Cost Sensitive Learning of Deep Feature Representations from Imbalanced Data
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Abstract (arXiv)
Class imbalance is a common problem in the case of real-world object detection and classification tasks. Data of some classes is abundant making them an over-represented majority, and data of other classes is scarce, making them an under-represented minority. This imbalance makes it challenging for a classifier to appropriately learn the discriminating boundaries of the majority and minority classes. In this work, we propose a cost sensitive deep neural network which can automatically learn robust feature representations for both the majority and minority classes. During training, our learning procedure jointly optimizes the class dependent costs and the neural network parameters. The proposed approach is applicable to both binary and multi-class problems without any modification. Moreover, as opposed to data level approaches, we do not alter the original data distribution which results in a lower computational cost during the training process. We report the results of our experiments on six major image classification datasets and show that the proposed approach significantly outperforms the baseline algorithms. Comparisons with popular data sampling techniques and cost sensitive classifiers demonstrate the superior performance of our proposed method.
Key facts. Cited by 167 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026). First posted on arXiv 14 Aug 2015.
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Citing papers per year: 2021: 56; 2022: 27; 2023: 43; 2024: 22; 2025: 14; 2026: 5.
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50 newest of 167 All 167 (JSON)
- 2023Exploring Vision-Language Models for Imbalanced Learningcited by 35
- 2023Exploring Vision-Language Models for Imbalanced Learning4 Apr 2023
- 2021Distribution Alignment: A Unified Framework for Long-tail Visual Recognitioncited by 198
- 2021CReST: A Class-Rebalancing Self-Training Framework for Imbalanced Semi-Supervised Learningcited by 175
- 2021Bipartite Graph Network with Adaptive Message Passing for Unbiased Scene Graph Generationcited by 137
- 2021Targeted Supervised Contrastive Learning for Long-Tailed Recognitioncited by 132
- 2021Contrastive Learning based Hybrid Networks for Long-Tailed Image Classificationcited by 130
- 2022Long-Tailed Recognition via Weight Balancingcited by 107
- 2022Spread Spurious Attribute: Improving Worst-group Accuracy with Spurious Attribute Estimationcited by 88
- 2021Causal Attention for Unbiased Visual Recognitioncited by 80
- 2023Long-tailed Visual Recognition via Gaussian Clouded Logit Adjustmentcited by 75
- 2021Label-Imbalanced and Group-Sensitive Classification under Overparameterizationcited by 74
- 2021Self Supervision to Distillation for Long-Tailed Visual Recognitioncited by 73
- 2021Learning Fast Sample Re-weighting Without Reward Datacited by 69
12 most cited of 159 All 159 (JSON)
- 2026Multimodal Deep Generative Model for Semi-Supervised Learning under Class Imbalance7 May 2026
- 2026Risk-Aware Robust Learning: Reducing Clinical Risk under Label Noise in Medical Image Classification26 Apr 2026
- 2026Risk-Calibrated Learning: Minimizing Fatal Errors in Medical AI14 Apr 2026
- 2026Toward Optimal Sampling Rate Selection and Unbiased Classification for Precise Animal Activity Recognition1 Apr 2026
- 2026Uncertainty-Guided Label Rebalancing for CPS Safety Monitoring26 Mar 2026
- 2025Collaborative Optimization of Multiclass Imbalanced Learning: Density-Aware and Region-Guided Boosting27 Dec 2025
- 2025Orthogonal Activation with Implicit Group-Aware Bias Learning for Class Imbalance23 Dec 2025
- 2025Space Alignment Matters: The Missing Piece for Inducing Neural Collapse in Long-Tailed Learning25 Nov 2025
- 2025pFedBBN: A Personalized Federated Test-Time Adaptation with Balanced Batch Normalization for Class-Imbalanced Data22 Nov 2025
- 2025Deep Imbalanced Multi-Target Regression: 3D Point Cloud Voxel Content Estimation in Simulated Forests16 Nov 2025
- 2025Cost-Sensitive Unbiased Risk Estimation for Multi-Class Positive-Unlabeled Learning29 Oct 2025
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