EmbodiedCity: A Benchmark Platform for Embodied Agent in Real-world City Environment
On the map: LLM agents and tool use → Multimodal and embodied agents
Abstract (arXiv)
Embodied artificial intelligence emphasizes the role of an agent's body in generating human-like behaviors. The recent efforts on EmbodiedAI pay a lot of attention to building up machine learning models to possess perceiving, planning, and acting abilities, thereby enabling real-time interaction with the world. However, most works focus on bounded indoor environments, such as navigation in a room or manipulating a device, with limited exploration of embodying the agents in open-world scenarios. That is, embodied intelligence in the open and outdoor environment is less explored, for which one potential reason is the lack of high-quality simulators, benchmarks, and datasets. To address it, in this paper, we construct a benchmark platform for embodied intelligence evaluation in real-world city environments. Specifically, we first construct a highly realistic 3D simulation environment based on the real buildings, roads, and other elements in a real city. In this environment, we combine historically collected data and simulation algorithms to conduct simulations of pedestrian and vehicle flows with high fidelity. Further, we designed a set of evaluation tasks covering different EmbodiedAI abilities. Moreover, we provide a complete set of input and output interfaces for access, enabling embodied agents to easily take task requirements and current environmental observations as input and then make decisions and obtain performance evaluations. On the one hand, it expands the capability of existing embodied intelligence to higher levels. On the other hand, it has a higher practical value in the real world and can support more potential applications for artificial general intelligence. Based on this platform, we evaluate some popular large language models for embodied intelligence capabilities of different dimensions and difficulties.
Key facts. Cited by 42 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). Placed in Multimodal and embodied agents, one of 16 directions in LLM agents and tool use. Builds on 22 of its 34 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 12 Oct 2024.
Builds on
22 of 34 references.
Closest ancestors · 1
Same direction, newest first
- 2023An Embodied Generalist Agent in 3D World18 Nov
Other references · 21
- 2019Sentence-BERT: Sentence Embeddings using Siamese BERT-Networkscited by 9,049
- 2019nuScenes: A multimodal dataset for autonomous drivingcited by 4,485
- 2017CARLA: An Open Urban Driving Simulatorcited by 2,431
- 2023PaLM-E: An Embodied Multimodal Language Modelcited by 2,037
- 2014CIDEr: Consensus-based Image Description Evaluationcited by 2,027
- 2020ALFWorld: Aligning Text and Embodied Environments for Interactive Learningcited by 1,143
- 2023Open X-Embodiment: Robotic Learning Datasets and RT-X Modelscited by 849
- 2022MineDojo: Building Open-Ended Embodied Agents with Internet-Scale Knowledgecited by 469
- 2022ProcTHOR: Large-Scale Embodied AI Using Procedural Generationcited by 369
- 2021ScanQA: 3D Question Answering for Spatial Scene Understandingcited by 340
- 2021MetaDrive: Composing Diverse Driving Scenarios for Generalizable Reinforcement Learningcited by 281
- 2021A Survey of Embodied AI: From Simulators to Research Taskscited by 256
9 more
- 2018Touchdown: Natural Language Navigation and Spatial Reasoning in Visual Street Environmentscited by 238
- 2023AerialVLN: Vision-and-Language Navigation for UAVscited by 117
- 2023Do Embodied Agents Dream of Pixelated Sheep: Embodied Decision Making using Language Guided World Modellingcited by 88
- 2024GRUtopia: Dream General Robots in a City at Scalecited by 54
- 2022Aerial Vision-and-Dialog Navigationcited by 48
- 2024CityNav: A Large-Scale Dataset for Real-World Aerial Navigationcited by 40
- 2024V-IRL: Grounding Virtual Intelligence in Real Lifecited by 35
- 2021Core Challenges in Embodied Vision-Language Planningcited by 30
- 2024A social path to human-like artificial intelligencecited by 20
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Citing papers per year: 2024: 2; 2025: 23; 2026: 17.
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- 2026MulRobBench: A Decision-Level Benchmark for Safe and Security-Policy-Compliant Multimodal UAV Agents26 Jul 2026
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- 2025CubeBench: Diagnosing Interactive, Long-Horizon Spatial Reasoning Under Partial Observations29 Dec 2025
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- 2025SimWorld: An Open-ended Realistic Simulator for Autonomous Agents in Physical and Social Worlds30 Nov 2025
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- 2025ScholarEval: Research Idea Evaluation Grounded in Literature17 Oct 2025
- 2025OceanGym: A Benchmark Environment for Underwater Embodied Agents30 Sep 2025
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- 2025Spatial Knowledge Graph-Guided Multimodal Synthesis28 May 2025
- 2025Balanced Token Pruning: Accelerating Vision Language Models Beyond Local Optimization28 May 2025
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- 2025Open3D-VQA: A Benchmark for Comprehensive Spatial Reasoning with Multimodal Large Language Model in Open Space14 Mar 2025
- 2025General-Purpose Aerial Intelligent Agents Empowered by Large Language Models11 Mar 2025
- 2025UrbanVideo-Bench: Benchmarking Vision-Language Models on Embodied Intelligence with Video Data in Urban Spaces8 Mar 2025
- 2025CityEQA: A Hierarchical LLM Agent on Embodied Question Answering Benchmark in City Space18 Feb 2025
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- 2025BEDI: A Comprehensive Benchmark for Evaluating Embodied Agents on UAVscited by 10
- 2025SimWorld: An Open-ended Realistic Simulator for Autonomous Agents in Physical and Social Worldscited by 10
- 2025General-Purpose Aerial Intelligent Agents Empowered by Large Language Modelscited by 9
- 2025DeliveryBench: Can Agents Earn Profit in Real World?cited by 5
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- 2025OceanGym: A Benchmark Environment for Underwater Embodied Agentscited by 0
- 2026ABot-AgentOS: A General Robotic Agent OS with Lifelong Multi-modal Memorycited by 0
- 2026Lingjing: A Simulation Testbed for Multi-Agent Embodied Tasks in Open-Ended Citiescited by 0
- 2026DeliveryGym: An RL Environment for Long-Horizon Embodied Agent Planning with Adaptive Curriculum17 Sep 2026
- 2026Towards Embodied Air-Ground Cooperative Object Search: Benchmark, Dataset and Agentic Method8 Sep 2026
- 2026Lingjing: A Simulation Testbed for Multi-Agent Embodied Tasks in Open-Ended Cities8 Aug 2026
- 2026ABot-AgentOS: A General Robotic Agent OS with Lifelong Multi-modal Memory11 Jul 2026
- 2026SimWorld Studio: Automatic Environment Generation with Evolving Coding Agent for Embodied Agent Learning10 May 2026
- 2025DeliveryBench: Can Agents Earn Profit in Real World?22 Dec 2025
- 2025SimWorld: An Open-ended Realistic Simulator for Autonomous Agents in Physical and Social Worlds30 Nov 2025
- 2025OceanGym: A Benchmark Environment for Underwater Embodied Agents30 Sep 2025
- 2025BEDI: A Comprehensive Benchmark for Evaluating Embodied Agents on UAVs23 May 2025
- 2025General-Purpose Aerial Intelligent Agents Empowered by Large Language Models11 Mar 2025
- 2025CityEQA: A Hierarchical LLM Agent on Embodied Question Answering Benchmark in City Space18 Feb 2025
- 2025UAVs Meet LLMs: Overviews and Perspectives Toward Agentic Low-Altitude Mobility4 Jan 2025
- 2025How to Enable LLM with 3D Capacity? A Survey of Spatial Reasoning in LLMcited by 41
- 2025Open3D-VQA: A Benchmark for Comprehensive Spatial Reasoning with Multimodal Large Language Model in Open Spacecited by 37
- 2025Embodied-R: Collaborative Framework for Activating Embodied Spatial Reasoning in Foundation Models via Reinforcement Learningcited by 37
- 2025AirCopBench: A Benchmark for Multi-drone Collaborative Embodied Perception and Reasoningcited by 19
- 2024SmartAgent: Chain-of-User-Thought for Embodied Personalized Agent in Cyber Worldcited by 10
- 2026CityCube: Benchmarking Cross-view Spatial Reasoning on Vision-Language Models in Urban Environmentscited by 8
- 2026SpatialWorld: Benchmarking Interactive Spatial Reasoning of Multimodal Agents in Real-World Taskscited by 6
- 2025CubeBench: Diagnosing Interactive, Long-Horizon Spatial Reasoning Under Partial Observationscited by 3
- 2026SpatialWorld: Benchmarking Interactive Spatial Reasoning of Multimodal Agents in Real-World Tasks8 Jun 2026
- 2026CityCube: Benchmarking Cross-view Spatial Reasoning on Vision-Language Models in Urban Environments20 Jan 2026
- 2025CubeBench: Diagnosing Interactive, Long-Horizon Spatial Reasoning Under Partial Observations29 Dec 2025
- 2025AirCopBench: A Benchmark for Multi-drone Collaborative Embodied Perception and Reasoning14 Nov 2025
- 2025Embodied-R: Collaborative Framework for Activating Embodied Spatial Reasoning in Foundation Models via Reinforcement Learning17 Apr 2025
- 2025How to Enable LLM with 3D Capacity? A Survey of Spatial Reasoning in LLM8 Apr 2025
- 2025Open3D-VQA: A Benchmark for Comprehensive Spatial Reasoning with Multimodal Large Language Model in Open Space14 Mar 2025
- 2024SmartAgent: Chain-of-User-Thought for Embodied Personalized Agent in Cyber World10 Dec 2024
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- 2026How Far Are Large Multimodal Models from Human-Level Spatial Action? A Benchmark for Goal-Oriented Embodied Navigation in Urban Airspacecited by 0
- 2026AirGroundBench: Probing Spatial Intelligence in Multimodal Large Models under Heterogeneous Multi-View Embodied Collaboration26 Jun 2026
- 2026How Far Are Large Multimodal Models from Human-Level Spatial Action? A Benchmark for Goal-Oriented Embodied Navigation in Urban Airspace9 Apr 2026
- 2026Physical Prompt Injection Attacks on Large Vision-Language Models24 Jan 2026
- 2025Spatial Knowledge Graph-Guided Multimodal Synthesis28 May 2025
- 2025Balanced Token Pruning: Accelerating Vision Language Models Beyond Local Optimization28 May 2025
- 2025UrbanVideo-Bench: Benchmarking Vision-Language Models on Embodied Intelligence with Video Data in Urban Spaces8 Mar 2025
- 2025EmbodiedBench: Comprehensive Benchmarking Multi-modal Large Language Models for Vision-Driven Embodied Agents13 Feb 2025
- 2024Understanding World or Predicting Future? A Comprehensive Survey of World Modelscited by 161
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- 2025AirScape: An Aerial Generative World Model with Motion Controllabilitycited by 7
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- 2026Do World Models Make Better Robots? A Survey of Evaluation Benchmarks for Predictive Embodied Intelligence30 Aug 2026
- 2026iWorld-Bench: A Benchmark for Interactive World Models with a Unified Action Generation Framework5 May 2026
- 2025AirScape: An Aerial Generative World Model with Motion Controllability10 Jul 2025
- 2024Understanding World or Predicting Future? A Comprehensive Survey of World Models21 Nov 2024
- 20253D Scene Generation: A Surveycited by 24
- 20253D Scene Generation: A Survey8 May 2025
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- 2025SkyVLN: Vision-and-Language Navigation and NMPC Control for UAVs in Urban Environmentscited by 14
- 2025Virtual Community: An Open World for Humans, Robots, and Societycited by 13
- 2025ScholarEval: Research Idea Evaluation Grounded in Literaturecited by 10
- 2026ActiveFly-Bench: Aligning Embodied Question Answering with Vision-Language-Action for Aerial Embodied Perceptioncited by 2
- 2026SpatialUAV: Benchmarking Spatial Intelligence for Low-Altitude UAV Perception, Collaboration, and Motioncited by 1
- 2026360CityArena: A Realistic Virtual Urban Navigation Benchmark for Embodied Agentscited by 1
- 2026MulRobBench: A Decision-Level Benchmark for Safe and Security-Policy-Compliant Multimodal UAV Agentscited by 0
- 2026Multi-Scale Semantic Mapping in Urban Environments via Observation Calibration and Policy Dependence Regularizationcited by 0
- 2026Multi-Scale Semantic Mapping in Urban Environments via Observation Calibration and Policy Dependence Regularization28 Sep 2026
- 2026360CityArena: A Realistic Virtual Urban Navigation Benchmark for Embodied Agents9 Aug 2026
- 2026MulRobBench: A Decision-Level Benchmark for Safe and Security-Policy-Compliant Multimodal UAV Agents26 Jul 2026
- 2026ActiveFly-Bench: Aligning Embodied Question Answering with Vision-Language-Action for Aerial Embodied Perception11 Jul 2026
- 2026SpatialUAV: Benchmarking Spatial Intelligence for Low-Altitude UAV Perception, Collaboration, and Motion26 Jun 2026
- 2025ScholarEval: Research Idea Evaluation Grounded in Literature17 Oct 2025
- 2025Virtual Community: An Open World for Humans, Robots, and Society20 Aug 2025
- 2025SkyVLN: Vision-and-Language Navigation and NMPC Control for UAVs in Urban Environments9 Jul 2025
- 2025Towards Autonomous Micromobility through Scalable Urban Simulation1 May 2025
- 2025RefDrone: A Challenging Benchmark for Referring Expression Comprehension in Drone Scenes1 Feb 2025
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