mlsanityData to 14 Oct 2026

Cost Sensitive Learning of Deep Feature Representations from Imbalanced Data

arXiv 1508.03422 ↗First posted 14 Aug 2015cs.CVcited by 167

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Abstract (arXiv)

Class imbalance is a common problem in the case of real-world object detection and classification tasks. Data of some classes is abundant making them an over-represented majority, and data of other classes is scarce, making them an under-represented minority. This imbalance makes it challenging for a classifier to appropriately learn the discriminating boundaries of the majority and minority classes. In this work, we propose a cost sensitive deep neural network which can automatically learn robust feature representations for both the majority and minority classes. During training, our learning procedure jointly optimizes the class dependent costs and the neural network parameters. The proposed approach is applicable to both binary and multi-class problems without any modification. Moreover, as opposed to data level approaches, we do not alter the original data distribution which results in a lower computational cost during the training process. We report the results of our experiments on six major image classification datasets and show that the proposed approach significantly outperforms the baseline algorithms. Comparisons with popular data sampling techniques and cost sensitive classifiers demonstrate the superior performance of our proposed method.

Key facts. Cited by 167 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026). First posted on arXiv 14 Aug 2015.

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Citing papers per year: 2021: 56; 2022: 27; 2023: 43; 2024: 22; 2025: 14; 2026: 5.

167 papers.

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  1. 2021Distribution Alignment: A Unified Framework for Long-tail Visual Recognitioncited by 198
  2. 2021CReST: A Class-Rebalancing Self-Training Framework for Imbalanced Semi-Supervised Learningcited by 175
  3. 2021Bipartite Graph Network with Adaptive Message Passing for Unbiased Scene Graph Generationcited by 137
  4. 2021Targeted Supervised Contrastive Learning for Long-Tailed Recognitioncited by 132
  5. 2021Contrastive Learning based Hybrid Networks for Long-Tailed Image Classificationcited by 130
  6. 2022Long-Tailed Recognition via Weight Balancingcited by 107
  7. 2022Spread Spurious Attribute: Improving Worst-group Accuracy with Spurious Attribute Estimationcited by 88
  8. 2021Causal Attention for Unbiased Visual Recognitioncited by 80
  9. 2023Long-tailed Visual Recognition via Gaussian Clouded Logit Adjustmentcited by 75
  10. 2021Label-Imbalanced and Group-Sensitive Classification under Overparameterizationcited by 74
  11. 2021Self Supervision to Distillation for Long-Tailed Visual Recognitioncited by 73
  12. 2021Learning Fast Sample Re-weighting Without Reward Datacited by 69
38 more
  1. 2022Tackling Data Heterogeneity in Federated Learning with Class Prototypescited by 67
  2. 2021VL-LTR: Learning Class-wise Visual-Linguistic Representation for Long-Tailed Visual Recognitioncited by 65
  3. 2021DeepSMOTE: Fusing Deep Learning and SMOTE for Imbalanced Datacited by 64
  4. 2022AutoBalance: Optimized Loss Functions for Imbalanced Datacited by 49
  5. 2021On Exposing the Challenging Long Tail in Future Prediction of Traffic Actorscited by 48
  6. 2021Self-Damaging Contrastive Learningcited by 48
  7. 2021Orthogonal Projection Losscited by 44
  8. 2022Neural Collapse Inspired Attraction-Repulsion-Balanced Loss for Imbalanced Learningcited by 43
  9. 2023Global and Local Mixture Consistency Cumulative Learning for Long-tailed Visual Recognitionscited by 43
  10. 2021Crop mapping from image time series: deep learning with multi-scale label hierarchiescited by 42
  11. 2022Towards Long-Tailed 3D Detectioncited by 40
  12. 2021Towards Calibrated Model for Long-Tailed Visual Recognition from Prior Perspectivecited by 39
  13. 2021Faster Meta Update Strategy for Noise-Robust Deep Learningcited by 38
  14. 2023Exploring Vision-Language Models for Imbalanced Learningcited by 35
  15. 2023Fill-Up: Balancing Long-Tailed Data with Generative Modelscited by 34
  16. 2021Adaptive Logit Adjustment Loss for Long-Tailed Visual Recognitioncited by 33
  17. 2024LTGC: Long-tail Recognition via Leveraging LLMs-driven Generated Contentcited by 33
  18. 2024A Systematic Review on Long-Tailed Learningcited by 28
  19. 2023WAT: Improve the Worst-class Robustness in Adversarial Trainingcited by 27
  20. 2023Semantic Image Segmentation: Two Decades of Researchcited by 27
  21. 2021Procrustean Training for Imbalanced Deep Learningcited by 24
  22. 2021A Survey of Deep Learning Techniques for Weed Detection from Imagescited by 23
  23. 2021Balanced Knowledge Distillation for Long-tailed Learningcited by 23
  24. 2023On the Implicit Geometry of Cross-Entropy Parameterizations for Label-Imbalanced Datacited by 23
  25. 2023Long-Tailed Visual Recognition via Self-Heterogeneous Integration with Knowledge Excavationcited by 22
  26. 2021Teacher's pet: understanding and mitigating biases in distillationcited by 21
  27. 2021Imbalanced Big Data Oversampling: Taxonomy, Algorithms, Software, Guidelines and Future Directionscited by 21
  28. 2021Cross-Domain Empirical Risk Minimization for Unbiased Long-tailed Classificationcited by 19
  29. 2023MDCS: More Diverse Experts with Consistency Self-distillation for Long-tailed Recognitioncited by 19
  30. 2022Source Localization of Graph Diffusion via Variational Autoencoders for Graph Inverse Problemscited by 18
  31. 2022Imbalanced Semi-supervised Learning with Bias Adaptive Classifiercited by 18
  32. 2021Margin Calibration for Long-Tailed Visual Recognitioncited by 17
  33. 2025Is That Your Final Answer? Test-Time Scaling Improves Selective Question Answeringcited by 17
  34. 2023FRAPPE: A Group Fairness Framework for Post-Processing Everythingcited by 16
  35. 2021On Bridging Generic and Personalized Federated Learning for Image Classificationcited by 15
  36. 2021On-target Adaptationcited by 15
  37. 2021Performance Evaluation of Deep Transfer Learning on Multiclass Identification of Common Weed Species in Cotton Production Systemscited by 15
  38. 2021Generalized Data Weighting via Class-level Gradient Manipulationcited by 15

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