mlsanityData to 14 Oct 2026

Building Emotional Support Chatbots in the Era of LLMs

arXiv 2308.11584 ↗First posted 17 Aug 2023cs.CL cs.AIcited by 62

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Abstract (arXiv)

The integration of emotional support into various conversational scenarios presents profound societal benefits, such as social interactions, mental health counseling, and customer service. However, there are unsolved challenges that hinder real-world applications in this field, including limited data availability and the absence of well-accepted model training paradigms. This work endeavors to navigate these challenges by harnessing the capabilities of Large Language Models (LLMs). We introduce an innovative methodology that synthesizes human insights with the computational prowess of LLMs to curate an extensive emotional support dialogue dataset. Our approach is initiated with a meticulously designed set of dialogues spanning diverse scenarios as generative seeds. By utilizing the in-context learning potential of ChatGPT, we recursively generate an ExTensible Emotional Support dialogue dataset, named ExTES. Following this, we deploy advanced tuning techniques on the LLaMA model, examining the impact of diverse training strategies, ultimately yielding an LLM meticulously optimized for emotional support interactions. An exhaustive assessment of the resultant model showcases its proficiency in offering emotional support, marking a pivotal step in the realm of emotional support bots and paving the way for subsequent research and implementations.

Key facts. Cited by 62 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026). Builds on 37 of its 69 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 17 Aug 2023.

Builds on

37 of 69 references.

References · 37

  1. 2022Training language models to follow instructions with human feedbackcited by 15,971
  2. 2021LoRA: Low-Rank Adaptation of Large Language Modelscited by 14,380
  3. 2019Parameter-Efficient Transfer Learning for NLPcited by 4,236
  4. 2021Prefix-Tuning: Optimizing Continuous Prompts for Generationcited by 3,915
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  8. 2019DialoGPT: Large-Scale Generative Pre-training for Conversational Response Generationcited by 842
  9. 2023LLaMA-Adapter: Efficient Fine-tuning of Language Models with Zero-init Attentioncited by 781
  10. 2018MultiWOZ -- A Large-Scale Multi-Domain Wizard-of-Oz Dataset for Task-Oriented Dialogue Modellingcited by 766
  11. 2020Intrinsic Dimensionality Explains the Effectiveness of Language Model Fine-Tuningcited by 671
  12. 2017DailyDialog: A Manually Labelled Multi-turn Dialogue Datasetcited by 652
25 more
  1. 2023LLaMA-Adapter V2: Parameter-Efficient Visual Instruction Modelcited by 602
  2. 2022Using Large Language Models to Simulate Multiple Humans and Replicate Human Subject Studiescited by 515
  3. 2020Towards a Human-like Open-Domain Chatbotcited by 470
  4. 2018Measuring the Intrinsic Dimension of Objective Landscapescited by 370
  5. 2021Towards Emotional Support Dialog Systemscited by 299
  6. 2017Toward Controlled Generation of Textcited by 272
  7. 2020A Computational Approach to Understanding Empathy Expressed in Text-Based Mental Health Supportcited by 182
  8. 2017Emotional Chatting Machine: Emotional Conversation Generation with Internal and External Memorycited by 167
  9. 2019Challenges in Building Intelligent Open-domain Dialog Systemscited by 147
  10. 2023Prompting and Evaluating Large Language Models for Proactive Dialogues: Clarification, Target-guided, and Non-collaborationcited by 116
  11. 2020MIME: MIMicking Emotions for Empathetic Response Generationcited by 114
  12. 2021PsyQA: A Chinese Dataset for Generating Long Counseling Text for Mental Health Supportcited by 92
  13. 2019MoEL: Mixture of Empathetic Listenerscited by 91
  14. 2023Exploring the Impact of Instruction Data Scaling on Large Language Models: An Empirical Study on Real-World Use Casescited by 86
  15. 2022MISC: A MIxed Strategy-Aware Model Integrating COMET for Emotional Support Conversationcited by 85
  16. 2017MojiTalk: Generating Emotional Responses at Scalecited by 64
  17. 2022Improving Multi-turn Emotional Support Dialogue Generation with Lookahead Strategy Planningcited by 60
  18. 2022Control Globally, Understand Locally: A Global-to-Local Hierarchical Graph Network for Emotional Support Conversationcited by 56
  19. 2020Towards Persona-Based Empathetic Conversational Modelscited by 53
  20. 2017Affect-LM: A Neural Language Model for Customizable Affective Text Generationcited by 50
  21. 2023Knowledge-enhanced Mixed-initiative Dialogue System for Emotional Support Conversationscited by 41
  22. 2023Click: Controllable Text Generation with Sequence Likelihood Contrastive Learningcited by 41
  23. 2022Novelty Controlled Paraphrase Generation with Retrieval Augmented Conditional Prompt Tuningcited by 25
  24. 2020EmpTransfo: A Multi-head Transformer Architecture for Creating Empathetic Dialog Systemscited by 19
  25. 2021Towards an Online Empathetic Chatbot with Emotion Causescited by 16

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Cited by year (2026 to 14 Oct)

Citing papers per year: 2023: 5; 2024: 25; 2025: 17; 2026: 15.

62 papers.

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  1. 2023Plug-and-Play Policy Planner for Large Language Model Powered Dialogue Agentscited by 77
  2. 2024EmoLLMs: A Series of Emotional Large Language Models and Annotation Tools for Comprehensive Affective Analysiscited by 62
  3. 2024Can Large Language Models be Good Emotional Supporter? Mitigating Preference Bias on Emotional Support Conversationcited by 55
  4. 2024Towards Human-centered Proactive Conversational Agentscited by 49
  5. 2024On the Multi-turn Instruction Following for Conversational Web Agentscited by 43
  6. 2024Large Language Models in Mental Health Care: a Scoping Reviewcited by 34
  7. 2024Affective Computing in the Era of Large Language Models: A Survey from the NLP Perspectivecited by 25
  8. 2023User Modeling in the Era of Large Language Models: Current Research and Future Directionscited by 18
  9. 2024Understanding the Impact of Long-Term Memory on Self-Disclosure with Large Language Model-Driven Chatbots for Public Health Interventioncited by 15
  10. 2024ESC-Eval: Evaluating Emotion Support Conversations in Large Language Modelscited by 15
  11. 2024Simulation-Free Hierarchical Latent Policy Planning for Proactive Dialoguescited by 14
  12. 2025Mapping Caregiver Needs to AI Chatbot Design: Strengths and Gaps in Mental Health Support for Alzheimer's and Dementia Caregiverscited by 13
38 more
  1. 2023TPE: Towards Better Compositional Reasoning over Conceptual Tools with Multi-persona Collaborationcited by 11
  2. 2024Both Matter: Enhancing the Emotional Intelligence of Large Language Models without Compromising the General Intelligencecited by 11
  3. 2024Self-assessment, Exhibition, and Recognition: a Review of Personality in Large Language Modelscited by 11
  4. 2025Crisp: Cognitive Restructuring of Negative Thoughts through Multi-turn Supportive Dialoguescited by 11
  5. 2023The Good, The Bad, and Why: Unveiling Emotions in Generative AIcited by 10
  6. 2024EmoDynamiX: Emotional Support Dialogue Strategy Prediction by Modelling MiXed Emotions and Discourse Dynamicscited by 9
  7. 2024Script-Based Dialog Policy Planning for LLM-Powered Conversational Agents: A Basic Architecture for an "AI Therapist"cited by 7
  8. 2025SocialSim: Towards Socialized Simulation of Emotional Support Conversationcited by 7
  9. 2025You Never Know a Person, You Only Know Their Defenses: Detecting Levels of Psychological Defense Mechanisms in Supportive Conversationscited by 7
  10. 2024Empathy Through Multimodality in Conversational Interfacescited by 6
  11. 2024Structured Dialogue System for Mental Health: An LLM Chatbot Leveraging the PM+ Guidelinescited by 6
  12. 2025From Rational Answers to Emotional Resonance: The Role of Controllable Emotion Generation in Language Modelscited by 6
  13. 2025HamRaz: A Culture-Based Persian Conversation Dataset for Person-Centered Therapy Using LLM Agentscited by 6
  14. 2025What is Stigma Attributed to? A Theory-Grounded, Expert-Annotated Interview Corpus for Demystifying Mental-Health Stigmacited by 6
  15. 2024"I Like Sunnie More Than I Expected!": Exploring User Expectation and Perception of an Anthropomorphic LLM-based Conversational Agent for Well-Being Supportcited by 5
  16. 2024Stephanie: Step-by-Step Dialogues for Mimicking Human Interactions in Social Conversationscited by 5
  17. 2024The Future of Cognitive Strategy-enhanced Persuasive Dialogue Agents: New Perspectives and Trendscited by 4
  18. 2025From Conversation to Automation: Leveraging LLMs for Problem-Solving Therapy Analysiscited by 4
  19. 2025Deconstructing Depression Stigma: Integrating AI-driven Data Collection and Analysis with Causal Knowledge Graphscited by 4
  20. 2025DialogXpert: Driving Intelligent and Emotion-Aware Conversations through Online Value-Based Reinforcement Learning with LLM Priorscited by 4
  21. 2026PsychEthicsBench: Evaluating Large Language Models Against Australian Mental Health Ethicscited by 4
  22. 2026Persona-Grounded Safety Evaluation of AI Companions in Multi-Turn Conversationscited by 4
  23. 2024Understanding the Difficulty of Low-Precision Post-Training Quantization for LLMscited by 3
  24. 2025RedditESS: A Mental Health Social Support Interaction Dataset -- Understanding Effective Social Support to Refine AI-Driven Support Toolscited by 3
  25. 2026Affective Flow Language Model for Emotional Support Conversationcited by 3
  26. 2024ConspEmoLLM: Conspiracy Theory Detection Using an Emotion-Based Large Language Modelcited by 2
  27. 2024FMDLlama: Financial Misinformation Detection based on Large Language Modelscited by 2
  28. 2025PEER: Unified Process-Outcome Reinforcement Learning for Structured Empathetic Reasoningcited by 2
  29. 2025Empathy-R1: A Chain-of-Empathy and Reinforcement Learning Framework for Long-Form Mental Health Supportcited by 2
  30. 2025CARE: Cognitive-reasoning Augmented Reinforcement for Emotional Support Conversationcited by 2
  31. 2026AgriWorld:A World Tools Protocol Framework for Verifiable Agricultural Reasoning with Code-Executing LLM Agentscited by 2
  32. 2024CollectiveSFT: Scaling Large Language Models for Chinese Medical Benchmark with Collective Instructions in Healthcarecited by 1
  33. 2025Spiritual-LLM : Gita Inspired Mental Health Therapy In the Era of LLMscited by 1
  34. 2025MoPHES:Leveraging on-device LLMs as Agent for Mobile Psychological Health Evaluation and Supportcited by 1
  35. 2023Saturn Platform: Foundation Model Operations and Generative AI for Financial Servicescited by 0
  36. 2024Mix-Initiative Response Generation with Dynamic Prefix Tuningcited by 0
  37. 2024Improving Emotional Support Delivery in Text-Based Community Safety Reporting Using Large Language Modelscited by 0
  38. 2024CAPE: A Chinese Dataset for Appraisal-based Emotional Generation using Large Language Modelscited by 0

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