Gemini vs GPT-4V: A Preliminary Comparison and Combination of Vision-Language Models Through Qualitative Cases
On the map: Multimodal LLMs / vision-language models → VLM benchmarks and visual reasoning
Abstract (arXiv)
The rapidly evolving sector of Multi-modal Large Language Models (MLLMs) is at the forefront of integrating linguistic and visual processing in artificial intelligence. This paper presents an in-depth comparative study of two pioneering models: Google's Gemini and OpenAI's GPT-4V(ision). Our study involves a multi-faceted evaluation of both models across key dimensions such as Vision-Language Capability, Interaction with Humans, Temporal Understanding, and assessments in both Intelligence and Emotional Quotients. The core of our analysis delves into the distinct visual comprehension abilities of each model. We conducted a series of structured experiments to evaluate their performance in various industrial application scenarios, offering a comprehensive perspective on their practical utility. We not only involve direct performance comparisons but also include adjustments in prompts and scenarios to ensure a balanced and fair analysis. Our findings illuminate the unique strengths and niches of both models. GPT-4V distinguishes itself with its precision and succinctness in responses, while Gemini excels in providing detailed, expansive answers accompanied by relevant imagery and links. These understandings not only shed light on the comparative merits of Gemini and GPT-4V but also underscore the evolving landscape of multimodal foundation models, paving the way for future advancements in this area. After the comparison, we attempted to achieve better results by combining the two models. Finally, We would like to express our profound gratitude to the teams behind GPT-4V and Gemini for their pioneering contributions to the field. Our acknowledgments are also extended to the comprehensive qualitative analysis presented in 'Dawn' by Yang et al. This work, with its extensive collection of image samples, prompts, and GPT-4V-related results, provided a foundational basis for our analysis.
Key facts. Cited by 12 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026). Placed in VLM benchmarks and visual reasoning, one of 16 directions in Multimodal LLMs / vision-language models. Builds on 28 of its 38 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 22 Dec 2023.
Builds on
28 of 38 references.
Closest ancestors · 3
Same direction, newest first
- 2023Qwen-VL: A Versatile Vision-Language Model for Understanding, Localization, Text Reading, and Beyond24 Aug
- 2023OpenFlamingo: An Open-Source Framework for Training Large Autoregressive Vision-Language Models2 Aug
- 2022Flamingo: a Visual Language Model for Few-Shot Learning29 Apr
Other references · 25
- 2020Language Models are Few-Shot Learnerscited by 32,419
- 2023GPT-4 Technical Reportcited by 18,396
- 2022Training language models to follow instructions with human feedbackcited by 15,971
- 2023LLaMA: Open and Efficient Foundation Language Modelscited by 14,132
- 2023Visual Instruction Tuningcited by 7,869
- 2022PaLM: Scaling Language Modeling with Pathwayscited by 5,326
- 2023SDXL: Improving Latent Diffusion Models for High-Resolution Image Synthesiscited by 4,356
- 2021Finetuned Language Models Are Zero-Shot Learnerscited by 3,780
- 2022Training Compute-Optimal Large Language Modelscited by 3,019
- 2023InstructBLIP: Towards General-purpose Vision-Language Models with Instruction Tuningcited by 2,876
- 2023MiniGPT-4: Enhancing Vision-Language Understanding with Advanced Large Language Modelscited by 2,711
- 2023PaLM-E: An Embodied Multimodal Language Modelcited by 2,071
13 more
- 2021Multitask Prompted Training Enables Zero-Shot Task Generalizationcited by 1,470
- 2023PaLM 2 Technical Reportcited by 1,162
- 2023mPLUG-Owl: Modularization Empowers Large Language Models with Multimodalitycited by 1,040
- 2023Gemini: A Family of Highly Capable Multimodal Modelscited by 872
- 2023The Dawn of LMMs: Preliminary Explorations with GPT-4V(ision)cited by 681
- 2021Multimodal Few-Shot Learning with Frozen Language Modelscited by 661
- 2023Language Is Not All You Need: Aligning Perception with Language Modelscited by 543
- 2023GPT4RoI: Instruction Tuning Large Language Model on Region-of-Interestcited by 302
- 2023InternLM-XComposer: A Vision-Language Large Model for Advanced Text-image Comprehension and Compositioncited by 297
- 2023MultiModal-GPT: A Vision and Language Model for Dialogue with Humanscited by 255
- 2023Alpha-CLIP: A CLIP Model Focusing on Wherever You Wantcited by 151
- 2023VideoLLM: Modeling Video Sequence with Large Language Modelscited by 116
- 2023LLaVA-Interactive: An All-in-One Demo for Image Chat, Segmentation, Generation and Editingcited by 47
Built on by
Citing papers per year: 2024: 9; 2025: 2; 2026: 1.
12 papers.
- 2024InternLM-XComposer2: Mastering Free-form Text-Image Composition and Comprehension in Vision-Language Large Modelcited by 326
- 2024VSP: Assessing the dual challenges of perception and reasoning in spatial planning tasks for VLMscited by 47
- 2024Are Large Vision Language Models up to the Challenge of Chart Comprehension and Reasoning? An Extensive Investigation into the Capabilities and Limitations of LVLMscited by 30
- 2024The Curious Case of Nonverbal Abstract Reasoning with Multi-Modal Large Language Modelscited by 17
- 2024Improving Language Understanding from Screenshotscited by 14
- 2024MedThink: Explaining Medical Visual Question Answering via Multimodal Decision-Making Rationalecited by 14
- 2024Browse and Concentrate: Comprehending Multimodal Content via prior-LLM Context Fusioncited by 5
- 2025LingBench++: A Linguistically-Informed Benchmark and Reasoning Framework for Multi-Step and Cross-Cultural Inference with LLMscited by 5
- 2024Evaluating the Efficacy of Prompt-Engineered Large Multimodal Models Versus Fine-Tuned Vision Transformers in Image-Based Security Applicationscited by 3
- 2024AI's Spatial Intelligence: Evaluating AI's Understanding of Spatial Transformations in PSVT:R and Augmented Realitycited by 2
- 2025Agentic Design Review Systemcited by 2
- 2026A Pathway to General-Purpose Scientific AI: Multimodal Comprehension of Scientific Imagescited by 0
- 2026A Pathway to General-Purpose Scientific AI: Multimodal Comprehension of Scientific Images14 Aug 2026
- 2025Agentic Design Review System14 Aug 2025
- 2025LingBench++: A Linguistically-Informed Benchmark and Reasoning Framework for Multi-Step and Cross-Cultural Inference with LLMs22 Jul 2025
- 2024AI's Spatial Intelligence: Evaluating AI's Understanding of Spatial Transformations in PSVT:R and Augmented Reality9 Nov 2024
- 2024VSP: Assessing the dual challenges of perception and reasoning in spatial planning tasks for VLMs2 Jul 2024
- 2024Are Large Vision Language Models up to the Challenge of Chart Comprehension and Reasoning? An Extensive Investigation into the Capabilities and Limitations of LVLMs1 Jun 2024
- 2024MedThink: Explaining Medical Visual Question Answering via Multimodal Decision-Making Rationale18 Apr 2024
- 2024Evaluating the Efficacy of Prompt-Engineered Large Multimodal Models Versus Fine-Tuned Vision Transformers in Image-Based Security Applications26 Mar 2024
- 2024Improving Language Understanding from Screenshots21 Feb 2024
- 2024Browse and Concentrate: Comprehending Multimodal Content via prior-LLM Context Fusion19 Feb 2024
- 2024InternLM-XComposer2: Mastering Free-form Text-Image Composition and Comprehension in Vision-Language Large Model29 Jan 2024
- 2024The Curious Case of Nonverbal Abstract Reasoning with Multi-Modal Large Language Models22 Jan 2024
Similar, not cited
Close in wording, no citation either way
- 2023A Challenger to GPT-4V? Early Explorations of Gemini in Visual Expertise
- 2023An In-depth Look at Gemini's Language Abilities
- 2023Lost in Translation: When GPT-4V(ision) Can't See Eye to Eye with Text. A Vision-Language-Consistency Analysis of VLLMs and Beyond
- 2023Gemini in Reasoning: Unveiling Commonsense in Multimodal Large Language Models
- 2024Mini-Gemini: Mining the Potential of Multi-modality Vision Language Models
- 2023GPT-4V(ision) as a Generalist Evaluator for Vision-Language Tasks
- 2025Comparative Analysis Based on DeepSeek, ChatGPT, and Google Gemini: Features, Techniques, Performance, Future Prospects
- 2024Putting GPT-4o to the Sword: A Comprehensive Evaluation of Language, Vision, Speech, and Multimodal Proficiency