mlsanityData to 14 Oct 2026

FACTUAL: A Benchmark for Faithful and Consistent Textual Scene Graph Parsing

arXiv 2305.17497 ↗First posted 27 May 2023cs.CLcited by 50

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Abstract (arXiv)

Textual scene graph parsing has become increasingly important in various vision-language applications, including image caption evaluation and image retrieval. However, existing scene graph parsers that convert image captions into scene graphs often suffer from two types of errors. First, the generated scene graphs fail to capture the true semantics of the captions or the corresponding images, resulting in a lack of faithfulness. Second, the generated scene graphs have high inconsistency, with the same semantics represented by different annotations. To address these challenges, we propose a novel dataset, which involves re-annotating the captions in Visual Genome (VG) using a new intermediate representation called FACTUAL-MR. FACTUAL-MR can be directly converted into faithful and consistent scene graph annotations. Our experimental results clearly demonstrate that the parser trained on our dataset outperforms existing approaches in terms of faithfulness and consistency. This improvement leads to a significant performance boost in both image caption evaluation and zero-shot image retrieval tasks. Furthermore, we introduce a novel metric for measuring scene graph similarity, which, when combined with the improved scene graph parser, achieves state-of-the-art (SOTA) results on multiple benchmark datasets for the aforementioned tasks. The code and dataset are available at https://github.com/zhuang-li/FACTUAL .

Key facts. Cited by 50 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026). Builds on 24 of its 39 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 27 May 2023.

Builds on

24 of 39 references.

References · 24

  1. 2019Exploring the Limits of Transfer Learning with a Unified Text-to-Text Transformercited by 14,599
  2. 2019Sentence-BERT: Sentence Embeddings using Siamese BERT-Networkscited by 9,170
  3. 2019BERTScore: Evaluating Text Generation with BERTcited by 5,512
  4. 2014Sequence to Sequence Learning with Neural Networkscited by 2,986
  5. 2016Visual Genome: Connecting Language and Vision Using Crowdsourced Dense Image Annotationscited by 2,656
  6. 2021CLIPScore: A Reference-free Evaluation Metric for Image Captioningcited by 2,424
  7. 2016SPICE: Semantic Propositional Image Caption Evaluationcited by 824
  8. 2017Scene Graph Generation by Iterative Message Passingcited by 462
  9. 2017Neural Motifs: Scene Graph Parsing with Global Contextcited by 414
  10. 2020Unbiased Scene Graph Generation from Biased Trainingcited by 356
  11. 2019SParC: Cross-Domain Semantic Parsing in Contextcited by 144
  12. 2021SGTR: End-to-end Scene Graph Generation with Transformercited by 103
12 more
  1. 2019Graphical Contrastive Losses for Scene Graph Parsingcited by 100
  2. 2022RelTR: Relation Transformer for Scene Graph Generationcited by 96
  3. 2017FOIL it! Find One mismatch between Image and Language captioncited by 95
  4. 2021Learning to Generate Scene Graph from Natural Language Supervisioncited by 64
  5. 2022Graph Pre-training for AMR Parsing and Generationcited by 55
  6. 2020Comprehensive Image Captioning via Scene Graph Decompositioncited by 52
  7. 2023On Robustness of Prompt-based Semantic Parsing with Large Pre-trained Language Model: An Empirical Study on Codexcited by 41
  8. 2018Scene Graph Parsing as Dependency Parsingcited by 21
  9. 2021On Robustness of Neural Semantic Parserscited by 14
  10. 2020Context Dependent Semantic Parsing: A Surveycited by 10
  11. 2021Improving Scene Graph Classification by Exploiting Knowledge from Textscited by 10
  12. 2019Scene Graph Parsing by Attention Graphcited by 5

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Citing papers per year: 2023: 2; 2024: 8; 2025: 30; 2026: 10.

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  1. 2023HalluciDoctor: Mitigating Hallucinatory Toxicity in Visual Instruction Datacited by 126
  2. 2024Benchmarking and Improving Detail Image Captioncited by 81
  3. 2025FineCIR: Explicit Parsing of Fine-Grained Modification Semantics for Composed Image Retrievalcited by 42
  4. 2024MeaCap: Memory-Augmented Zero-shot Image Captioningcited by 35
  5. 2024Benchmarking Large Vision-Language Models via Directed Scene Graph for Comprehensive Image Captioningcited by 31
  6. 2024Generative Region-Language Pretraining for Open-Ended Object Detectioncited by 29
  7. 2024Evaluating and Analyzing Relationship Hallucinations in Large Vision-Language Modelscited by 29
  8. 2025Mitigating Object Hallucinations via Sentence-Level Early Interventioncited by 28
  9. 2025SC-Captioner: Improving Image Captioning with Self-Correction by Reinforcement Learningcited by 16
  10. 2025Perception in Reflectioncited by 13
  11. 2024HICEScore: A Hierarchical Metric for Image Captioning Evaluationcited by 12
  12. 2025Object-centric Binding in Contrastive Language-Image Pretrainingcited by 12
38 more
  1. 2025Universal Scene Graph Generationcited by 11
  2. 2025Mitigating Hallucinations in Large Vision-Language Models via Entity-Centric Multimodal Preference Optimizationcited by 10
  3. 2025LLM Meets Scene Graph: Can Large Language Models Understand and Generate Scene Graphs? A Benchmark and Empirical Studycited by 9
  4. 2024Hallucination in Multimodal Foundation Models: A Survey on Causes, Corrections, and Evaluationscited by 8
  5. 2025Fine-Grained Captioning of Long Videos through Scene Graph Consolidationcited by 8
  6. 2025Learning 4D Panoptic Scene Graph Generation from Rich 2D Visual Scenecited by 6
  7. 2025Panoptic Captioning: An Equivalence Bridge for Image and Textcited by 6
  8. 2025CutPaste&Find: Efficient Multimodal Hallucination Detector with Visual-aid Knowledge Basecited by 4
  9. 2025LaVCa: LLM-assisted Visual Cortex Captioningcited by 4
  10. 2025DyGEnc: Encoding a Sequence of Textual Scene Graphs to Reason and Answer Questions in Dynamic Scenescited by 4
  11. 2025Harnessing Caption Detailness for Data-Efficient Text-to-Image Generationcited by 4
  12. 2025Exploring The Visual Feature Space for Multimodal Neural Decodingcited by 4
  13. 2025RICO: Improving Accuracy and Completeness in Image Recaptioning via Visual Reconstructioncited by 4
  14. 2025VC-Inspector: Advancing Reference-free Evaluation of Video Captions with Factual Analysiscited by 4
  15. 2024Reminding Multimodal Large Language Models of Object-aware Knowledge with Retrieved Tagscited by 2
  16. 2025Multigranular Evaluation for Brain Visual Decodingcited by 2
  17. 2025Improving Region Representation Learning from Urban Imagery with Noisy Long-Caption Supervisioncited by 2
  18. 2025Object-Centric Framework for Video Moment Retrievalcited by 2
  19. 2026Reinforcing Consistency in Video MLLMs with Structured Rewardscited by 2
  20. 2025Dual Decomposition of Weights and Singular Value Low Rank Adaptationcited by 1
  21. 2025DiscoSG: Towards Discourse-Level Text Scene Graph Parsing through Iterative Graph Refinementcited by 1
  22. 2025Maximal Matching Matters: Preventing Representation Collapse for Robust Cross-Modal Retrievalcited by 1
  23. 2025GIIFT: Graph-guided Inductive Image-free Multimodal Machine Translationcited by 1
  24. 2025MM-SeR: Multimodal Self-Refinement for Lightweight Image Captioningcited by 1
  25. 2025VisMoDAl: Visual Analytics for Evaluating and Improving Corruption Robustness of Vision-Language Modelscited by 1
  26. 2026All-in-One Conditioning for Text-to-Image Synthesiscited by 1
  27. 2023Linear Alignment of Vision-language Models for Image Captioningcited by 0
  28. 2025The Devil is in the Distributions: Explicit Modeling of Scene Content is Key in Zero-Shot Video Captioningcited by 0
  29. 2025Blind Spot Navigation: Evolutionary Discovery of Sensitive Semantic Concepts for LVLMscited by 0
  30. 2025MSGFusion: Multimodal Scene Graph-Guided Infrared and Visible Image Fusioncited by 0
  31. 2026Entity-Guided Multi-Task Learning for Infrared and Visible Image Fusioncited by 0
  32. 2026Boosting Point-supervised Temporal Action Localization via Text Refinement and Alignmentcited by 0
  33. 2026Code-MIE: A Code-style Model for Multimodal Information Extraction with Scene Graph and Entity Attribute Knowledge Enhancementcited by 0
  34. 2026SenBen: Sensitive Scene Graphs for Explainable Content Moderationcited by 0
  35. 2026Towards Unconstrained Human-Object Interactioncited by 0
  36. 2026Training-Free Semantic Multi-Object Tracking with Vision-Language Modelscited by 0
  37. 2026Zero-Shot Temporal Action Localization Through Textual Guidancecited by 0
  38. 2026Benchmarking MLLMs via Cognitive Expected Scene Graph for Safety-Critical Visual Negation Understandingcited by 0