mlsanityData to 7 Oct 2026

Unleashing the Emergent Cognitive Synergy in Large Language Models: A Task-Solving Agent through Multi-Persona Self-Collaboration

arXiv 2307.05300 ↗First posted 11 Jul 2023cs.AI cs.CLcited by 246

On the map: LLM agents and tool use → General LLM agent frameworks and benchmarks

Abstract (arXiv)

Human intelligence thrives on cognitive synergy, where collaboration among different minds yield superior outcomes compared to isolated individuals. In this work, we propose Solo Performance Prompting (SPP), which transforms a single LLM into a cognitive synergist by engaging in multi-turn self-collaboration with multiple personas. A cognitive synergist is an intelligent agent that collaboratively combines multiple minds' strengths and knowledge to enhance problem-solving in complex tasks. By dynamically identifying and simulating different personas based on task inputs, SPP unleashes the potential of cognitive synergy in LLMs. Our in-depth analysis shows that assigning multiple fine-grained personas in LLMs improves problem-solving abilities compared to using a single or fixed number of personas. We evaluate SPP on three challenging tasks: Trivia Creative Writing, Codenames Collaborative, and Logic Grid Puzzle, encompassing both knowledge-intensive and reasoning-intensive types. Unlike previous works, such as Chain-of-Thought, that solely enhance the reasoning abilities in LLMs, experimental results demonstrate that SPP effectively reduces factual hallucination, and maintains strong reasoning capabilities. Additionally, comparative experiments show that cognitive synergy only emerges in GPT-4 and does not appear in less capable models, such as GPT-3.5-turbo and Llama2-13b-chat, which draws an interesting analogy to human development. Code, data, and prompts can be found at: https://github.com/MikeWangWZHL/Solo-Performance-Prompting.git.

Key facts. Cited by 246 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). Placed in General LLM agent frameworks and benchmarks, one of 16 directions in LLM agents and tool use. Builds on 23 of its 41 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 11 Jul 2023.

Builds on

23 of 41 references.

References · 23

  1. 2020Language Models are Few-Shot Learnerscited by 32,199
  2. 2023Judging LLM-as-a-Judge with MT-Bench and Chatbot Arenacited by 8,393
  3. 2022ReAct: Synergizing Reasoning and Acting in Language Modelscited by 8,355
  4. 2022Large Language Models are Zero-Shot Reasonerscited by 4,323
  5. 2023Generative Agents: Interactive Simulacra of Human Behaviorcited by 3,500
  6. 2023Self-Refine: Iterative Refinement with Self-Feedbackcited by 3,317
  7. 2017TriviaQA: A Large Scale Distantly Supervised Challenge Dataset for Reading Comprehensioncited by 2,895
  8. 2023Sparks of Artificial General Intelligence: Early experiments with GPT-4cited by 2,579
  9. 2022Beyond the Imitation Game: Quantifying and extrapolating the capabilities of language modelscited by 1,970
  10. 2022Inner Monologue: Embodied Reasoning through Planning with Language Modelscited by 1,057
  11. 2023Teaching Large Language Models to Self-Debugcited by 963
  12. 2022Atlas: Few-shot Learning with Retrieval Augmented Language Modelscited by 940
11 more
  1. 2023A Multitask, Multilingual, Multimodal Evaluation of ChatGPT on Reasoning, Hallucination, and Interactivitycited by 888
  2. 2023CRITIC: Large Language Models Can Self-Correct with Tool-Interactive Critiquingcited by 751
  3. 2021Retrieval Augmentation Reduces Hallucination in Conversationcited by 691
  4. 2023Is ChatGPT a General-Purpose Natural Language Processing Task Solver?cited by 486
  5. 2022Complexity-Based Prompting for Multi-Step Reasoningcited by 387
  6. 2023Toxicity in ChatGPT: Analyzing Persona-assigned Language Modelscited by 356
  7. 2023Large Language Models as Tool Makerscited by 293
  8. 2023Improving Language Model Negotiation with Self-Play and In-Context Learning from AI Feedbackcited by 202
  9. 2023ExpertPrompting: Instructing Large Language Models to be Distinguished Expertscited by 140
  10. 2023RCOT: Detecting and Rectifying Factual Inconsistency in Reasoning by Reversing Chain-of-Thoughtcited by 47
  11. 2022Zemi: Learning Zero-Shot Semi-Parametric Language Models from Multiple Taskscited by 8

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Cited by year (2026 to 7 Oct)

Citing papers per year: 2023: 24; 2024: 60; 2025: 110; 2026: 52.

246 papers.

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  1. 2023MetaGPT: Meta Programming for A Multi-Agent Collaborative Frameworkcited by 1,761
  2. 2023The Rise and Potential of Large Language Model Based Agents: A Surveycited by 1,422
  3. 2023ChatEval: Towards Better LLM-based Evaluators through Multi-Agent Debatecited by 724
  4. 2023Siren's Song in the AI Ocean: A Survey on Hallucination in Large Language Modelscited by 695
  5. 2025Multi-Agent Collaboration Mechanisms: A Survey of LLMscited by 424
  6. 2024Scaling Synthetic Data Creation with 1,000,000,000 Personascited by 397
  7. 2024AFlow: Automating Agentic Workflow Generationcited by 395
  8. 2023Large Language Models Empowered Agent-based Modeling and Simulation: A Survey and Perspectivescited by 253
  9. 2024Scaling Large Language Model-based Multi-Agent Collaborationcited by 235
  10. 2023AutoAgents: A Framework for Automatic Agent Generationcited by 211
  11. 2024From Persona to Personalization: A Survey on Role-Playing Language Agentscited by 206
  12. 2023In-context Autoencoder for Context Compression in a Large Language Modelcited by 190
38 more
  1. 2024The Landscape of Emerging AI Agent Architectures for Reasoning, Planning, and Tool Calling: A Surveycited by 164
  2. 2024AgentSquare: Automatic LLM Agent Search in Modular Design Spacecited by 141
  3. 2024Cut the Crap: An Economical Communication Pipeline for LLM-based Multi-Agent Systemscited by 129
  4. 2025Mobile-Agent-E: Self-Evolving Mobile Assistant for Complex Taskscited by 128
  5. 2024MARG: Multi-Agent Review Generation for Scientific Paperscited by 98
  6. 2024LLM as a Mastermind: A Survey of Strategic Reasoning with Large Language Modelscited by 97
  7. 2024On the Resilience of LLM-Based Multi-Agent Collaboration with Faulty Agentscited by 92
  8. 2024Flooding Spread of Manipulated Knowledge in LLM-Based Multi-Agent Communitiescited by 84
  9. 2024LLM-Rubric: A Multidimensional, Calibrated Approach to Automated Evaluation of Natural Language Textscited by 81
  10. 2025MasRouter: Learning to Route LLMs for Multi-Agent Systemscited by 80
  11. 2025ReMA: Learning to Meta-think for LLMs with Multi-Agent Reinforcement Learningcited by 78
  12. 2025Debate or Vote: Which Yields Better Decisions in Multi-Agent Large Language Models?cited by 74
  13. 2025Multi-Agent Verification: Scaling Test-Time Compute with Multiple Verifierscited by 58
  14. 2024Agents' Room: Narrative Generation through Multi-step Collaborationcited by 57
  15. 2025KVFlow: Efficient Prefix Caching for Accelerating LLM-Based Multi-Agent Workflowscited by 56
  16. 2025Voting or Consensus? Decision-Making in Multi-Agent Debatecited by 55
  17. 2023Towards Reasoning in Large Language Models via Multi-Agent Peer Review Collaborationcited by 48
  18. 2024The Oscars of AI Theater: A Survey on Role-Playing with Language Modelscited by 47
  19. 2025MAS-GPT: Training LLMs to Build LLM-based Multi-Agent Systemscited by 45
  20. 2024Into the Unknown Unknowns: Engaged Human Learning through Participation in Language Model Agent Conversationscited by 43
  21. 2023CGMI: Configurable General Multi-Agent Interaction Frameworkcited by 41
  22. 2024MAgICoRe: Multi-Agent, Iterative, Coarse-to-Fine Refinement for Reasoningcited by 40
  23. 2024Optima: Optimizing Effectiveness and Efficiency for LLM-Based Multi-Agent Systemcited by 40
  24. 2025Self-Evolving Multi-Agent Simulations for Realistic Clinical Interactionscited by 40
  25. 2025Understanding the Information Propagation Effects of Communication Topologies in LLM-based Multi-Agent Systemscited by 39
  26. 2024LongAgent: Scaling Language Models to 128k Context through Multi-Agent Collaborationcited by 38
  27. 2025MedicalAgentsBench for Complex Medical Reasoning: Comparing Internalized Reasoning Models versus Externalized Agent-based Frameworkscited by 38
  28. 2025Generative to Agentic AI: Survey, Conceptualization, and Challengescited by 32
  29. 2024CoMM: Collaborative Multi-Agent, Multi-Reasoning-Path Prompting for Complex Problem Solvingcited by 31
  30. 2025Internet of Agents: Fundamentals, Applications, and Challengescited by 31
  31. 2024Meta Reasoning for Large Language Modelscited by 29
  32. 2024Debate-to-Write: A Persona-Driven Multi-Agent Framework for Diverse Argument Generationcited by 29
  33. 2024Reverse Thinking Makes LLMs Stronger Reasonerscited by 29
  34. 2023Cooperation on the Fly: Exploring Language Agents for Ad Hoc Teamwork in the Avalon Gamecited by 27
  35. 2025Multi-Agent Security Tax: Trading Off Security and Collaboration Capabilities in Multi-Agent Systemscited by 27
  36. 2023Learning to Break: Knowledge-Enhanced Reasoning in Multi-Agent Debate Systemcited by 26
  37. 2024AgentCoord: Visually Exploring Coordination Strategy for LLM-based Multi-Agent Collaborationcited by 26
  38. 2024Large Model Based Agents: State-of-the-Art, Cooperation Paradigms, Security and Privacy, and Future Trendscited by 26

50 most cited of 246 All 246 (JSON)

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  4. 2025United Minds or Isolated Agents? Exploring Coordination of LLMs under Cognitive Load Theory
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