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A Computational Approach to Politeness with Application to Social Factors

arXiv 1306.6078 ↗First posted 25 Jun 2013cs.CL cs.SI physics.soc-phcited by 104

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Abstract (arXiv)

We propose a computational framework for identifying linguistic aspects of politeness. Our starting point is a new corpus of requests annotated for politeness, which we use to evaluate aspects of politeness theory and to uncover new interactions between politeness markers and context. These findings guide our construction of a classifier with domain-independent lexical and syntactic features operationalizing key components of politeness theory, such as indirection, deference, impersonalization and modality. Our classifier achieves close to human performance and is effective across domains. We use our framework to study the relationship between politeness and social power, showing that polite Wikipedia editors are more likely to achieve high status through elections, but, once elevated, they become less polite. We see a similar negative correlation between politeness and power on Stack Exchange, where users at the top of the reputation scale are less polite than those at the bottom. Finally, we apply our classifier to a preliminary analysis of politeness variation by gender and community.

Key facts. Cited by 104 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). First posted on arXiv 25 Jun 2013.

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Citing papers per year: 2021: 12; 2022: 12; 2023: 21; 2024: 16; 2025: 18; 2026: 25.

104 papers.

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  1. 2023Can Large Language Models Transform Computational Social Science?cited by 245
  2. 2021Recent Advances in Deep Learning Based Dialogue Systems: A Systematic Surveycited by 130
  3. 2023Do LLMs Understand Social Knowledge? Evaluating the Sociability of Large Language Models with SocKET Benchmarkcited by 62
  4. 2023Everyone's Voice Matters: Quantifying Annotation Disagreement Using Demographic Informationcited by 52
  5. 2023When Do Annotator Demographics Matter? Measuring the Influence of Annotator Demographics with the POPQUORN Datasetcited by 51
  6. 2021Measuring Conversational Uptake: A Case Study on Student-Teacher Interactionscited by 44
  7. 2024Can Unconfident LLM Annotations Be Used for Confident Conclusions?cited by 44
  8. 2023Reinforcement Learning-based Counter-Misinformation Response Generation: A Case Study of COVID-19 Vaccine Misinformationcited by 39
  9. 2023Using Imperfect Surrogates for Downstream Inference: Design-based Supervised Learning for Social Science Applications of Large Language Modelscited by 37
  10. 2025Predictions as Surrogates: Revisiting Surrogate Outcomes in the Age of AIcited by 31
  11. 2023LLM-as-a-tutor in EFL Writing Education: Focusing on Evaluation of Student-LLM Interactioncited by 28
  12. 2021Does BERT Learn as Humans Perceive? Understanding Linguistic Styles through Lexicacited by 23
38 more
  1. 2022TyDiP: A Dataset for Politeness Classification in Nine Typologically Diverse Languagescited by 21
  2. 2021Conversations Gone Alright: Quantifying and Predicting Prosocial Outcomes in Online Conversationscited by 20
  3. 2021A Review of Text Style Transfer using Deep Learningcited by 18
  4. 2024Parameter-Efficient Detoxification with Contrastive Decodingcited by 18
  5. 2021Does It Capture STEL? A Modular, Similarity-based Linguistic Style Evaluation Frameworkcited by 17
  6. 2022CATs are Fuzzy PETs: A Corpus and Analysis of Potentially Euphemistic Termscited by 14
  7. 2022Automatic Identification and Classification of Bragging in Social Mediacited by 12
  8. 2022Thread With Caution: Proactively Helping Users Assess and Deescalate Tension in Their Online Discussionscited by 11
  9. 2024CAT-LLM: Style-enhanced Large Language Models with Text Style Definition for Chinese Article-style Transfercited by 10
  10. 2023Understanding Client Reactions in Online Mental Health Counselingcited by 9
  11. 2022Automated Identification of Toxic Code Reviews Using ToxiCRcited by 8
  12. 2023Opening up Minds with Argumentative Dialoguescited by 8
  13. 2023It Takes Two to Negotiate: Modeling Social Exchange in Online Multiplayer Gamescited by 8
  14. 2024Computational Politeness in Natural Language Processing: A Surveycited by 8
  15. 2025Evaluation and Facilitation of Online Discussions in the LLM Era: A Surveycited by 8
  16. 2026Evaluating Decision Models for Text Annotation in Computational Social Sciencecited by 8
  17. 2022A Report on the Euphemisms Detection Shared Taskcited by 7
  18. 2023CARE: Collaborative AI-Assisted Reading Environmentcited by 7
  19. 2025How Individual Traits and Language Styles Shape Preferences In Open-ended User-LLM Interaction: A Preliminary Studycited by 7
  20. 2025Valid Inference with Imperfect Synthetic Datacited by 7
  21. 2023Your spouse needs professional help: Determining the Contextual Appropriateness of Messages through Modeling Social Relationshipscited by 6
  22. 2023Emoji Promotes Developer Participation and Issue Resolution on GitHubcited by 6
  23. 2024How Did We Get Here? Summarizing Conversation Dynamicscited by 6
  24. 2024A Flexible Defense Against the Winner's Cursecited by 6
  25. 2026Towards Real-world Human Behavior Simulation: Benchmarking Large Language Models on Long-horizon, Cross-scenario, Heterogeneous Behavior Tracescited by 6
  26. 2021From Theories on Styles to their Transfer in Text: Bridging the Gap with a Hierarchical Surveycited by 5
  27. 2022EUREKA: EUphemism Recognition Enhanced through Knn-based methods and Augmentationcited by 5
  28. 2023Demonstrations Are All You Need: Advancing Offensive Content Paraphrasing using In-Context Learningcited by 5
  29. 2024The FIX Benchmark: Extracting Features Interpretable to eXpertscited by 5
  30. 2025Robust Sampling for Active Statistical Inferencecited by 5
  31. 2023Conversation Style Transfer using Few-Shot Learningcited by 4
  32. 2023Meta-Tuning LLMs to Leverage Lexical Knowledge for Generalizable Language Style Understandingcited by 4
  33. 2024Exploring Human-LLM Conversations: Mental Models and the Originator of Toxicitycited by 4
  34. 2024Impact of Decoding Methods on Human Alignment of Conversational LLMscited by 4
  35. 2021Using Graph-Aware Reinforcement Learning to Identify Winning Strategies in Diplomacy Games (Student Abstract)cited by 3
  36. 2022StyLEx: Explaining Style Using Human Lexical Annotationscited by 3
  37. 2022Are Current Task-oriented Dialogue Systems Able to Satisfy Impolite Users?cited by 3
  38. 2025Show or Tell? Modeling the evolution of request-making in Human-LLM conversationscited by 3

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