mlsanityData to 14 Oct 2026

A Study of Generative Large Language Model for Medical Research and Healthcare

arXiv 2305.13523 ↗First posted 22 May 2023cs.CLcited by 163

Not on the map. Why?

Abstract (arXiv)

There is enormous enthusiasm and concerns in using large language models (LLMs) in healthcare, yet current assumptions are all based on general-purpose LLMs such as ChatGPT. This study develops a clinical generative LLM, GatorTronGPT, using 277 billion words of mixed clinical and English text with a GPT-3 architecture of 20 billion parameters. GatorTronGPT improves biomedical natural language processing for medical research. Synthetic NLP models trained using GatorTronGPT generated text outperform NLP models trained using real-world clinical text. Physicians Turing test using 1 (worst) to 9 (best) scale shows that there is no significant difference in linguistic readability (p = 0.22; 6.57 of GatorTronGPT compared with 6.93 of human) and clinical relevance (p = 0.91; 7.0 of GatorTronGPT compared with 6.97 of human) and that physicians cannot differentiate them (p < 0.001). This study provides insights on the opportunities and challenges of LLMs for medical research and healthcare.

Key facts. Cited by 163 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026). Builds on 22 of its 65 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 22 May 2023.

Builds on

22 of 65 references.

References · 22

  1. 2020Language Models are Few-Shot Learnerscited by 32,419
  2. 2022Training language models to follow instructions with human feedbackcited by 15,971
  3. 2022Large Language Models are Zero-Shot Reasonerscited by 4,374
  4. 2021On the Opportunities and Risks of Foundation Modelscited by 4,033
  5. 2021Prefix-Tuning: Optimizing Continuous Prompts for Generationcited by 3,915
  6. 2019The Curious Case of Neural Text Degenerationcited by 2,916
  7. 2020The Pile: An 800GB Dataset of Diverse Text for Language Modelingcited by 2,411
  8. 2021Pre-train, Prompt, and Predict: A Systematic Survey of Prompting Methods in Natural Language Processingcited by 2,234
  9. 2019Megatron-LM: Training Multi-Billion Parameter Language Models Using Model Parallelismcited by 1,868
  10. 2022Large Language Models Encode Clinical Knowledgecited by 1,830
  11. 2020What Disease does this Patient Have? A Large-scale Open Domain Question Answering Dataset from Medical Examscited by 1,356
  12. 2019PubMedQA: A Dataset for Biomedical Research Question Answeringcited by 1,288
10 more
  1. 2016Semantics derived automatically from language corpora contain human-like biasescited by 901
  2. 2021GPT Understands, Toocited by 716
  3. 2022BioGPT: Generative Pre-trained Transformer for Biomedical Text Generation and Miningcited by 538
  4. 2019ClinicalBERT: Modeling Clinical Notes and Predicting Hospital Readmissioncited by 493
  5. 2020Evaluation of Text Generation: A Surveycited by 277
  6. 2022GatorTron: A Large Clinical Language Model to Unlock Patient Information from Unstructured Electronic Health Recordscited by 238
  7. 2018emrQA: A Large Corpus for Question Answering on Electronic Medical Recordscited by 135
  8. 2021Discovering Drug-Target Interaction Knowledge from Biomedical Literaturecited by 14
  9. 2023Clinical Concept and Relation Extraction Using Prompt-based Machine Reading Comprehensioncited by 13
  10. 2021Estimating Redundancy in Clinical Textcited by 10

Built on by

Cited by year (2026 to 14 Oct)

Citing papers per year: 2023: 12; 2024: 68; 2025: 56; 2026: 27.

163 papers.

Sort:

By area:

  1. 2025Search-R1: Training LLMs to Reason and Leverage Search Engines with Reinforcement Learningcited by 1,444
  2. 2023MEDITRON-70B: Scaling Medical Pretraining for Large Language Modelscited by 274
  3. 2023A Survey of Large Language Models for Healthcare: from Data, Technology, and Applications to Accountability and Ethicscited by 163
  4. 2023A Survey of Large Language Models in Medicine: Progress, Application, and Challengecited by 124
  5. 2024DynamoLLM: Designing LLM Inference Clusters for Performance and Energy Efficiencycited by 112
  6. 2024Benchmarking Large Language Models on Answering and Explaining Challenging Medical Questionscited by 109
  7. 2024On-Device Language Models: A Comprehensive Reviewcited by 104
  8. 2025Towards Scientific Intelligence: A Survey of LLM-based Scientific Agentscited by 98
  9. 2025VerlTool: Towards Holistic Agentic Reinforcement Learning with Tool Usecited by 96
  10. 2024Foundation Model for Advancing Healthcare: Challenges, Opportunities, and Future Directionscited by 77
  11. 2024A Comprehensive Survey of Foundation Models in Medicinecited by 56
  12. 2024Med42 -- Evaluating Fine-Tuning Strategies for Medical LLMs: Full-Parameter vs. Parameter-Efficient Approachescited by 52
38 more
  1. 2024MoralBench: Moral Evaluation of LLMscited by 50
  2. 2024Time Series Forecasting with LLMs: Understanding and Enhancing Model Capabilitiescited by 48
  3. 2024A Comprehensive Survey of Large Language Models and Multimodal Large Language Models in Medicinecited by 45
  4. 2025MedicalAgentsBench for Complex Medical Reasoning: Comparing Internalized Reasoning Models versus Externalized Agent-based Frameworkscited by 40
  5. 2024Apollo: A Lightweight Multilingual Medical LLM towards Democratizing Medical AI to 6B Peoplecited by 38
  6. 2024EHRNoteQA: An LLM Benchmark for Real-World Clinical Practice Using Discharge Summariescited by 35
  7. 2024A Survey on Medical Large Language Models: Technology, Application, Trustworthiness, and Future Directionscited by 34
  8. 2024Generative AI for Synthetic Data Generation: Methods, Challenges and the Futurecited by 33
  9. 2024JMLR: Joint Medical LLM and Retrieval Training for Enhancing Reasoning and Professional Question Answering Capabilitycited by 32
  10. 2024BiomedRAG: A Retrieval Augmented Large Language Model for Biomedicinecited by 31
  11. 2025Limitations of Large Language Models in Clinical Problem-Solving Arising from Inflexible Reasoningcited by 31
  12. 2025TAPAS: Thermal- and Power-Aware Scheduling for LLM Inference in Cloud Platformscited by 29
  13. 2024Data-Centric Foundation Models in Computational Healthcare: A Surveycited by 27
  14. 2025MemSearcher: Training LLMs to Reason, Search and Manage Memory via End-to-End Reinforcement Learningcited by 27
  15. 2024ClinicalMamba: A Generative Clinical Language Model on Longitudinal Clinical Notescited by 22
  16. 2025Demystifying Cost-Efficiency in LLM Serving over Heterogeneous GPUscited by 22
  17. 2025PatchPilot: A Cost-Efficient Software Engineering Agent with Early Attempts on Formal Verificationcited by 22
  18. 2024Aloe: A Family of Fine-tuned Open Healthcare LLMscited by 20
  19. 2024Overview of the First Shared Task on Clinical Text Generation: RRG24 and "Discharge Me!"cited by 20
  20. 2024Worse than Random? An Embarrassingly Simple Probing Evaluation of Large Multimodal Models in Medical VQAcited by 19
  21. 2024MedSyn: LLM-based Synthetic Medical Text Generation Frameworkcited by 19
  22. 2025Online Scheduling for LLM Inference with KV Cache Constraintscited by 19
  23. 2024Healthcare Copilot: Eliciting the Power of General LLMs for Medical Consultationcited by 17
  24. 2024Leveraging Biomolecule and Natural Language through Multi-Modal Learning: A Surveycited by 17
  25. 2024A Comprehensive Survey on Evaluating Large Language Model Applications in the Medical Industrycited by 17
  26. 2024CLST: Cold-Start Mitigation in Knowledge Tracing by Aligning a Generative Language Model as a Students' Knowledge Tracercited by 17
  27. 2024Large Language Models for Mobility Analysis in Transportation Systems: A Survey on Forecasting Taskscited by 16
  28. 2025Citrus: Leveraging Expert Cognitive Pathways in a Medical Language Model for Advanced Medical Decision Supportcited by 16
  29. 2025Multimodal Large Language Models for Medicine: A Comprehensive Surveycited by 16
  30. 2023From Beginner to Expert: Modeling Medical Knowledge into General LLMscited by 14
  31. 2025BRIDGE: Benchmarking Large Language Models for Understanding Real-world Clinical Practice Textcited by 12
  32. 2024CEBench: A Benchmarking Toolkit for the Cost-Effectiveness of LLM Pipelinescited by 11
  33. 2024Me LLaMA: Foundation Large Language Models for Medical Applicationscited by 10
  34. 2024Telecom Language Models: Must They Be Large?cited by 10
  35. 2024A Review on Generative AI Models for Synthetic Medical Text, Time Series, and Longitudinal Datacited by 10
  36. 2025LMDeploy Accelerates Mixed-Precision LLM Inference with TurboMindcited by 10
  37. 2024Towards Adapting Open-Source Large Language Models for Expert-Level Clinical Note Generationcited by 9
  38. 2024Adaptive Draft-Verification for Efficient Large Language Model Decodingcited by 9

50 most cited of 163 All 163 (JSON)