mlsanityData to 14 Oct 2026

PAG: Multi-Turn Reinforced LLM Self-Correction with Policy as Generative Verifier

arXiv 2506.10406 ↗First posted 12 Jun 2025cs.CL cs.AI cs.LGcited by 28

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Abstract (arXiv)

Large Language Models (LLMs) have demonstrated impressive capabilities in complex reasoning tasks, yet they still struggle to reliably verify the correctness of their own outputs. Existing solutions to this verification challenge often depend on separate verifier models or require multi-stage self-correction training pipelines, which limit scalability. In this paper, we propose Policy as Generative Verifier (PAG), a simple and effective framework that empowers LLMs to self-correct by alternating between policy and verifier roles within a unified multi-turn reinforcement learning (RL) paradigm. Distinct from prior approaches that always generate a second attempt regardless of model confidence, PAG introduces a selective revision mechanism: the model revises its answer only when its own generative verification step detects an error. This verify-then-revise workflow not only alleviates model collapse but also jointly enhances both reasoning and verification abilities. Extensive experiments across diverse reasoning benchmarks highlight PAG's dual advancements: as a policy, it enhances direct generation and self-correction accuracy; as a verifier, its self-verification outperforms self-consistency.

Key facts. Cited by 28 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026). Builds on 45 of its 59 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 12 Jun 2025.

Builds on

45 of 59 references.

References · 45

  1. 2023GPT-4 Technical Reportcited by 18,396
  2. 2017Proximal Policy Optimization Algorithmscited by 15,215
  3. 2024The Llama 3 Herd of Modelscited by 14,715
  4. 2021Training Verifiers to Solve Math Word Problemscited by 10,109
  5. 2024DeepSeekMath: Pushing the Limits of Mathematical Reasoning in Open Language Modelscited by 9,379
  6. 2025DeepSeek-R1: Incentivizing Reasoning Capability in LLMs via Reinforcement Learningcited by 6,330
  7. 2023Efficient Memory Management for Large Language Model Serving with PagedAttentioncited by 5,944
  8. 2022Self-Consistency Improves Chain of Thought Reasoning in Language Modelscited by 5,708
  9. 2021Measuring Mathematical Problem Solving With the MATH Datasetcited by 5,371
  10. 2024Qwen2.5 Technical Reportcited by 4,942
  11. 2023Let's Verify Step by Stepcited by 3,789
  12. 2023Self-Refine: Iterative Refinement with Self-Feedbackcited by 3,442
33 more
  1. 2025DAPO: An Open-Source LLM Reinforcement Learning System at Scalecited by 2,810
  2. 2024HybridFlow: A Flexible and Efficient RLHF Frameworkcited by 2,057
  3. 2024LiveCodeBench: Holistic and Contamination Free Evaluation of Large Language Models for Codecited by 2,004
  4. 2022Competition-Level Code Generation with AlphaCodecited by 1,462
  5. 2022Solving Quantitative Reasoning Problems with Language Modelscited by 1,392
  6. 2023AgentBench: Evaluating LLMs as Agentscited by 1,267
  7. 2023Large Language Models Cannot Self-Correct Reasoning Yetcited by 1,017
  8. 2023Teaching Large Language Models to Self-Debugcited by 988
  9. 2022STaR: Bootstrapping Reasoning With Reasoningcited by 940
  10. 2024Self-Rewarding Language Modelscited by 681
  11. 2025UI-TARS: Pioneering Automated GUI Interaction with Native Agentscited by 610
  12. 2025Humanity's Last Examcited by 491
  13. 2024Generative Verifiers: Reward Modeling as Next-Token Predictioncited by 480
  14. 2024Training Language Models to Self-Correct via Reinforcement Learningcited by 426
  15. 2025The Lessons of Developing Process Reward Models in Mathematical Reasoningcited by 415
  16. 2025RAGEN: Understanding Self-Evolution in LLM Agents via Multi-Turn Reinforcement Learningcited by 386
  17. 2022Self-critiquing models for assisting human evaluatorscited by 380
  18. 2024Is DPO Superior to PPO for LLM Alignment? A Comprehensive Studycited by 262
  19. 2025Inference-Time Scaling for Generalist Reward Modelingcited by 239
  20. 2024ArCHer: Training Language Model Agents via Hierarchical Multi-Turn RLcited by 228
  21. 2024Meta-Rewarding Language Models: Self-Improving Alignment with LLM-as-a-Meta-Judgecited by 204
  22. 2024Recursive Introspection: Teaching Language Model Agents How to Self-Improvecited by 165
  23. 2024Generative Reward Modelscited by 148
  24. 2025SWEET-RL: Training Multi-Turn LLM Agents on Collaborative Reasoning Taskscited by 118
  25. 2024Self-Improvement in Language Models: The Sharpening Mechanismcited by 104
  26. 2025What's Behind PPO's Collapse in Long-CoT? Value Optimization Holds the Secretcited by 98
  27. 2025LLM4SR: A Survey on Large Language Models for Scientific Researchcited by 83
  28. 2025Self-rewarding correction for mathematical reasoningcited by 70
  29. 2024Multi-turn Reinforcement Learning from Preference Human Feedbackcited by 67
  30. 2024Building Math Agents with Multi-Turn Iterative Preference Learningcited by 66
  31. 2025S2R: Teaching LLMs to Self-verify and Self-correct via Reinforcement Learningcited by 39
  32. 2025Heimdall: test-time scaling on the generative verificationcited by 26
  33. 2025A Unified Pairwise Framework for RLHF: Bridging Generative Reward Modeling and Policy Optimizationcited by 21

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Cited by year (2026 to 14 Oct)

Citing papers per year: 2025: 12; 2026: 16.

28 papers.

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  1. 2025A Survey of Reinforcement Learning for Large Reasoning Modelscited by 180
  2. 2025A Survey of Self-Evolving Agents: What, When, How, and Where to Evolve on the Path to Artificial Super Intelligencecited by 170
  3. 2025Mathematical Proof as a Litmus Test: Revealing Failure Modes of Advanced Large Reasoning Modelscited by 20
  4. 2026Self-Play Only Evolves When Self-Synthetic Pipeline Ensures Learnable Information Gaincited by 17
  5. 2025Risk-Sensitive RL for Alleviating Exploration Dilemmas in Large Language Modelscited by 14
  6. 2025Failure Makes the Agent Stronger: Enhancing Accuracy through Structured Reflection for Reliable Tool Interactionscited by 12
  7. 2026CoVerRL: Breaking the Consensus Trap in Label-Free Reasoning via Generator-Verifier Co-Evolutioncited by 12
  8. 2025Autonomous Agents for Scientific Discovery: Orchestrating Scientists, Language, Code, and Physicscited by 11
  9. 2025Revisiting Entropy Regularization: Adaptive Coefficient Unlocks Its Potential for LLM Reinforcement Learningcited by 11
  10. 2025LaSeR: Reinforcement Learning with Last-Token Self-Rewardingcited by 9
  11. 2025Enhancing Large Language Model Reasoning with Reward Models: An Analytical Surveycited by 8
  12. 2025From Solving to Verifying: A Unified Objective for Robust Reasoning in LLMscited by 6
16 more
  1. 2025On the Limits of Test-Time Compute: Sequential Reward Filtering for Better Inferencecited by 6
  2. 2025Foundational Automatic Evaluators: Scaling Multi-Task Generative Evaluator Training for Reasoning-Centric Domainscited by 5
  3. 2026Self-Improvement of Large Language Models: A Technical Overview and Future Outlookcited by 5
  4. 2026ThinkTwice: Jointly Optimizing Large Language Models for Reasoning and Self-Refinementcited by 5
  5. 2026Predicting and improving test-time scaling laws via reward tail-guided searchcited by 2
  6. 2026Pause or Fabricate? Training Language Models for Grounded Reasoningcited by 2
  7. 2026Self-Trained Verification for Training- and Test-Time Self-Improvementcited by 2
  8. 2026CritiqueDriveVLM: From Verifier-Guided Reinforcement Learning to Latent Thought Distillation for Autonomous Drivingcited by 2
  9. 2026M3-AD: Reflection-aware Multi-modal, Multi-category, and Multi-dimensional Benchmark and Framework for Industrial Anomaly Detectioncited by 1
  10. 2026Skip-Connected Policy Optimization for Implicit Advantagecited by 1
  11. 2026STRIDE: Learnable Stepwise Language Feedback for LLM Reasoningcited by 1
  12. 2026A First-Principles Derivation of LLM Policy Optimization: From Expected Reward to GRPO and Its Structural Extensionscited by 1
  13. 2026The Two-Stage Decision-Sampling Hypothesis: Understanding the Emergence of Self-Reflection in RL-Trained LLMscited by 0
  14. 2026CPMobius: Iterative Coach-Player Reasoning for Data-Free Reinforcement Learningcited by 0
  15. 2026Position: Introspective Experience from Conversational Environments as a Path to Better Learningcited by 0
  16. 2026REVES: REvision and VErification--Augmented Training for Test-Time Scalingcited by 0

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  1. 2026Reinforcing Step-level Reasoning for Effective Self-Correction in LLMs
  2. 2025Critique-GRPO: Advancing LLM Reasoning with Natural Language and Numerical Feedback
  3. 2025Trust, But Verify: A Self-Verification Approach to Reinforcement Learning with Verifiable Rewards
  4. 2026Re2: Unlocking LLM Reasoning via Reinforcement Learning with Re-solving
  5. 2026One-Way Policy Optimization for Self-Evolving LLMs
  6. 2026Learning to Self-Verify Makes Language Models Better Reasoners
  7. 2026Learning from Failures: Correction-Oriented Policy Optimization with Verifiable Rewards
  8. 2025VerifyBench: A Systematic Benchmark for Evaluating Reasoning Verifiers Across Domains