mlsanityData to 7 Oct 2026

Moving Window Regression: A Novel Approach to Ordinal Regression

arXiv 2203.13122 ↗First posted 24 Mar 2022cs.CVcited by 44

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Abstract (arXiv)

A novel ordinal regression algorithm, called moving window regression (MWR), is proposed in this paper. First, we propose the notion of relative rank (ρ-rank), which is a new order representation scheme for input and reference instances. Second, we develop global and local relative regressors (ρ-regressors) to predict ρ-ranks within entire and specific rank ranges, respectively. Third, we refine an initial rank estimate iteratively by selecting two reference instances to form a search window and then estimating the ρ-rank within the window. Extensive experiments results show that the proposed algorithm achieves the state-of-the-art performances on various benchmark datasets for facial age estimation and historical color image classification. The codes are available at https://github.com/nhshin-mcl/MWR.

Key facts. Cited by 44 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). Builds on 15 of its 50 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 24 Mar 2022.

Builds on

15 of 50 references.

References · 15

  1. 2015Deep Residual Learning for Image Recognitioncited by 51,809
  2. 2014Adam: A Method for Stochastic Optimizationcited by 36,960
  3. 2014Very Deep Convolutional Networks for Large-Scale Image Recognitioncited by 15,267
  4. 2015Delving Deep into Rectifiers: Surpassing Human-Level Performance on ImageNet Classificationcited by 3,590
  5. 2016Joint Face Detection and Alignment using Multi-task Cascaded Convolutional Networkscited by 895
  6. 2018Deep Ordinal Regression Network for Monocular Depth Estimationcited by 721
  7. 2017Age Progression/Regression by Conditional Adversarial Autoencodercited by 426
  8. 2021Learning Probabilistic Ordinal Embeddings for Uncertainty-Aware Regressioncited by 58
  9. 2017Heterogeneous Face Attribute Estimation: A Deep Multi-Task Learning Approachcited by 43
  10. 2019BridgeNet: A Continuity-Aware Probabilistic Network for Age Estimationcited by 39
  11. 2017Deep Regression Forests for Age Estimationcited by 35
  12. 2019C3AE: Exploring the Limits of Compact Model for Age Estimationcited by 26
3 more
  1. 2017Label Distribution Learning Forestscited by 25
  2. 2020Deep Ordinal Regression with Label Diversitycited by 17
  3. 2017Quantifying Facial Age by Posterior of Age Comparisonscited by 15

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Cited by year (2026 to 7 Oct)

Citing papers per year: 2023: 12; 2024: 12; 2025: 14; 2026: 6.

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  1. 2023MiVOLO: Multi-input Transformer for Age and Gender Estimationcited by 41
  2. 2023SwinFace: A Multi-task Transformer for Face Recognition, Expression Recognition, Age Estimation and Attribute Estimationcited by 38
  3. 2024FaceXFormer: A Unified Transformer for Facial Analysiscited by 34
  4. 2023Masked Contrastive Graph Representation Learning for Age Estimationcited by 27
  5. 2023Learning-to-Rank Meets Language: Boosting Language-Driven Ordering Alignment for Ordinal Classificationcited by 21
  6. 2024Teach CLIP to Develop a Number Sense for Ordinal Regressioncited by 20
  7. 2023A Call to Reflect on Evaluation Practices for Age Estimation: Comparative Analysis of the State-of-the-Art and a Unified Benchmarkcited by 19
  8. 2023ConR: Contrastive Regularizer for Deep Imbalanced Regressioncited by 19
  9. 2023Ord2Seq: Regarding Ordinal Regression as Label Sequence Predictioncited by 18
  10. 2023CILF-CIAE: CLIP-driven Image-Language Fusion for Correcting Inverse Age Estimationcited by 15
  11. 2024Faceptor: A Generalist Model for Face Perceptioncited by 12
  12. 2025CLOC: Contrastive Learning for Ordinal Classification with Multi-Margin N-pair Losscited by 11
32 more
  1. 2024Beyond Specialization: Assessing the Capabilities of MLLMs in Age and Gender Estimationcited by 9
  2. 2025Face-LLaVA: Facial Expression and Attribute Understanding through Instruction Tuningcited by 9
  3. 2023Robust Image Ordinal Regression with Controllable Image Generationcited by 8
  4. 2024Trustworthy Multimodal Fusion for Sentiment Analysis in Ordinal Sentiment Spacecited by 8
  5. 2024IM-Context: In-Context Learning for Imbalanced Regression Taskscited by 7
  6. 2025A Survey on Ordinal Regression: Applications, Advances and Prospectscited by 5
  7. 2026Out of the box age estimation through facial imagery: A Comprehensive Benchmark of Vision-Language Models vs. out-of-the-box Traditional Architecturescited by 5
  8. 2024Chain-of-Thought Prompting for Demographic Inference with Large Multimodal Modelscited by 4
  9. 2025Sample Selection via Contrastive Fragmentation for Noisy Label Regressioncited by 4
  10. 2023Vecchia Gaussian Process Ensembles on Internal Representations of Deep Neural Networkscited by 3
  11. 2024GroupFace: Imbalanced Age Estimation Based on Multi-hop Attention Graph Convolutional Network and Group-aware Margin Optimizationcited by 3
  12. 2024Get Your Embedding Space in Order: Domain-Adaptive Regression for Forest Monitoringcited by 2
  13. 2025OrderChain: Towards General Instruct-Tuning for Stimulating the Ordinal Understanding Ability of MLLMcited by 2
  14. 2023How Close are Other Computer Vision Tasks to Deepfake Detection?cited by 1
  15. 2023P-Age: Pexels Dataset for Robust Spatio-Temporal Apparent Age Classificationcited by 1
  16. 2025LRA-GNN: Latent Relation-Aware Graph Neural Network with Initial and Dynamic Residual for Facial Age Estimationcited by 1
  17. 2025Dual-level Fuzzy Learning with Patch Guidance for Image Ordinal Regressioncited by 1
  18. 2025Overcoming Occlusions in the Wild: A Multi-Task Age Head Approach to Age Estimationcited by 1
  19. 2025Stage-wise Adaptive Label Distribution for Facial Age Estimationcited by 1
  20. 2025Provably Minimum-Length Conformal Prediction Sets for Ordinal Classificationcited by 1
  21. 2024Robust Capped lp-Norm Support Vector Ordinal Regressioncited by 0
  22. 2024Forbes: Face Obfuscation Rendering via Backpropagation Refinement Schemecited by 0
  23. 2024Self-Relaxed Joint Training: Sample Selection for Severity Estimation with Ordinal Noisy Labelscited by 0
  24. 2025Linguistic Complexity and Socio-cultural Patterns in Hip-Hop Lyricscited by 0
  25. 2025STORM: Benchmarking Visual Rating of MLLMs with a Comprehensive Ordinal Regression Datasetcited by 0
  26. 2025Integrating ConvNeXt and Vision Transformers for Enhancing Facial Age Estimationcited by 0
  27. 2025Beyond Memorization: A Multi-Modal Ordinal Regression Benchmark to Expose Popularity Bias in Vision-Language Modelscited by 0
  28. 2026Ordinal Diffusion Models for Color Fundus Imagescited by 0
  29. 2026Stochastic Order Learning: An Approach to Rank Estimation Using Noisy Datacited by 0
  30. 2026Contrastive Order Learning: A General Framework for Ordinal Regressioncited by 0
  31. 2026Application of machine learning to monster level prediction in tabletop RPG game designcited by 0
  32. 2026DisMix: Order-Aware Mixup for Medical Imaging via Disentangling Ordinal and Non-Ordinal Featurescited by 0