MiVOLO: Multi-input Transformer for Age and Gender Estimation
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Abstract (arXiv)
Age and gender recognition in the wild is a highly challenging task: apart from the variability of conditions, pose complexities, and varying image quality, there are cases where the face is partially or completely occluded. We present MiVOLO (Multi Input VOLO), a straightforward approach for age and gender estimation using the latest vision transformer. Our method integrates both tasks into a unified dual input/output model, leveraging not only facial information but also person image data. This improves the generalization ability of our model and enables it to deliver satisfactory results even when the face is not visible in the image. To evaluate our proposed model, we conduct experiments on four popular benchmarks and achieve state-of-the-art performance, while demonstrating real-time processing capabilities. Additionally, we introduce a novel benchmark based on images from the Open Images Dataset. The ground truth annotations for this benchmark have been meticulously generated by human annotators, resulting in high accuracy answers due to the smart aggregation of votes. Furthermore, we compare our model's age recognition performance with human-level accuracy and demonstrate that it significantly outperforms humans across a majority of age ranges. Finally, we grant public access to our models, along with the code for validation and inference. In addition, we provide extra annotations for used datasets and introduce our new benchmark.
Key facts. Cited by 41 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). Builds on 20 of its 46 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 10 Jul 2023.
Builds on
20 of 46 references.
References · 20
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- 2019PyTorch: An Imperative Style, High-Performance Deep Learning Librarycited by 20,160
- 2014Very Deep Convolutional Networks for Large-Scale Image Recognitioncited by 15,267
- 2021Masked Autoencoders Are Scalable Vision Learnerscited by 7,339
- 2017Multi-Task Learning Using Uncertainty to Weigh Losses for Scene Geometry and Semanticscited by 1,345
- 2021Going deeper with Image Transformerscited by 759
- 2017Age Progression/Regression by Conditional Adversarial Autoencodercited by 426
- 2021XCiT: Cross-Covariance Image Transformerscited by 335
- 2019Compacting, Picking and Growing for Unforgetting Continual Learningcited by 207
- 2021VOLO: Vision Outlooker for Visual Recognitioncited by 164
- 2021Delving into Deep Imbalanced Regressioncited by 157
- 2019Rank consistent ordinal regression for neural networks with application to age estimationcited by 132
8 more
- 2022Moving Window Regression: A Novel Approach to Ordinal Regressioncited by 44
- 2021FP-Age: Leveraging Face Parsing Attention for Facial Age Estimation in the Wildcited by 20
- 2018Fine-Grained Age Estimation in the wild with Attention LSTM Networkscited by 18
- 2020Investigating Bias in Deep Face Analysis: The KANFace Dataset and Empirical Studycited by 18
- 2020Deep Ordinal Regression with Label Diversitycited by 17
- 2020Age and Gender Prediction From Face Images Using Attentional Convolutional Networkcited by 6
- 2020Deep Ordinal Regression using Optimal Transport Loss and Unimodal Output Probabilitiescited by 5
- 2021Generalizing MLPs With Dropouts, Batch Normalization, and Skip Connectionscited by 3
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Citing papers per year: 2023: 1; 2024: 11; 2025: 19; 2026: 10.
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- 2024FaceXFormer: A Unified Transformer for Facial Analysiscited by 34
- 2024Face-MLLM: A Large Face Perception Modelcited by 11
- 2024Beyond Specialization: Assessing the Capabilities of MLLMs in Age and Gender Estimationcited by 9
- 2024Image-Perfect Imperfections: Safety, Bias, and Authenticity in the Shadow of Text-To-Image Model Evolutioncited by 7
- 2025FaVChat: Hierarchical Prompt-Query Guided Facial Video Understanding with Data-Efficient GRPOcited by 6
- 2026Out of the box age estimation through facial imagery: A Comprehensive Benchmark of Vision-Language Models vs. out-of-the-box Traditional Architecturescited by 5
- 2023Identifying Drivers of Predictive Aleatoric Uncertaintycited by 4
- 2024Chain-of-Thought Prompting for Demographic Inference with Large Multimodal Modelscited by 4
- 2025Do Existing Testing Tools Really Uncover Gender Bias in Text-to-Image Models?cited by 4
- 2025On the rankability of visual embeddingscited by 4
- 2024Human Pose Descriptions and Subject-Focused Attention for Improved Zero-Shot Transfer in Human-Centric Classification Taskscited by 3
- 2024HaGRIDv2: 1M Images for Static and Dynamic Hand Gesture Recognitioncited by 3
29 more
- 2024GroupFace: Imbalanced Age Estimation Based on Multi-hop Attention Graph Convolutional Network and Group-aware Margin Optimizationcited by 3
- 2025From Cradle to Cane: A Two-Pass Framework for High-Fidelity Lifespan Face Agingcited by 3
- 2025AgeBooth: Controllable Facial Aging and Rejuvenation via Diffusion Modelscited by 3
- 2025Towards Metric-Aware Multi-Person Mesh Recovery by Jointly Optimizing Human Crowd in Camera Spacecited by 3
- 2024Ranking-aware adapter for text-driven image ordering with CLIPcited by 2
- 2025FaceInsight: A Multimodal Large Language Model for Face Perceptioncited by 2
- 2025Logos as a Well-Tempered Pre-train for Sign Language Recognitioncited by 2
- 2025A Manually Annotated Image-Caption Dataset for Detecting Children in the Wildcited by 2
- 2025Underage Detection through a Multi-Task and MultiAge Approach for Screening Minors in Unconstrained Imagerycited by 2
- 2026VIBE: Visual Instruction Based Editorcited by 2
- 2024Enhancing User-Centric Privacy Protection: An Interactive Framework through Diffusion Models and Machine Unlearningcited by 1
- 2025LRA-GNN: Latent Relation-Aware Graph Neural Network with Initial and Dynamic Residual for Facial Age Estimationcited by 1
- 2025Evaluating Facial Expression Recognition Datasets for Deep Learning: A Benchmark Study with Novel Similarity Metricscited by 1
- 2025ExpertGen: Training-Free Expert Guidance for Controllable Text-to-Face Generationcited by 1
- 2025Overcoming Occlusions in the Wild: A Multi-Task Age Head Approach to Age Estimationcited by 1
- 2026Evaluating Epistemic Uncertainty: Beyond OOD Detection and Active Learningcited by 1
- 2024Bukva: Russian Sign Language Alphabetcited by 0
- 2025DIPSER: A Dataset for In-Person Student Engagement Recognition in the Wildcited by 0
- 2025Foundation Artificial Intelligence Models for Health Recognition Using Face Photographs (FAHR-Face)cited by 0
- 2025Bridging the gap in FER: addressing age bias in deep learningcited by 0
- 2025DiffClean: Diffusion-based Makeup Removal for Accurate Age Estimationcited by 0
- 2025Integrating ConvNeXt and Vision Transformers for Enhancing Facial Age Estimationcited by 0
- 2026Can a Teenager Fool an AI? Evaluating Low-Cost Cosmetic Attacks on Age Estimation Systemscited by 0
- 2026A Backbone Benchmarking Study on Self-supervised Learning as a Auxiliary Task with Texture-based Local Descriptors for Face Analysiscited by 0
- 2026When a Zero-Shooter Cheats: Improving Age Estimation via Activation Steeringcited by 0
- 2026Self-Review Reinforcement Learning (SRRL) with Cross-Episode Memory and Policy Distillationcited by 0
- 2026Face Age Verification Vulnerabilities Under Simple Appearance Manipulationscited by 0
- 2026Artificial Intelligence as a Tool for Combating Child Labour: A Real-Time Edge Vision Pipeline for Child Detection and Age Estimationcited by 0
- 2026Facial Age Estimation for Age Fraud Detection in National ID Systemscited by 0
- 2026Facial Age Estimation for Age Fraud Detection in National ID Systems4 Sep 2026
- 2026Artificial Intelligence as a Tool for Combating Child Labour: A Real-Time Edge Vision Pipeline for Child Detection and Age Estimation14 Aug 2026
- 2026Face Age Verification Vulnerabilities Under Simple Appearance Manipulations27 Jul 2026
- 2026Evaluating Epistemic Uncertainty: Beyond OOD Detection and Active Learning16 Jul 2026
- 2026Self-Review Reinforcement Learning (SRRL) with Cross-Episode Memory and Policy Distillation6 Jul 2026
- 2026When a Zero-Shooter Cheats: Improving Age Estimation via Activation Steering17 May 2026
- 2026A Backbone Benchmarking Study on Self-supervised Learning as a Auxiliary Task with Texture-based Local Descriptors for Face Analysis23 Mar 2026
- 2026Can a Teenager Fool an AI? Evaluating Low-Cost Cosmetic Attacks on Age Estimation Systems23 Feb 2026
- 2026Out of the box age estimation through facial imagery: A Comprehensive Benchmark of Vision-Language Models vs. out-of-the-box Traditional Architectures8 Feb 2026
- 2026VIBE: Visual Instruction Based Editor5 Jan 2026
- 2025Towards Metric-Aware Multi-Person Mesh Recovery by Jointly Optimizing Human Crowd in Camera Space17 Nov 2025
- 2025Integrating ConvNeXt and Vision Transformers for Enhancing Facial Age Estimation31 Oct 2025
29 more
- 2025AgeBooth: Controllable Facial Aging and Rejuvenation via Diffusion Models7 Oct 2025
- 2025DiffClean: Diffusion-based Makeup Removal for Accurate Age Estimation17 Jul 2025
- 2025Bridging the gap in FER: addressing age bias in deep learning10 Jul 2025
- 2025On the rankability of visual embeddings4 Jul 2025
- 2025From Cradle to Cane: A Two-Pass Framework for High-Fidelity Lifespan Face Aging26 Jun 2025
- 2025Foundation Artificial Intelligence Models for Health Recognition Using Face Photographs (FAHR-Face)17 Jun 2025
- 2025Overcoming Occlusions in the Wild: A Multi-Task Age Head Approach to Age Estimation16 Jun 2025
- 2025Underage Detection through a Multi-Task and MultiAge Approach for Screening Minors in Unconstrained Imagery12 Jun 2025
- 2025A Manually Annotated Image-Caption Dataset for Detecting Children in the Wild11 Jun 2025
- 2025ExpertGen: Training-Free Expert Guidance for Controllable Text-to-Face Generation22 May 2025
- 2025Logos as a Well-Tempered Pre-train for Sign Language Recognition15 May 2025
- 2025FaceInsight: A Multimodal Large Language Model for Face Perception22 Apr 2025
- 2025Evaluating Facial Expression Recognition Datasets for Deep Learning: A Benchmark Study with Novel Similarity Metrics26 Mar 2025
- 2025FaVChat: Hierarchical Prompt-Query Guided Facial Video Understanding with Data-Efficient GRPO12 Mar 2025
- 2025DIPSER: A Dataset for In-Person Student Engagement Recognition in the Wild27 Feb 2025
- 2025LRA-GNN: Latent Relation-Aware Graph Neural Network with Initial and Dynamic Residual for Facial Age Estimation8 Feb 2025
- 2025Do Existing Testing Tools Really Uncover Gender Bias in Text-to-Image Models?27 Jan 2025
- 2024GroupFace: Imbalanced Age Estimation Based on Multi-hop Attention Graph Convolutional Network and Group-aware Margin Optimization16 Dec 2024
- 2024Ranking-aware adapter for text-driven image ordering with CLIP9 Dec 2024
- 2024HaGRIDv2: 1M Images for Static and Dynamic Hand Gesture Recognition2 Dec 2024
- 2024Face-MLLM: A Large Face Perception Model28 Oct 2024
- 2024Bukva: Russian Sign Language Alphabet11 Oct 2024
- 2024Enhancing User-Centric Privacy Protection: An Interactive Framework through Diffusion Models and Machine Unlearning5 Sep 2024
- 2024Image-Perfect Imperfections: Safety, Bias, and Authenticity in the Shadow of Text-To-Image Model Evolution30 Aug 2024
- 2024Chain-of-Thought Prompting for Demographic Inference with Large Multimodal Models24 May 2024
- 2024FaceXFormer: A Unified Transformer for Facial Analysis19 Mar 2024
- 2024Human Pose Descriptions and Subject-Focused Attention for Improved Zero-Shot Transfer in Human-Centric Classification Tasks11 Mar 2024
- 2024Beyond Specialization: Assessing the Capabilities of MLLMs in Age and Gender Estimation4 Mar 2024
- 2023Identifying Drivers of Predictive Aleatoric Uncertainty12 Dec 2023
- 2024Image-Perfect Imperfections: Safety, Bias, and Authenticity in the Shadow of Text-To-Image Model Evolutioncited by 7
- 2025Do Existing Testing Tools Really Uncover Gender Bias in Text-to-Image Models?cited by 4
- 2025AgeBooth: Controllable Facial Aging and Rejuvenation via Diffusion Modelscited by 3
- 2024Enhancing User-Centric Privacy Protection: An Interactive Framework through Diffusion Models and Machine Unlearningcited by 1
- 2025ExpertGen: Training-Free Expert Guidance for Controllable Text-to-Face Generationcited by 1
- 2025AgeBooth: Controllable Facial Aging and Rejuvenation via Diffusion Models7 Oct 2025
- 2025ExpertGen: Training-Free Expert Guidance for Controllable Text-to-Face Generation22 May 2025
- 2025Do Existing Testing Tools Really Uncover Gender Bias in Text-to-Image Models?27 Jan 2025
- 2024Enhancing User-Centric Privacy Protection: An Interactive Framework through Diffusion Models and Machine Unlearning5 Sep 2024
- 2024Image-Perfect Imperfections: Safety, Bias, and Authenticity in the Shadow of Text-To-Image Model Evolution30 Aug 2024
- 2024Face-MLLM: A Large Face Perception Modelcited by 11
- 2024Beyond Specialization: Assessing the Capabilities of MLLMs in Age and Gender Estimationcited by 9
- 2026Out of the box age estimation through facial imagery: A Comprehensive Benchmark of Vision-Language Models vs. out-of-the-box Traditional Architecturescited by 5
- 2024Ranking-aware adapter for text-driven image ordering with CLIPcited by 2
- 2025FaceInsight: A Multimodal Large Language Model for Face Perceptioncited by 2
- 2026Out of the box age estimation through facial imagery: A Comprehensive Benchmark of Vision-Language Models vs. out-of-the-box Traditional Architectures8 Feb 2026
- 2025FaceInsight: A Multimodal Large Language Model for Face Perception22 Apr 2025
- 2024Ranking-aware adapter for text-driven image ordering with CLIP9 Dec 2024
- 2024Face-MLLM: A Large Face Perception Model28 Oct 2024
- 2024Beyond Specialization: Assessing the Capabilities of MLLMs in Age and Gender Estimation4 Mar 2024
- 2024FaceXFormer: A Unified Transformer for Facial Analysiscited by 34
- 2023Identifying Drivers of Predictive Aleatoric Uncertaintycited by 4
- 2025On the rankability of visual embeddingscited by 4
- 2024Human Pose Descriptions and Subject-Focused Attention for Improved Zero-Shot Transfer in Human-Centric Classification Taskscited by 3
- 2024HaGRIDv2: 1M Images for Static and Dynamic Hand Gesture Recognitioncited by 3
- 2024GroupFace: Imbalanced Age Estimation Based on Multi-hop Attention Graph Convolutional Network and Group-aware Margin Optimizationcited by 3
- 2025From Cradle to Cane: A Two-Pass Framework for High-Fidelity Lifespan Face Agingcited by 3
- 2025Towards Metric-Aware Multi-Person Mesh Recovery by Jointly Optimizing Human Crowd in Camera Spacecited by 3
- 2025Logos as a Well-Tempered Pre-train for Sign Language Recognitioncited by 2
- 2025A Manually Annotated Image-Caption Dataset for Detecting Children in the Wildcited by 2
- 2025Underage Detection through a Multi-Task and MultiAge Approach for Screening Minors in Unconstrained Imagerycited by 2
- 2026VIBE: Visual Instruction Based Editorcited by 2
12 most cited of 28 All 28 (JSON)
- 2026Facial Age Estimation for Age Fraud Detection in National ID Systems4 Sep 2026
- 2026Artificial Intelligence as a Tool for Combating Child Labour: A Real-Time Edge Vision Pipeline for Child Detection and Age Estimation14 Aug 2026
- 2026Face Age Verification Vulnerabilities Under Simple Appearance Manipulations27 Jul 2026
- 2026Evaluating Epistemic Uncertainty: Beyond OOD Detection and Active Learning16 Jul 2026
- 2026Self-Review Reinforcement Learning (SRRL) with Cross-Episode Memory and Policy Distillation6 Jul 2026
- 2026A Backbone Benchmarking Study on Self-supervised Learning as a Auxiliary Task with Texture-based Local Descriptors for Face Analysis23 Mar 2026
- 2026Can a Teenager Fool an AI? Evaluating Low-Cost Cosmetic Attacks on Age Estimation Systems23 Feb 2026
- 2026VIBE: Visual Instruction Based Editor5 Jan 2026
- 2025Towards Metric-Aware Multi-Person Mesh Recovery by Jointly Optimizing Human Crowd in Camera Space17 Nov 2025
- 2025Integrating ConvNeXt and Vision Transformers for Enhancing Facial Age Estimation31 Oct 2025
- 2025DiffClean: Diffusion-based Makeup Removal for Accurate Age Estimation17 Jul 2025
- 2025Bridging the gap in FER: addressing age bias in deep learning10 Jul 2025
12 newest of 28 All 28 (JSON)