Building Emotional Support Chatbots in the Era of LLMs
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Abstract (arXiv)
The integration of emotional support into various conversational scenarios presents profound societal benefits, such as social interactions, mental health counseling, and customer service. However, there are unsolved challenges that hinder real-world applications in this field, including limited data availability and the absence of well-accepted model training paradigms. This work endeavors to navigate these challenges by harnessing the capabilities of Large Language Models (LLMs). We introduce an innovative methodology that synthesizes human insights with the computational prowess of LLMs to curate an extensive emotional support dialogue dataset. Our approach is initiated with a meticulously designed set of dialogues spanning diverse scenarios as generative seeds. By utilizing the in-context learning potential of ChatGPT, we recursively generate an ExTensible Emotional Support dialogue dataset, named ExTES. Following this, we deploy advanced tuning techniques on the LLaMA model, examining the impact of diverse training strategies, ultimately yielding an LLM meticulously optimized for emotional support interactions. An exhaustive assessment of the resultant model showcases its proficiency in offering emotional support, marking a pivotal step in the realm of emotional support bots and paving the way for subsequent research and implementations.
Key facts. Cited by 62 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026). Builds on 37 of its 69 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 17 Aug 2023.
Builds on
37 of 69 references.
References · 37
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- 2021Towards Emotional Support Dialog Systemscited by 299
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- 2022MISC: A MIxed Strategy-Aware Model Integrating COMET for Emotional Support Conversationcited by 85
- 2017MojiTalk: Generating Emotional Responses at Scalecited by 64
- 2022Improving Multi-turn Emotional Support Dialogue Generation with Lookahead Strategy Planningcited by 60
- 2022Control Globally, Understand Locally: A Global-to-Local Hierarchical Graph Network for Emotional Support Conversationcited by 56
- 2020Towards Persona-Based Empathetic Conversational Modelscited by 53
- 2017Affect-LM: A Neural Language Model for Customizable Affective Text Generationcited by 50
- 2023Knowledge-enhanced Mixed-initiative Dialogue System for Emotional Support Conversationscited by 41
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- 2021Towards an Online Empathetic Chatbot with Emotion Causescited by 16
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Citing papers per year: 2023: 5; 2024: 25; 2025: 17; 2026: 15.
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- 2025MoPHES:Leveraging on-device LLMs as Agent for Mobile Psychological Health Evaluation and Support17 Oct 2025
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- 2025Empathy-R1: A Chain-of-Empathy and Reinforcement Learning Framework for Long-Form Mental Health Support18 Sep 2025
- 2025Mitigating Strategy Preference Bias in Emotional Support Conversation via Uncertainty Estimations16 Sep 2025
- 2025PEER: Unified Process-Outcome Reinforcement Learning for Structured Empathetic Reasoning13 Aug 2025
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- 2025SocialSim: Towards Socialized Simulation of Emotional Support Conversation20 Jun 2025
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- 2025DialogXpert: Driving Intelligent and Emotion-Aware Conversations through Online Value-Based Reinforcement Learning with LLM Priors23 May 2025
- 2025What is Stigma Attributed to? A Theory-Grounded, Expert-Annotated Interview Corpus for Demystifying Mental-Health Stigma19 May 2025
- 2025Crisp: Cognitive Restructuring of Negative Thoughts through Multi-turn Supportive Dialogues24 Apr 2025
- 2025RedditESS: A Mental Health Social Support Interaction Dataset -- Understanding Effective Social Support to Refine AI-Driven Support Tools27 Mar 2025
- 2025Deconstructing Depression Stigma: Integrating AI-driven Data Collection and Analysis with Causal Knowledge Graphs9 Feb 2025
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- 2025From Rational Answers to Emotional Resonance: The Role of Controllable Emotion Generation in Language Models6 Feb 2025
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- 2024Understanding the Difficulty of Low-Precision Post-Training Quantization for LLMs18 Oct 2024
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- 2024FMDLlama: Financial Misinformation Detection based on Large Language Models24 Sep 2024
- 2024Improving Emotional Support Delivery in Text-Based Community Safety Reporting Using Large Language Models24 Sep 2024
- 2024EmoDynamiX: Emotional Support Dialogue Strategy Prediction by Modelling MiXed Emotions and Discourse Dynamics16 Aug 2024
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- 2024"I Like Sunnie More Than I Expected!": Exploring User Expectation and Perception of an Anthropomorphic LLM-based Conversational Agent for Well-Being Support22 May 2024
- 2024Empathy Through Multimodality in Conversational Interfaces8 May 2024
- 2024Towards Human-centered Proactive Conversational Agents19 Apr 2024
- 2024Mix-Initiative Response Generation with Dynamic Prefix Tuning26 Mar 2024
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50 newest of 62 All 62 (JSON)
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- 2026AgriWorld:A World Tools Protocol Framework for Verifiable Agricultural Reasoning with Code-Executing LLM Agentscited by 2
- 2026EmoLLM: Appraisal-Grounded Cognitive-Emotional Co-Reasoning in Large Language Modelscited by 0
- 2026Why It Hurts: Identifying the Drivers of Negative Thoughts in Emotional Support Conversationscited by 0
- 2026Why It Hurts: Identifying the Drivers of Negative Thoughts in Emotional Support Conversations2 Jun 2026
- 2026EmoLLM: Appraisal-Grounded Cognitive-Emotional Co-Reasoning in Large Language Models17 Mar 2026
- 2026AgriWorld:A World Tools Protocol Framework for Verifiable Agricultural Reasoning with Code-Executing LLM Agents17 Feb 2026
- 2025PEER: Unified Process-Outcome Reinforcement Learning for Structured Empathetic Reasoning13 Aug 2025
- 2025Crisp: Cognitive Restructuring of Negative Thoughts through Multi-turn Supportive Dialogues24 Apr 2025
- 2023TPE: Towards Better Compositional Reasoning over Conceptual Tools with Multi-persona Collaboration28 Sep 2023
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- 2024Script-Based Dialog Policy Planning for LLM-Powered Conversational Agents: A Basic Architecture for an "AI Therapist"13 Dec 2024
- 2024On the Multi-turn Instruction Following for Conversational Web Agents23 Feb 2024
- 2024The Future of Cognitive Strategy-enhanced Persuasive Dialogue Agents: New Perspectives and Trends7 Feb 2024
- 2023Plug-and-Play Policy Planner for Large Language Model Powered Dialogue Agents1 Nov 2023
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- 2026VIBE-Bench: Evaluating Personalized Large Language Models When Profiles Don't Mean Preferencescited by 0
- 2026VIBE-Bench: Evaluating Personalized Large Language Models When Profiles Don't Mean Preferences1 Sep 2026
- 2026PsychEthicsBench: Evaluating Large Language Models Against Australian Mental Health Ethics7 Jan 2026
- 2025Mitigating Strategy Preference Bias in Emotional Support Conversation via Uncertainty Estimations16 Sep 2025
- 2024EmoLLMs: A Series of Emotional Large Language Models and Annotation Tools for Comprehensive Affective Analysiscited by 62
- 2024Can Large Language Models be Good Emotional Supporter? Mitigating Preference Bias on Emotional Support Conversationcited by 55
- 2024Towards Human-centered Proactive Conversational Agentscited by 49
- 2024Large Language Models in Mental Health Care: a Scoping Reviewcited by 34
- 2024Affective Computing in the Era of Large Language Models: A Survey from the NLP Perspectivecited by 25
- 2023User Modeling in the Era of Large Language Models: Current Research and Future Directionscited by 18
- 2024Understanding the Impact of Long-Term Memory on Self-Disclosure with Large Language Model-Driven Chatbots for Public Health Interventioncited by 15
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- 2024Simulation-Free Hierarchical Latent Policy Planning for Proactive Dialoguescited by 14
- 2025Mapping Caregiver Needs to AI Chatbot Design: Strengths and Gaps in Mental Health Support for Alzheimer's and Dementia Caregiverscited by 13
- 2024Both Matter: Enhancing the Emotional Intelligence of Large Language Models without Compromising the General Intelligencecited by 11
- 2024Self-assessment, Exhibition, and Recognition: a Review of Personality in Large Language Modelscited by 11
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- 2026On-Device Language Models for Privacy-Preserving Stress Prediction: A Multimodal Evaluation on Mobile Health11 Aug 2026
- 2026Persona-Grounded Safety Evaluation of AI Companions in Multi-Turn Conversations30 Apr 2026
- 2026SAGE: A Strategy-Aware Graph-Enhanced Generation Framework For Online Counseling29 Apr 2026
- 2026UP-NRPA: User Portrait based Nested Rollout Policy Adaptation for Planning with Large Language Models in Goal-oriented Dialogue Systems7 Apr 2026
- 2026Affective Flow Language Model for Emotional Support Conversation9 Feb 2026
- 2026The Art of Socratic Inquiry: A Framework for Proactive Template-Guided Therapeutic Conversation Generation2 Feb 2026
- 2026How Human is AI? Examining the Impact of Emotional Prompts on Artificial and Human and Responsiveness8 Jan 2026
- 2025You Never Know a Person, You Only Know Their Defenses: Detecting Levels of Psychological Defense Mechanisms in Supportive Conversations17 Dec 2025
- 2025MoPHES:Leveraging on-device LLMs as Agent for Mobile Psychological Health Evaluation and Support17 Oct 2025
- 2025CARE: Cognitive-reasoning Augmented Reinforcement for Emotional Support Conversation30 Sep 2025
- 2025Empathy-R1: A Chain-of-Empathy and Reinforcement Learning Framework for Long-Form Mental Health Support18 Sep 2025
12 newest of 46 All 46 (JSON)