- 2024Dense Monocular Motion Segmentation Using Optical Flow and Pseudo Depth Map: A Zero-Shot Approachcited by 0
- 2024HMAFlow: Learning More Accurate Optical Flow via Hierarchical Motion Field Alignmentcited by 0
- 2024CompactFlowNet: Efficient Real-time Optical Flow Estimation on Mobile Devicescited by 0
- 2025MicroFlow: Domain-Specific Optical Flow for Ground Deformation Estimation in Seismic Eventscited by 0
- 2026FlowIt: Global Matching via Hierarchical Transformers and Optimal Transport for Optical Flowcited by 0
- 2026U2Flow: Uncertainty-Aware Unsupervised Optical Flow Estimationcited by 0
- 2026U2Flow: Uncertainty-Aware Unsupervised Optical Flow Estimation11 Apr 2026
- 2026FlowIt: Global Matching via Hierarchical Transformers and Optimal Transport for Optical Flow30 Mar 2026
- 2025FlowSeek: Optical Flow Made Easier with Depth Foundation Models and Motion Bases5 Sep 2025
- 2025PanMatch: Unleashing the Potential of Large Vision Models for Unified Matching Models11 Jul 2025
- 2025LinkTo-Anime: A 2D Animation Optical Flow Dataset from 3D Model Rendering3 Jun 2025
- 2025Direct Motion Models for Assessing Generated Videos30 Apr 2025
- 2025Eye2Eye: A Simple Approach for Monocular-to-Stereo Video Synthesis30 Apr 2025
- 2025MicroFlow: Domain-Specific Optical Flow for Ground Deformation Estimation in Seismic Events18 Apr 2025
- 2025BAT: Learning Event-based Optical Flow with Bidirectional Adaptive Temporal Correlation5 Mar 2025
- 2024CompactFlowNet: Efficient Real-time Optical Flow Estimation on Mobile Devices17 Dec 2024
- 2024Stereo4D: Learning How Things Move in 3D from Internet Stereo Videos12 Dec 2024
- 2024HMAFlow: Learning More Accurate Optical Flow via Hierarchical Motion Field Alignment9 Sep 2024
20 more
- 2024Local All-Pair Correspondence for Point Tracking22 Jul 2024
- 2024Dense Monocular Motion Segmentation Using Optical Flow and Pseudo Depth Map: A Zero-Shot Approach27 Jun 2024
- 2024Zero-Shot Monocular Motion Segmentation in the Wild by Combining Deep Learning with Geometric Motion Model Fusion2 May 2024
- 2024A Survey on Future Frame Synthesis: Bridging Deterministic and Generative Approaches26 Jan 2024
- 2024Efficient Hybrid Zoom using Camera Fusion on Mobile Phones2 Jan 2024
- 2023VideoPoet: A Large Language Model for Zero-Shot Video Generation21 Dec 2023
- 2023Memory-Efficient Optical Flow via Radius-Distribution Orthogonal Cost Volume6 Dec 2023
- 2023Open-DDVM: A Reproduction and Extension of Diffusion Model for Optical Flow Estimation4 Dec 2023
- 2023CCMR: High Resolution Optical Flow Estimation via Coarse-to-Fine Context-Guided Motion Reasoning5 Nov 2023
- 2023Detection Defenses: An Empty Promise against Adversarial Patch Attacks on Optical Flow26 Oct 2023
- 2023GAFlow: Incorporating Gaussian Attention into Optical Flow28 Sep 2023
- 2023Motion Segmentation from a Moving Monocular Camera24 Sep 2023
- 20233D Implicit Transporter for Temporally Consistent Keypoint Discovery10 Sep 2023
- 2023The Surprising Effectiveness of Diffusion Models for Optical Flow and Monocular Depth Estimation2 Jun 2023
- 2023DropMAE: Learning Representations via Masked Autoencoders with Spatial-Attention Dropout for Temporal Matching Tasks2 Apr 2023
- 2023AnyFlow: Arbitrary Scale Optical Flow with Implicit Neural Representation29 Mar 2023
- 2023DistractFlow: Improving Optical Flow Estimation via Realistic Distractions and Pseudo-Labeling24 Mar 2023
- 2023Interactive Control over Temporal Consistency while Stylizing Video Streams2 Jan 2023
- 2022Self-supervised AutoFlow4 Dec 2022
- 2022Lagrangian Motion Magnification with Double Sparse Optical Flow Decomposition15 Apr 2022
- 2023VideoPoet: A Large Language Model for Zero-Shot Video Generationcited by 492
- 2024Stereo4D: Learning How Things Move in 3D from Internet Stereo Videoscited by 89
- 2024Local All-Pair Correspondence for Point Trackingcited by 80
- 2023DropMAE: Learning Representations via Masked Autoencoders with Spatial-Attention Dropout for Temporal Matching Taskscited by 22
- 20233D Implicit Transporter for Temporally Consistent Keypoint Discoverycited by 20
- 2023GAFlow: Incorporating Gaussian Attention into Optical Flowcited by 18
- 2023AnyFlow: Arbitrary Scale Optical Flow with Implicit Neural Representationcited by 17
- 2023CCMR: High Resolution Optical Flow Estimation via Coarse-to-Fine Context-Guided Motion Reasoningcited by 15
- 2023DistractFlow: Improving Optical Flow Estimation via Realistic Distractions and Pseudo-Labelingcited by 14
- 2022Self-supervised AutoFlowcited by 10
- 2025Direct Motion Models for Assessing Generated Videoscited by 10
- 2025FlowSeek: Optical Flow Made Easier with Depth Foundation Models and Motion Basescited by 10
12 most cited of 29 All 29 (JSON)
- 2026U2Flow: Uncertainty-Aware Unsupervised Optical Flow Estimation11 Apr 2026
- 2026FlowIt: Global Matching via Hierarchical Transformers and Optimal Transport for Optical Flow30 Mar 2026
- 2025FlowSeek: Optical Flow Made Easier with Depth Foundation Models and Motion Bases5 Sep 2025
- 2025PanMatch: Unleashing the Potential of Large Vision Models for Unified Matching Models11 Jul 2025
- 2025LinkTo-Anime: A 2D Animation Optical Flow Dataset from 3D Model Rendering3 Jun 2025
- 2025Direct Motion Models for Assessing Generated Videos30 Apr 2025
- 2025Eye2Eye: A Simple Approach for Monocular-to-Stereo Video Synthesis30 Apr 2025
- 2025MicroFlow: Domain-Specific Optical Flow for Ground Deformation Estimation in Seismic Events18 Apr 2025
- 2025BAT: Learning Event-based Optical Flow with Bidirectional Adaptive Temporal Correlation5 Mar 2025
- 2024CompactFlowNet: Efficient Real-time Optical Flow Estimation on Mobile Devices17 Dec 2024
- 2024Stereo4D: Learning How Things Move in 3D from Internet Stereo Videos12 Dec 2024
- 2024HMAFlow: Learning More Accurate Optical Flow via Hierarchical Motion Field Alignment9 Sep 2024
12 newest of 29 All 29 (JSON)