mlsanityData to 7 Oct 2026

EmbodiedCity: A Benchmark Platform for Embodied Agent in Real-world City Environment

arXiv 2410.09604 ↗First posted 12 Oct 2024cs.AI cs.ROcited by 42

On the map: LLM agents and tool use → Multimodal and embodied agents

Abstract (arXiv)

Embodied artificial intelligence emphasizes the role of an agent's body in generating human-like behaviors. The recent efforts on EmbodiedAI pay a lot of attention to building up machine learning models to possess perceiving, planning, and acting abilities, thereby enabling real-time interaction with the world. However, most works focus on bounded indoor environments, such as navigation in a room or manipulating a device, with limited exploration of embodying the agents in open-world scenarios. That is, embodied intelligence in the open and outdoor environment is less explored, for which one potential reason is the lack of high-quality simulators, benchmarks, and datasets. To address it, in this paper, we construct a benchmark platform for embodied intelligence evaluation in real-world city environments. Specifically, we first construct a highly realistic 3D simulation environment based on the real buildings, roads, and other elements in a real city. In this environment, we combine historically collected data and simulation algorithms to conduct simulations of pedestrian and vehicle flows with high fidelity. Further, we designed a set of evaluation tasks covering different EmbodiedAI abilities. Moreover, we provide a complete set of input and output interfaces for access, enabling embodied agents to easily take task requirements and current environmental observations as input and then make decisions and obtain performance evaluations. On the one hand, it expands the capability of existing embodied intelligence to higher levels. On the other hand, it has a higher practical value in the real world and can support more potential applications for artificial general intelligence. Based on this platform, we evaluate some popular large language models for embodied intelligence capabilities of different dimensions and difficulties.

Key facts. Cited by 42 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). Placed in Multimodal and embodied agents, one of 16 directions in LLM agents and tool use. Builds on 22 of its 34 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 12 Oct 2024.

Builds on

22 of 34 references.

Closest ancestors · 1

Same direction, newest first

  1. 2023An Embodied Generalist Agent in 3D World18 Nov

Other references · 21

  1. 2019Sentence-BERT: Sentence Embeddings using Siamese BERT-Networkscited by 9,049
  2. 2019nuScenes: A multimodal dataset for autonomous drivingcited by 4,485
  3. 2017CARLA: An Open Urban Driving Simulatorcited by 2,431
  4. 2023PaLM-E: An Embodied Multimodal Language Modelcited by 2,037
  5. 2014CIDEr: Consensus-based Image Description Evaluationcited by 2,027
  6. 2020ALFWorld: Aligning Text and Embodied Environments for Interactive Learningcited by 1,143
  7. 2023Open X-Embodiment: Robotic Learning Datasets and RT-X Modelscited by 849
  8. 2022MineDojo: Building Open-Ended Embodied Agents with Internet-Scale Knowledgecited by 469
  9. 2022ProcTHOR: Large-Scale Embodied AI Using Procedural Generationcited by 369
  10. 2021ScanQA: 3D Question Answering for Spatial Scene Understandingcited by 340
  11. 2021MetaDrive: Composing Diverse Driving Scenarios for Generalizable Reinforcement Learningcited by 281
  12. 2021A Survey of Embodied AI: From Simulators to Research Taskscited by 256
9 more
  1. 2018Touchdown: Natural Language Navigation and Spatial Reasoning in Visual Street Environmentscited by 238
  2. 2023AerialVLN: Vision-and-Language Navigation for UAVscited by 117
  3. 2023Do Embodied Agents Dream of Pixelated Sheep: Embodied Decision Making using Language Guided World Modellingcited by 88
  4. 2024GRUtopia: Dream General Robots in a City at Scalecited by 54
  5. 2022Aerial Vision-and-Dialog Navigationcited by 48
  6. 2024CityNav: A Large-Scale Dataset for Real-World Aerial Navigationcited by 40
  7. 2024V-IRL: Grounding Virtual Intelligence in Real Lifecited by 35
  8. 2021Core Challenges in Embodied Vision-Language Planningcited by 30
  9. 2024A social path to human-like artificial intelligencecited by 20

Built on by

Cited by year (2026 to 7 Oct)

Citing papers per year: 2024: 2; 2025: 23; 2026: 17.

42 papers.

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  1. 2025EmbodiedBench: Comprehensive Benchmarking Multi-modal Large Language Models for Vision-Driven Embodied Agentscited by 213
  2. 2024Understanding World or Predicting Future? A Comprehensive Survey of World Modelscited by 161
  3. 2025UAVs Meet LLMs: Overviews and Perspectives Toward Agentic Low-Altitude Mobilitycited by 48
  4. 2025How to Enable LLM with 3D Capacity? A Survey of Spatial Reasoning in LLMcited by 41
  5. 2025Open3D-VQA: A Benchmark for Comprehensive Spatial Reasoning with Multimodal Large Language Model in Open Spacecited by 37
  6. 2025Embodied-R: Collaborative Framework for Activating Embodied Spatial Reasoning in Foundation Models via Reinforcement Learningcited by 37
  7. 2025UrbanVideo-Bench: Benchmarking Vision-Language Models on Embodied Intelligence with Video Data in Urban Spacescited by 33
  8. 2025CityEQA: A Hierarchical LLM Agent on Embodied Question Answering Benchmark in City Spacecited by 31
  9. 20253D Scene Generation: A Surveycited by 24
  10. 2025Balanced Token Pruning: Accelerating Vision Language Models Beyond Local Optimizationcited by 20
  11. 2025AirCopBench: A Benchmark for Multi-drone Collaborative Embodied Perception and Reasoningcited by 19
  12. 2025RefDrone: A Challenging Benchmark for Referring Expression Comprehension in Drone Scenescited by 17
30 more
  1. 2025Towards Autonomous Micromobility through Scalable Urban Simulationcited by 16
  2. 2025SkyVLN: Vision-and-Language Navigation and NMPC Control for UAVs in Urban Environmentscited by 14
  3. 2026iWorld-Bench: A Benchmark for Interactive World Models with a Unified Action Generation Frameworkcited by 14
  4. 2025Virtual Community: An Open World for Humans, Robots, and Societycited by 13
  5. 2026SimWorld Studio: Automatic Environment Generation with Evolving Coding Agent for Embodied Agent Learningcited by 13
  6. 2024SmartAgent: Chain-of-User-Thought for Embodied Personalized Agent in Cyber Worldcited by 10
  7. 2025BEDI: A Comprehensive Benchmark for Evaluating Embodied Agents on UAVscited by 10
  8. 2025ScholarEval: Research Idea Evaluation Grounded in Literaturecited by 10
  9. 2025SimWorld: An Open-ended Realistic Simulator for Autonomous Agents in Physical and Social Worldscited by 10
  10. 2025General-Purpose Aerial Intelligent Agents Empowered by Large Language Modelscited by 9
  11. 2026CityCube: Benchmarking Cross-view Spatial Reasoning on Vision-Language Models in Urban Environmentscited by 8
  12. 2025AirScape: An Aerial Generative World Model with Motion Controllabilitycited by 7
  13. 2026SpatialWorld: Benchmarking Interactive Spatial Reasoning of Multimodal Agents in Real-World Taskscited by 6
  14. 2025DeliveryBench: Can Agents Earn Profit in Real World?cited by 5
  15. 2025CubeBench: Diagnosing Interactive, Long-Horizon Spatial Reasoning Under Partial Observationscited by 3
  16. 2026Physical Prompt Injection Attacks on Large Vision-Language Modelscited by 3
  17. 2026AirGroundBench: Probing Spatial Intelligence in Multimodal Large Models under Heterogeneous Multi-View Embodied Collaborationcited by 2
  18. 2026ActiveFly-Bench: Aligning Embodied Question Answering with Vision-Language-Action for Aerial Embodied Perceptioncited by 2
  19. 2026SpatialUAV: Benchmarking Spatial Intelligence for Low-Altitude UAV Perception, Collaboration, and Motioncited by 1
  20. 2026360CityArena: A Realistic Virtual Urban Navigation Benchmark for Embodied Agentscited by 1
  21. 2026Towards Embodied Air-Ground Cooperative Object Search: Benchmark, Dataset and Agentic Methodcited by 1
  22. 2026DeliveryGym: An RL Environment for Long-Horizon Embodied Agent Planning with Adaptive Curriculumcited by 1
  23. 2025Spatial Knowledge Graph-Guided Multimodal Synthesiscited by 0
  24. 2025OceanGym: A Benchmark Environment for Underwater Embodied Agentscited by 0
  25. 2026How Far Are Large Multimodal Models from Human-Level Spatial Action? A Benchmark for Goal-Oriented Embodied Navigation in Urban Airspacecited by 0
  26. 2026ABot-AgentOS: A General Robotic Agent OS with Lifelong Multi-modal Memorycited by 0
  27. 2026MulRobBench: A Decision-Level Benchmark for Safe and Security-Policy-Compliant Multimodal UAV Agentscited by 0
  28. 2026Lingjing: A Simulation Testbed for Multi-Agent Embodied Tasks in Open-Ended Citiescited by 0
  29. 2026Do World Models Make Better Robots? A Survey of Evaluation Benchmarks for Predictive Embodied Intelligencecited by 0
  30. 2026Multi-Scale Semantic Mapping in Urban Environments via Observation Calibration and Policy Dependence Regularizationcited by 0

Similar, not cited

Close in wording, no citation either way

  1. 2019Habitat: A Platform for Embodied AI Research
  2. 2024Aligning Cyber Space with Physical World: A Comprehensive Survey on Embodied AI
  3. 2025A Survey: Learning Embodied Intelligence from Physical Simulators and World Models
  4. 2026Embodied-BenchClaw: An Autonomous Multi-Agent System for Embodied Spatial Intelligence Benchmark Construction
  5. 2025A Comprehensive Survey on World Models for Embodied AI
  6. 2025Embodied AI Agents: Modeling the World
  7. 2026Embodied Operators and Benchmarking: Toward Reusable and Deployable Embodied Intelligence Systems
  8. 2026EmbodiedGen V2: An Agentic, Simulation-Ready 3D World Engine for Embodied AI