PAG: Multi-Turn Reinforced LLM Self-Correction with Policy as Generative Verifier
Not on the map. Why?
Abstract (arXiv)
Large Language Models (LLMs) have demonstrated impressive capabilities in complex reasoning tasks, yet they still struggle to reliably verify the correctness of their own outputs. Existing solutions to this verification challenge often depend on separate verifier models or require multi-stage self-correction training pipelines, which limit scalability. In this paper, we propose Policy as Generative Verifier (PAG), a simple and effective framework that empowers LLMs to self-correct by alternating between policy and verifier roles within a unified multi-turn reinforcement learning (RL) paradigm. Distinct from prior approaches that always generate a second attempt regardless of model confidence, PAG introduces a selective revision mechanism: the model revises its answer only when its own generative verification step detects an error. This verify-then-revise workflow not only alleviates model collapse but also jointly enhances both reasoning and verification abilities. Extensive experiments across diverse reasoning benchmarks highlight PAG's dual advancements: as a policy, it enhances direct generation and self-correction accuracy; as a verifier, its self-verification outperforms self-consistency.
Key facts. Cited by 28 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026). Builds on 45 of its 59 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 12 Jun 2025.
Builds on
45 of 59 references.
References · 45
- 2023GPT-4 Technical Reportcited by 18,396
- 2017Proximal Policy Optimization Algorithmscited by 15,215
- 2024The Llama 3 Herd of Modelscited by 14,715
- 2021Training Verifiers to Solve Math Word Problemscited by 10,109
- 2024DeepSeekMath: Pushing the Limits of Mathematical Reasoning in Open Language Modelscited by 9,379
- 2025DeepSeek-R1: Incentivizing Reasoning Capability in LLMs via Reinforcement Learningcited by 6,330
- 2023Efficient Memory Management for Large Language Model Serving with PagedAttentioncited by 5,944
- 2022Self-Consistency Improves Chain of Thought Reasoning in Language Modelscited by 5,708
- 2021Measuring Mathematical Problem Solving With the MATH Datasetcited by 5,371
- 2024Qwen2.5 Technical Reportcited by 4,942
- 2023Let's Verify Step by Stepcited by 3,789
- 2023Self-Refine: Iterative Refinement with Self-Feedbackcited by 3,442
33 more
- 2025DAPO: An Open-Source LLM Reinforcement Learning System at Scalecited by 2,810
- 2024HybridFlow: A Flexible and Efficient RLHF Frameworkcited by 2,057
- 2024LiveCodeBench: Holistic and Contamination Free Evaluation of Large Language Models for Codecited by 2,004
- 2022Competition-Level Code Generation with AlphaCodecited by 1,462
- 2022Solving Quantitative Reasoning Problems with Language Modelscited by 1,392
- 2023AgentBench: Evaluating LLMs as Agentscited by 1,267
- 2023Large Language Models Cannot Self-Correct Reasoning Yetcited by 1,017
- 2023Teaching Large Language Models to Self-Debugcited by 988
- 2022STaR: Bootstrapping Reasoning With Reasoningcited by 940
- 2024Self-Rewarding Language Modelscited by 681
- 2025UI-TARS: Pioneering Automated GUI Interaction with Native Agentscited by 610
- 2025Humanity's Last Examcited by 491
- 2024Generative Verifiers: Reward Modeling as Next-Token Predictioncited by 480
- 2024Training Language Models to Self-Correct via Reinforcement Learningcited by 426
- 2025The Lessons of Developing Process Reward Models in Mathematical Reasoningcited by 415
- 2025RAGEN: Understanding Self-Evolution in LLM Agents via Multi-Turn Reinforcement Learningcited by 386
- 2022Self-critiquing models for assisting human evaluatorscited by 380
- 2024Is DPO Superior to PPO for LLM Alignment? A Comprehensive Studycited by 262
- 2025Inference-Time Scaling for Generalist Reward Modelingcited by 239
- 2024ArCHer: Training Language Model Agents via Hierarchical Multi-Turn RLcited by 228
- 2024Meta-Rewarding Language Models: Self-Improving Alignment with LLM-as-a-Meta-Judgecited by 204
- 2024Recursive Introspection: Teaching Language Model Agents How to Self-Improvecited by 165
- 2024Generative Reward Modelscited by 148
- 2025SWEET-RL: Training Multi-Turn LLM Agents on Collaborative Reasoning Taskscited by 118
- 2024Self-Improvement in Language Models: The Sharpening Mechanismcited by 104
- 2025What's Behind PPO's Collapse in Long-CoT? Value Optimization Holds the Secretcited by 98
- 2025LLM4SR: A Survey on Large Language Models for Scientific Researchcited by 83
- 2025Self-rewarding correction for mathematical reasoningcited by 70
- 2024Multi-turn Reinforcement Learning from Preference Human Feedbackcited by 67
- 2024Building Math Agents with Multi-Turn Iterative Preference Learningcited by 66
- 2025S2R: Teaching LLMs to Self-verify and Self-correct via Reinforcement Learningcited by 39
- 2025Heimdall: test-time scaling on the generative verificationcited by 26
- 2025A Unified Pairwise Framework for RLHF: Bridging Generative Reward Modeling and Policy Optimizationcited by 21
Built on by
Citing papers per year: 2025: 12; 2026: 16.
28 papers.
Sort:
By area:
- 2025A Survey of Reinforcement Learning for Large Reasoning Modelscited by 180
- 2025A Survey of Self-Evolving Agents: What, When, How, and Where to Evolve on the Path to Artificial Super Intelligencecited by 170
- 2025Mathematical Proof as a Litmus Test: Revealing Failure Modes of Advanced Large Reasoning Modelscited by 20
- 2026Self-Play Only Evolves When Self-Synthetic Pipeline Ensures Learnable Information Gaincited by 17
- 2025Risk-Sensitive RL for Alleviating Exploration Dilemmas in Large Language Modelscited by 14
- 2025Failure Makes the Agent Stronger: Enhancing Accuracy through Structured Reflection for Reliable Tool Interactionscited by 12
- 2026CoVerRL: Breaking the Consensus Trap in Label-Free Reasoning via Generator-Verifier Co-Evolutioncited by 12
- 2025Autonomous Agents for Scientific Discovery: Orchestrating Scientists, Language, Code, and Physicscited by 11
- 2025Revisiting Entropy Regularization: Adaptive Coefficient Unlocks Its Potential for LLM Reinforcement Learningcited by 11
- 2025LaSeR: Reinforcement Learning with Last-Token Self-Rewardingcited by 9
- 2025Enhancing Large Language Model Reasoning with Reward Models: An Analytical Surveycited by 8
- 2025From Solving to Verifying: A Unified Objective for Robust Reasoning in LLMscited by 6
16 more
- 2025On the Limits of Test-Time Compute: Sequential Reward Filtering for Better Inferencecited by 6
- 2025Foundational Automatic Evaluators: Scaling Multi-Task Generative Evaluator Training for Reasoning-Centric Domainscited by 5
- 2026Self-Improvement of Large Language Models: A Technical Overview and Future Outlookcited by 5
- 2026ThinkTwice: Jointly Optimizing Large Language Models for Reasoning and Self-Refinementcited by 5
- 2026Predicting and improving test-time scaling laws via reward tail-guided searchcited by 2
- 2026Pause or Fabricate? Training Language Models for Grounded Reasoningcited by 2
- 2026Self-Trained Verification for Training- and Test-Time Self-Improvementcited by 2
- 2026CritiqueDriveVLM: From Verifier-Guided Reinforcement Learning to Latent Thought Distillation for Autonomous Drivingcited by 2
- 2026M3-AD: Reflection-aware Multi-modal, Multi-category, and Multi-dimensional Benchmark and Framework for Industrial Anomaly Detectioncited by 1
- 2026Skip-Connected Policy Optimization for Implicit Advantagecited by 1
- 2026STRIDE: Learnable Stepwise Language Feedback for LLM Reasoningcited by 1
- 2026A First-Principles Derivation of LLM Policy Optimization: From Expected Reward to GRPO and Its Structural Extensionscited by 1
- 2026The Two-Stage Decision-Sampling Hypothesis: Understanding the Emergence of Self-Reflection in RL-Trained LLMscited by 0
- 2026CPMobius: Iterative Coach-Player Reasoning for Data-Free Reinforcement Learningcited by 0
- 2026Position: Introspective Experience from Conversational Environments as a Path to Better Learningcited by 0
- 2026REVES: REvision and VErification--Augmented Training for Test-Time Scalingcited by 0
- 2026CritiqueDriveVLM: From Verifier-Guided Reinforcement Learning to Latent Thought Distillation for Autonomous Driving5 Jul 2026
- 2026REVES: REvision and VErification--Augmented Training for Test-Time Scaling17 Jun 2026
- 2026A First-Principles Derivation of LLM Policy Optimization: From Expected Reward to GRPO and Its Structural Extensions15 Jun 2026
- 2026Self-Trained Verification for Training- and Test-Time Self-Improvement28 May 2026
- 2026STRIDE: Learnable Stepwise Language Feedback for LLM Reasoning13 May 2026
- 2026Pause or Fabricate? Training Language Models for Grounded Reasoning21 Apr 2026
- 2026Skip-Connected Policy Optimization for Implicit Advantage9 Apr 2026
- 2026ThinkTwice: Jointly Optimizing Large Language Models for Reasoning and Self-Refinement2 Apr 2026
- 2026Self-Improvement of Large Language Models: A Technical Overview and Future Outlook26 Mar 2026
- 2026CoVerRL: Breaking the Consensus Trap in Label-Free Reasoning via Generator-Verifier Co-Evolution18 Mar 2026
- 2026Position: Introspective Experience from Conversational Environments as a Path to Better Learning16 Feb 2026
- 2026Self-Play Only Evolves When Self-Synthetic Pipeline Ensures Learnable Information Gain10 Feb 2026
16 more
- 2026M3-AD: Reflection-aware Multi-modal, Multi-category, and Multi-dimensional Benchmark and Framework for Industrial Anomaly Detection10 Feb 2026
- 2026CPMobius: Iterative Coach-Player Reasoning for Data-Free Reinforcement Learning3 Feb 2026
- 2026Predicting and improving test-time scaling laws via reward tail-guided search1 Feb 2026
- 2026The Two-Stage Decision-Sampling Hypothesis: Understanding the Emergence of Self-Reflection in RL-Trained LLMs4 Jan 2026
- 2025On the Limits of Test-Time Compute: Sequential Reward Filtering for Better Inference4 Dec 2025
- 2025From Solving to Verifying: A Unified Objective for Robust Reasoning in LLMs19 Nov 2025
- 2025Foundational Automatic Evaluators: Scaling Multi-Task Generative Evaluator Training for Reasoning-Centric Domains20 Oct 2025
- 2025LaSeR: Reinforcement Learning with Last-Token Self-Rewarding16 Oct 2025
- 2025Revisiting Entropy Regularization: Adaptive Coefficient Unlocks Its Potential for LLM Reinforcement Learning13 Oct 2025
- 2025Autonomous Agents for Scientific Discovery: Orchestrating Scientists, Language, Code, and Physics10 Oct 2025
- 2025Enhancing Large Language Model Reasoning with Reward Models: An Analytical Survey2 Oct 2025
- 2025Risk-Sensitive RL for Alleviating Exploration Dilemmas in Large Language Models29 Sep 2025
- 2025Failure Makes the Agent Stronger: Enhancing Accuracy through Structured Reflection for Reliable Tool Interactions23 Sep 2025
- 2025A Survey of Reinforcement Learning for Large Reasoning Models10 Sep 2025
- 2025A Survey of Self-Evolving Agents: What, When, How, and Where to Evolve on the Path to Artificial Super Intelligence28 Jul 2025
- 2025Mathematical Proof as a Litmus Test: Revealing Failure Modes of Advanced Large Reasoning Models20 Jun 2025
- 2025A Survey of Reinforcement Learning for Large Reasoning Modelscited by 180
- 2025Mathematical Proof as a Litmus Test: Revealing Failure Modes of Advanced Large Reasoning Modelscited by 20
- 2025Risk-Sensitive RL for Alleviating Exploration Dilemmas in Large Language Modelscited by 14
- 2026CoVerRL: Breaking the Consensus Trap in Label-Free Reasoning via Generator-Verifier Co-Evolutioncited by 12
- 2025Revisiting Entropy Regularization: Adaptive Coefficient Unlocks Its Potential for LLM Reinforcement Learningcited by 11
- 2025LaSeR: Reinforcement Learning with Last-Token Self-Rewardingcited by 9
- 2025Enhancing Large Language Model Reasoning with Reward Models: An Analytical Surveycited by 8
- 2025From Solving to Verifying: A Unified Objective for Robust Reasoning in LLMscited by 6
- 2025On the Limits of Test-Time Compute: Sequential Reward Filtering for Better Inferencecited by 6
- 2026ThinkTwice: Jointly Optimizing Large Language Models for Reasoning and Self-Refinementcited by 5
- 2026Predicting and improving test-time scaling laws via reward tail-guided searchcited by 2
- 2026Pause or Fabricate? Training Language Models for Grounded Reasoningcited by 2
12 most cited of 19 All 19 (JSON)
- 2026CritiqueDriveVLM: From Verifier-Guided Reinforcement Learning to Latent Thought Distillation for Autonomous Driving5 Jul 2026
- 2026REVES: REvision and VErification--Augmented Training for Test-Time Scaling17 Jun 2026
- 2026A First-Principles Derivation of LLM Policy Optimization: From Expected Reward to GRPO and Its Structural Extensions15 Jun 2026
- 2026Self-Trained Verification for Training- and Test-Time Self-Improvement28 May 2026
- 2026STRIDE: Learnable Stepwise Language Feedback for LLM Reasoning13 May 2026
- 2026Pause or Fabricate? Training Language Models for Grounded Reasoning21 Apr 2026
- 2026Skip-Connected Policy Optimization for Implicit Advantage9 Apr 2026
- 2026ThinkTwice: Jointly Optimizing Large Language Models for Reasoning and Self-Refinement2 Apr 2026
- 2026CoVerRL: Breaking the Consensus Trap in Label-Free Reasoning via Generator-Verifier Co-Evolution18 Mar 2026
- 2026CPMobius: Iterative Coach-Player Reasoning for Data-Free Reinforcement Learning3 Feb 2026
- 2026Predicting and improving test-time scaling laws via reward tail-guided search1 Feb 2026
- 2025On the Limits of Test-Time Compute: Sequential Reward Filtering for Better Inference4 Dec 2025
12 newest of 19 All 19 (JSON)
- 2025A Survey of Self-Evolving Agents: What, When, How, and Where to Evolve on the Path to Artificial Super Intelligencecited by 170
- 2025Failure Makes the Agent Stronger: Enhancing Accuracy through Structured Reflection for Reliable Tool Interactionscited by 12
- 2025Autonomous Agents for Scientific Discovery: Orchestrating Scientists, Language, Code, and Physicscited by 11
- 2025Autonomous Agents for Scientific Discovery: Orchestrating Scientists, Language, Code, and Physics10 Oct 2025
- 2025Failure Makes the Agent Stronger: Enhancing Accuracy through Structured Reflection for Reliable Tool Interactions23 Sep 2025
- 2025A Survey of Self-Evolving Agents: What, When, How, and Where to Evolve on the Path to Artificial Super Intelligence28 Jul 2025
- 2025Foundational Automatic Evaluators: Scaling Multi-Task Generative Evaluator Training for Reasoning-Centric Domainscited by 5
- 2026M3-AD: Reflection-aware Multi-modal, Multi-category, and Multi-dimensional Benchmark and Framework for Industrial Anomaly Detectioncited by 1
- 2026The Two-Stage Decision-Sampling Hypothesis: Understanding the Emergence of Self-Reflection in RL-Trained LLMscited by 0
- 2026Position: Introspective Experience from Conversational Environments as a Path to Better Learningcited by 0
- 2026Position: Introspective Experience from Conversational Environments as a Path to Better Learning16 Feb 2026
- 2026M3-AD: Reflection-aware Multi-modal, Multi-category, and Multi-dimensional Benchmark and Framework for Industrial Anomaly Detection10 Feb 2026
- 2026The Two-Stage Decision-Sampling Hypothesis: Understanding the Emergence of Self-Reflection in RL-Trained LLMs4 Jan 2026
- 2025Foundational Automatic Evaluators: Scaling Multi-Task Generative Evaluator Training for Reasoning-Centric Domains20 Oct 2025
Similar, not cited
Close in wording, no citation either way
- 2026Reinforcing Step-level Reasoning for Effective Self-Correction in LLMs
- 2025Critique-GRPO: Advancing LLM Reasoning with Natural Language and Numerical Feedback
- 2025Trust, But Verify: A Self-Verification Approach to Reinforcement Learning with Verifiable Rewards
- 2026Re2: Unlocking LLM Reasoning via Reinforcement Learning with Re-solving
- 2026One-Way Policy Optimization for Self-Evolving LLMs
- 2026Learning to Self-Verify Makes Language Models Better Reasoners
- 2026Learning from Failures: Correction-Oriented Policy Optimization with Verifiable Rewards
- 2025VerifyBench: A Systematic Benchmark for Evaluating Reasoning Verifiers Across Domains