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Understanding Abuse: A Typology of Abusive Language Detection Subtasks

arXiv 1705.09899 ↗First posted 28 May 2017cs.CLcited by 115

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Abstract (arXiv)

As the body of research on abusive language detection and analysis grows, there is a need for critical consideration of the relationships between different subtasks that have been grouped under this label. Based on work on hate speech, cyberbullying, and online abuse we propose a typology that captures central similarities and differences between subtasks and we discuss its implications for data annotation and feature construction. We emphasize the practical actions that can be taken by researchers to best approach their abusive language detection subtask of interest.

Key facts. Cited by 115 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). First posted on arXiv 28 May 2017.

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Citing papers per year: 2021: 32; 2022: 24; 2023: 18; 2024: 22; 2025: 14; 2026: 5.

115 papers.

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  1. 2021Dynabench: Rethinking Benchmarking in NLPcited by 447
  2. 2021Dealing with Disagreements: Looking Beyond the Majority Vote in Subjective Annotationscited by 306
  3. 2021Latent Hatred: A Benchmark for Understanding Implicit Hate Speechcited by 216
  4. 2023Evaluating the Social Impact of Generative AI Systems in Systems and Societycited by 91
  5. 2021A Survey of Race, Racism, and Anti-Racism in NLPcited by 74
  6. 2022COLD: A Benchmark for Chinese Offensive Language Detectioncited by 74
  7. 2021Towards generalisable hate speech detection: a review on obstacles and solutionscited by 66
  8. 2023Do LLMs Understand Social Knowledge? Evaluating the Sociability of Large Language Models with SocKET Benchmarkcited by 62
  9. 2022Perturbation Augmentation for Fairer NLPcited by 51
  10. 2021Hatemoji: A Test Suite and Adversarially-Generated Dataset for Benchmarking and Detecting Emoji-based Hatecited by 50
  11. 2021A Survey on Multimodal Disinformation Detectioncited by 47
  12. 2021ConvAbuse: Data, Analysis, and Benchmarks for Nuanced Abuse Detection in Conversational AIcited by 46
38 more
  1. 2023COBRA Frames: Contextual Reasoning about Effects and Harms of Offensive Statementscited by 34
  2. 2021Detecting Harmful Content On Online Platforms: What Platforms Need Vs. Where Research Efforts Gocited by 32
  3. 2023HARE: Explainable Hate Speech Detection with Step-by-Step Reasoningcited by 30
  4. 2021Ruddit: Norms of Offensiveness for English Reddit Commentscited by 26
  5. 2024Position: Measure Dataset Diversity, Don't Just Claim Itcited by 26
  6. 2021Multilingual Offensive Language Identification for Low-resource Languagescited by 22
  7. 2021Few-shot Instruction Prompts for Pretrained Language Models to Detect Social Biasescited by 21
  8. 2022Listening to Affected Communities to Define Extreme Speech: Dataset and Experimentscited by 21
  9. 2024NLP for Counterspeech against Hate: A Survey and How-To Guidecited by 21
  10. 2021Conversations Gone Alright: Quantifying and Predicting Prosocial Outcomes in Online Conversationscited by 20
  11. 2022Hate Speech Criteria: A Modular Approach to Task-Specific Hate Speech Definitionscited by 18
  12. 2023Navigating Prompt Complexity for Zero-Shot Classification: A Study of Large Language Models in Computational Social Sciencecited by 18
  13. 2021An Exploratory Analysis of the Relation Between Offensive Language and Mental Healthcited by 14
  14. 2022Improving Generalizability in Implicitly Abusive Language Detection with Concept Activation Vectorscited by 14
  15. 2022KOLD: Korean Offensive Language Datasetcited by 14
  16. 2024Harmful Speech Detection by Language Models Exhibits Gender-Queer Dialect Biascited by 14
  17. 2022Mitigating Covertly Unsafe Text within Natural Language Systemscited by 13
  18. 2024Toxic Memes: A Survey of Computational Perspectives on the Detection and Explanation of Meme Toxicitiescited by 13
  19. 2023Through the Lens of Core Competency: Survey on Evaluation of Large Language Modelscited by 12
  20. 2025Lost in Moderation: How Commercial Content Moderation APIs Over- and Under-Moderate Group-Targeted Hate Speech and Linguistic Variationscited by 12
  21. 2022Non-Parallel Text Style Transfer with Self-Parallel Supervisioncited by 11
  22. 2022Explainable Abuse Detection as Intent Classification and Slot Fillingcited by 11
  23. 2021ToxCCIn: Toxic Content Classification with Interpretabilitycited by 10
  24. 2022Assessing the impact of contextual information in hate speech detectioncited by 10
  25. 2023Rethinking Multimodal Content Moderation from an Asymmetric Angle with Mixed-modalitycited by 9
  26. 2024Subjective textitIsms? On the Danger of Conflating Hate and Offence in Abusive Language Detectioncited by 9
  27. 2021Deciphering Implicit Hate: Evaluating Automated Detection Algorithms for Multimodal Hatecited by 8
  28. 2021Revisiting Contextual Toxicity Detection in Conversationscited by 8
  29. 2022Detecting Harmful Online Conversational Content towards LGBTQIA+ Individualscited by 8
  30. 2024Computational Politeness in Natural Language Processing: A Surveycited by 8
  31. 2024Silent Signals, Loud Impact: LLMs for Word-Sense Disambiguation of Coded Dog Whistlescited by 7
  32. 2025Taxonomizing Representational Harms using Speech Act Theorycited by 7
  33. 2021Hostility Detection in Hindi leveraging Pre-Trained Language Modelscited by 6
  34. 2021Detecting Inappropriate Messages on Sensitive Topics that Could Harm a Company's Reputationcited by 6
  35. 2021Abusive and Threatening Language Detection in Urdu using Boosting based and BERT based models: A Comparative Approachcited by 6
  36. 2022Hidden behind the obvious: misleading keywords and implicitly abusive language on social mediacited by 6
  37. 2023Offensive Hebrew Corpus and Detection using BERTcited by 6
  38. 2024The Unseen Targets of Hate -- A Systematic Review of Hateful Communication Datasetscited by 6

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