mlsanityData to 7 Oct 2026

A Challenger to GPT-4V? Early Explorations of Gemini in Visual Expertise

arXiv 2312.12436 ↗First posted 19 Dec 2023cs.CV cs.AI cs.CLcited by 49

On the map: Multimodal LLMs / vision-language models → VLM benchmarks and visual reasoning

Abstract (arXiv)

The surge of interest towards Multi-modal Large Language Models (MLLMs), e.g., GPT-4V(ision) from OpenAI, has marked a significant trend in both academia and industry. They endow Large Language Models (LLMs) with powerful capabilities in visual understanding, enabling them to tackle diverse multi-modal tasks. Very recently, Google released Gemini, its newest and most capable MLLM built from the ground up for multi-modality. In light of the superior reasoning capabilities, can Gemini challenge GPT-4V's leading position in multi-modal learning? In this paper, we present a preliminary exploration of Gemini Pro's visual understanding proficiency, which comprehensively covers four domains: fundamental perception, advanced cognition, challenging vision tasks, and various expert capacities. We compare Gemini Pro with the state-of-the-art GPT-4V to evaluate its upper limits, along with the latest open-sourced MLLM, Sphinx, which reveals the gap between manual efforts and black-box systems. The qualitative samples indicate that, while GPT-4V and Gemini showcase different answering styles and preferences, they can exhibit comparable visual reasoning capabilities, and Sphinx still trails behind them concerning domain generalizability. Specifically, GPT-4V tends to elaborate detailed explanations and intermediate steps, and Gemini prefers to output a direct and concise answer. The quantitative evaluation on the popular MME benchmark also demonstrates the potential of Gemini to be a strong challenger to GPT-4V. Our early investigation of Gemini also observes some common issues of MLLMs, indicating that there still remains a considerable distance towards artificial general intelligence. Our project for tracking the progress of MLLM is released at https://github.com/BradyFU/Awesome-Multimodal-Large-Language-Models.

Key facts. Cited by 49 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). Placed in VLM benchmarks and visual reasoning, one of 16 directions in Multimodal LLMs / vision-language models. Builds on 36 of its 65 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 19 Dec 2023.

Builds on

36 of 65 references.

Closest ancestors · 4

Same direction, newest first

  1. 2023MathVista: Evaluating Mathematical Reasoning of Foundation Models in Visual Contexts3 Oct
  2. 2023Qwen-VL: A Versatile Vision-Language Model for Understanding, Localization, Text Reading, and Beyond24 Aug
  3. 2023OpenFlamingo: An Open-Source Framework for Training Large Autoregressive Vision-Language Models2 Aug
  4. 2022Flamingo: a Visual Language Model for Few-Shot Learning29 Apr

Other references · 32

  1. 2020Language Models are Few-Shot Learnerscited by 32,199
  2. 2023GPT-4 Technical Reportcited by 18,132
  3. 2022Training language models to follow instructions with human feedbackcited by 15,712
  4. 2023LLaMA: Open and Efficient Foundation Language Modelscited by 13,958
  5. 2022Chain-of-Thought Prompting Elicits Reasoning in Large Language Modelscited by 12,302
  6. 2023Visual Instruction Tuningcited by 7,792
  7. 2020Measuring Massive Multitask Language Understandingcited by 7,768
  8. 2022PaLM: Scaling Language Modeling with Pathwayscited by 5,304
  9. 2022Large Language Models are Zero-Shot Reasonerscited by 4,323
  10. 2021Finetuned Language Models Are Zero-Shot Learnerscited by 3,747
  11. 2023Grounding DINO: Marrying DINO with Grounded Pre-Training for Open-Set Object Detectioncited by 3,274
  12. 2022Training Compute-Optimal Large Language Modelscited by 2,927
20 more
  1. 2023InstructBLIP: Towards General-purpose Vision-Language Models with Instruction Tuningcited by 2,855
  2. 2023MiniGPT-4: Enhancing Vision-Language Understanding with Advanced Large Language Modelscited by 2,689
  3. 2023Sparks of Artificial General Intelligence: Early experiments with GPT-4cited by 2,579
  4. 2023PaLM-E: An Embodied Multimodal Language Modelcited by 2,037
  5. 2023MME: A Comprehensive Evaluation Benchmark for Multimodal Large Language Modelscited by 1,624
  6. 2021Multitask Prompted Training Enables Zero-Shot Task Generalizationcited by 1,462
  7. 2023PaLM 2 Technical Reportcited by 1,154
  8. 2023mPLUG-Owl: Modularization Empowers Large Language Models with Multimodalitycited by 1,038
  9. 2023A Survey on Multimodal Large Language Modelscited by 898
  10. 2023LLaMA-Adapter: Efficient Fine-tuning of Language Models with Zero-init Attentioncited by 776
  11. 2023The Dawn of LMMs: Preliminary Explorations with GPT-4V(ision)cited by 677
  12. 2021Multimodal Few-Shot Learning with Frozen Language Modelscited by 657
  13. 2023NExT-GPT: Any-to-Any Multimodal LLMcited by 610
  14. 2023LLaMA-Adapter V2: Parameter-Efficient Visual Instruction Modelcited by 602
  15. 2023Language Is Not All You Need: Aligning Perception with Language Modelscited by 543
  16. 2023SPHINX: The Joint Mixing of Weights, Tasks, and Visual Embeddings for Multi-modal Large Language Modelscited by 283
  17. 2023MultiModal-GPT: A Vision and Language Model for Dialogue with Humanscited by 255
  18. 2023Point-Bind & Point-LLM: Aligning Point Cloud with Multi-modality for 3D Understanding, Generation, and Instruction Followingcited by 192
  19. 2023ImageBind-LLM: Multi-modality Instruction Tuningcited by 142
  20. 2023LLaVA-Interactive: An All-in-One Demo for Image Chat, Segmentation, Generation and Editingcited by 47

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Cited by year (2026 to 7 Oct)

Citing papers per year: 2023: 3; 2024: 40; 2025: 4; 2026: 2.

49 papers.

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  1. 2024Video-MME: The First-Ever Comprehensive Evaluation Benchmark of Multi-modal LLMs in Video Analysiscited by 1,375
  2. 2024MathVerse: Does Your Multi-modal LLM Truly See the Diagrams in Visual Math Problems?cited by 573
  3. 2024InternLM-XComposer2: Mastering Free-form Text-Image Composition and Comprehension in Vision-Language Large Modelcited by 326
  4. 2024MME-RealWorld: Could Your Multimodal LLM Challenge High-Resolution Real-World Scenarios that are Difficult for Humans?cited by 284
  5. 2024InternLM-XComposer-2.5: A Versatile Large Vision Language Model Supporting Long-Contextual Input and Outputcited by 195
  6. 2024MobileVLM V2: Faster and Stronger Baseline for Vision Language Modelcited by 172
  7. 2024Ovis: Structural Embedding Alignment for Multimodal Large Language Modelcited by 167
  8. 2024InternLM-XComposer2-4KHD: A Pioneering Large Vision-Language Model Handling Resolutions from 336 Pixels to 4K HDcited by 156
  9. 2024SPHINX-X: Scaling Data and Parameters for a Family of Multi-modal Large Language Modelscited by 130
  10. 2023MobileVLM : A Fast, Strong and Open Vision Language Assistant for Mobile Devicescited by 120
  11. 2024AdaShield: Safeguarding Multimodal Large Language Models from Structure-based Attack via Adaptive Shield Promptingcited by 113
  12. 2024HourVideo: 1-Hour Video-Language Understandingcited by 110
37 more
  1. 2024Natural Language Understanding and Inference with MLLM in Visual Question Answering: A Surveycited by 74
  2. 2024Visual-RolePlay: Universal Jailbreak Attack on MultiModal Large Language Models via Role-playing Image Charactercited by 61
  3. 2024Scaffolding Coordinates to Promote Vision-Language Coordination in Large Multi-Modal Modelscited by 56
  4. 2024Visual Prompting in Multimodal Large Language Models: A Surveycited by 52
  5. 2024InternLM-XComposer2.5-OmniLive: A Comprehensive Multimodal System for Long-term Streaming Video and Audio Interactionscited by 48
  6. 2024Cantor: Inspiring Multimodal Chain-of-Thought of MLLMcited by 34
  7. 2024Are Large Vision Language Models up to the Challenge of Chart Comprehension and Reasoning? An Extensive Investigation into the Capabilities and Limitations of LVLMscited by 30
  8. 2024Effectiveness Assessment of Recent Large Vision-Language Modelscited by 29
  9. 2024Benchmarking Vision Language Model Unlearning via Fictitious Facial Identity Datasetcited by 29
  10. 2024Polymath: A Challenging Multi-modal Mathematical Reasoning Benchmarkcited by 22
  11. 2024UrbanVLP: Multi-Granularity Vision-Language Pretraining for Urban Socioeconomic Indicator Predictioncited by 19
  12. 2024RapGuard: Safeguarding Multimodal Large Language Models via Rationale-aware Defensive Promptingcited by 19
  13. 2024BlenderAlchemy: Editing 3D Graphics with Vision-Language Modelscited by 18
  14. 2024LLM and GNN are Complementary: Distilling LLM for Multimodal Graph Learningcited by 17
  15. 2024POINTS: Improving Your Vision-language Model with Affordable Strategiescited by 17
  16. 2023Gemini in Reasoning: Unveiling Commonsense in Multimodal Large Language Modelscited by 15
  17. 2024MedThink: Explaining Medical Visual Question Answering via Multimodal Decision-Making Rationalecited by 14
  18. 2025LanP: Rethinking the Impact of Language Priors in Large Vision-Language Modelscited by 14
  19. 2023Gemini Pro Defeated by GPT-4V: Evidence from Educationcited by 12
  20. 2024CODIS: Benchmarking Context-Dependent Visual Comprehension for Multimodal Large Language Modelscited by 11
  21. 2024Exploring Boundary of GPT-4V on Marine Analysis: A Preliminary Case Studycited by 9
  22. 2024NaviQAte: Functionality-Guided Web Application Navigationcited by 9
  23. 2024MFE-ETP: A Comprehensive Evaluation Benchmark for Multi-modal Foundation Models on Embodied Task Planningcited by 8
  24. 2024OmniFusion Technical Reportcited by 6
  25. 2024INS-MMBench: A Comprehensive Benchmark for Evaluating LVLMs' Performance in Insurancecited by 6
  26. 20253DAxisPrompt: Promoting the 3D Grounding and Reasoning in GPT-4ocited by 6
  27. 2024NPHardEval4V: Dynamic Evaluation of Large Vision-Language Models with Effects of Visioncited by 5
  28. 2024TurtleBench: A Visual Programming Benchmark in Turtle Geometrycited by 4
  29. 2025From Correctness to Comprehension: AI Agents for Personalized Error Diagnosis in Educationcited by 4
  30. 2025MUCAR: Benchmarking Multilingual Cross-Modal Ambiguity Resolution for Multimodal Large Language Modelscited by 4
  31. 2024Evaluating the Efficacy of Prompt-Engineered Large Multimodal Models Versus Fine-Tuned Vision Transformers in Image-Based Security Applicationscited by 3
  32. 2024Clean Evaluations on Contaminated Visual Language Modelscited by 3
  33. 2026Clarify or Answer: Reinforcement Learning for Agentic VQA with Context Under-specificationcited by 2
  34. 2024GPT-4V Explorations: Mining Autonomous Drivingcited by 1
  35. 2024Blocks as Probes: Dissecting Categorization Ability of Large Multimodal Modelscited by 1
  36. 2024Patch is Enough: Naturalistic Adversarial Patch against Vision-Language Pre-training Modelscited by 0
  37. 2026Learning to See through Illumination Extremes with Event Streaming in Multimodal Large Language Modelscited by 0

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  1. 2023Gemini vs GPT-4V: A Preliminary Comparison and Combination of Vision-Language Models Through Qualitative Cases
  2. 2024Mini-Gemini: Mining the Potential of Multi-modality Vision Language Models
  3. 2023A Comprehensive Evaluation of GPT-4V on Knowledge-Intensive Visual Question Answering
  4. 2023An In-depth Look at Gemini's Language Abilities
  5. 2023GPT-4V(ision) as a Generalist Evaluator for Vision-Language Tasks
  6. 2023Lost in Translation: When GPT-4V(ision) Can't See Eye to Eye with Text. A Vision-Language-Consistency Analysis of VLLMs and Beyond
  7. 2024Putting GPT-4o to the Sword: A Comprehensive Evaluation of Language, Vision, Speech, and Multimodal Proficiency
  8. 2023Assessing GPT4-V on Structured Reasoning Tasks